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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


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WORKS   OF 
PROF.   HEINRICH   RIES 

PUBLISHED  BY 

JOHN   WILEY   &   SONS 


Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties  and  Uses 

With  Especial  Reference  to  Those  of  the  United 
States.  Second  Edition,  Revised.  8vo,  xix  + 
554  pages,  112  figures,  44  plates.  Cloth,  $5.00 
net. 

By  RIES  AND  LEIGHTON 

History    of    the    Clay-working:    Industry    in    the 
United  States 

By  Prof.  Heinrich  Ries  and  Henry  Leigh  ton, 
Assistant  Economic  Geologist,  New  York  Geo- 
logical Survey.  8vo,  viii  +  270  pages,  illustrated. 
Cloth,  $2.50  net. 


HISTORY  OF  THE 

CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY 

IN 

THE   UNITED  STATES 


BY 

HEINRICH    RIES,  PH.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY  IN  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  AUTHOR  OF 

"  ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,"  AND  "CLAYS: 

THEIK  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES   AND  USES*' 

AND 

HENRY    LEIGHTON,  A.B. 

ASSISTANT    ECONOMIC    GEOLOGIST,    NEW   YORK    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


FIRST  EDITION 

FIRST    THOUSAND 


NEW  YORK 

JOHN   WILEY    &    SONS 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN  &   HALL.  LIMITED 

1909 


TP71* 


COPYRIGHT,  1909, 

BY 
HEINRICH   RIES   AND   HENRY    LEIGHTON 


Stanbope  ipress 

F.    H.   GILSON     COMPANY 
BOSTON,     U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 

THE  materials  for  this  work  were  collected  for  the  Department 
of  Economics  and  Sociology  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Wash- 
ington for  use  in  a  projected  series  of  "Contributions  to  the 
Economic  History  of  the  United  States.'7  This  advance  publica- 
tion is  by  the  permission  of  the  late  Carroll  D.  Wright  (who  was 
the  Director  of  the  Department)  with  the  understanding  that  any 
of  the  data  herein  contained  may  be  used  in  that  series.  Mr. 
Edward  •  W.  Parker,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  a 
collaborator  of  Dr.  Wright,  has  had  the  more  immediate  super- 
vision of  the  present  work  and  has  approved  the  manuscript  for 
this  volume. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  work  the  authors  have  consulted  all 
available  magazines,  private  publications  and  government  and 
state  reports.  Those  which  have  served  as  sources  of  information 
are  listed  at  the  end  of  the  work,  but  they  do  not  represent  more 
than  one  quarter  of  all  the  works  consulted.  When  reference  is 
made  to  these  in  the  text,  a  number  is  given  in  parenthesis,  corre- 
sponding to  that  of  the  reference  in  the  list,  and  this  number  is 
followed  by  the  volume  or  page  number,  the  former  being  given 
in  Roman  numerals  and  the  latter  in  Arabic  figures. 

The  data  obtained  from  these  publications  have  been  supple- 
mented by  inquiries  addressed  to  the  different  State  geologists, 
and  a  very  large  number  of  producers,  as  well  as  private  individuals 
who  it  was  thought  might  be  able  to  supply  any  of  the  desired 
facts.  The  replies  to  many  of  these  communications  developed 
such  a  startling  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  subject  in  nearly  all 
quarters  that  the  authors  venture  to  hope  that  the  gathering 
together  of  what  scattered  information  there  is  may  prove  of  value. 
In  some  cases  it  was  hardly  possible  to  get  any  data  on  important 
States  especially  in  the  case  of  Illinois  and  Kentucky,  for  there 
appears  to  be  very  little  literature  on  the  subject  according  to  our 
own  searches  and  the  statement  of  State  officials;  moreover  most 

iii 

199978 


IV  PREFACE. 

of  the  manufacturers  to  whom  requests  for  information  were  sent 
did  not  even  reply  to  the  inquiries.  And  this  failure  on  the  part 
of  many  producers  to  respond  to  inquiries,  is  responsible  for  the 
occasional  omission  of  references  to  works  of  which  one  might 
reasonably  expect  a  mention. 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  subject  matter  the  main  treatment  of 
the  subject  is  by  products,  but  as  this  leaves  gaps  here  and  there, 
it  has  been  followed  by  a  discussion  by  States. 

It  has  of  course  been  impossible  to  refer  to  every  deposit  or 
factory  in  the  country,  only  the  more  important  ones  being 
mentioned,  and  this  chiefly  for  pointing  out  the  development  of 
the  industry  at  different  points.  For  this  purpose  it  has  also  been 
necessary  to  mention  some  of  the  smaller  plants  as  well.  Develop- 
ments in  manufacturing  methods  are  sometimes  referred  to,  but 
it  should  be  understood  that  the  discussion  of  technologic  details 
is  not  one  of  the  main  objects  of  the  work. 

Since  the  primary  object  of  the  work  is  a  discussion  of  the  history 
of  the  industry,  details  relating  to  the  mode  of  occurrence  and 
distribution  of  the  clays  are  omitted;  moreover,  such  details  have 
already  been  published  elsewhere  in  Geological  Survey  and  private 
publications. 

The  statistics  in  nearly  all  cases  are  taken  from  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  reports  on  Mineral  Resources,  and  the  earlier 
ones  are  to  be  regarded  as  only  approximate.  Those  for  the 
years  1850,  1860,  1870,  1880  and  1890  are  from  the  reports  of  the 
Census  Bureau. 

The  authors  take  this  opportunity  of  thanking  most  heartily 
all  those  who  have  aided  them  in  the  collection  of  this  material, 
but  special  thanks  are  due  to  Messrs.  E.  C.  Stover,  Trenton,  N.  J. ; 
F.  W.  Walker,  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.;  R.  R.  Hice,  Beaver,  Pa.;  J.  H. 
Burgess,  Hockessin,  Del;  E.  Mayer,  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.;  B.  W. 
Robinson,  Akron,  Ohio;  L.  Parker,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  H.  N.  Harker, 
East  Liverpool,  Ohio;  J.  N.  McClave,  Toronto,  Ohio;  Wm.  Walker, 
Pittsburg,  Pa.;  W.  D.  Richardson  and  Prof.  Edward  Orton,  Jr., 
Columbus,  Ohio,  and  Messrs.  C.  B.  Stowe,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
Jefferson  Middleton,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  HEINRICH  RIES. 

Ithaca,  N.Y.  HENRY  LEIGHTON. 


CONTENTS. 


PREFACE iii 

CONTENTS v 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS ix 

PART  I. 
RESUME  OF  THE  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY  BY  PRODUCTS. 

CHAPTER    I. 

INTRODUCTION i 

COMMON-BRICK .  9 

PRESSED  BRICK  AND  ORNAMENTAL  BRICK 16 

ENAMELED  BRICK 19 

ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA  COTTA 20 

HOLLOW  WARE  FOR  STRUCTURAL  WORK 25 

ROOFING  TILE 28 

FLOOR  AND  WALL  TILE 29 

CHAPTER   II. 

SEWER  PIPE 31 

CONDUITS 35 

PAVING  BRICK 36 

FIRE  BRICK 38 

POTTERY 45 

CLAY-MINING  INDUSTRIES 56 

PART  II. 

HISTORY   OF   THE    CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY   BY   STATES. 

CHAPTER   III. 

Alabama  to  Iowa. 

ALABAMA 64 

ARIZONA 66 

ARKANSAS 67 

CALIFORNIA 69 

COLORADO 73 


VI  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CONNECTICUT 74 

DELAWARE 76 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 77 

FLORIDA 78 

GEORGIA 79 

ILLINOIS 81 

BRICK 81 

TERRA  COTTA 82 

PAVING  BRICK 82 

FIRE  BRICK 83 

POTTERY 84 

MISCELLANEOUS 86 

INDIANA 88 

IOWA 94 

CHAPTER   IV. 

Kansas  to  New  Hampshire. 

KANSAS 96 

KENTUCKY 98 

LOUISIANA 102 

MAINE 103 

MARYLAND 105 

MASSACHUSETTS 108 

MICHIGAN 112 

MINNESOTA 115 

MISSISSIPPI 1 18 

MISSOURI 120 

MONTANA 128 

NEBRASKA 129 

NEVADA 130 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 131 

CHAPTER  V. 

New  Jersey  to  Ohio. 

NEW  JERSEY 133 

BRICK 133 

ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA   COTTA 136 

FIRE  PROOFING 136 

FLOOR  AND  WALL  TILE 137 

ROOFING  TILE 138 

CONDUITS 138 

FIRE  BRICK 138 


CONTENTS.  VU 

PAGE 

NEW  JERSEY  (continued) 

POTTERY 139 

CLAY-MINING  INDUSTRY 144 

NEW  MEXICO 147 

NEW  YORK 148 

BRICKS 148 

ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA  COTTA : .  .  152 

ROOFING  TILE 153 

SEWER  PIPE 153 

FIRE  BRICK 153 

POTTERY 153 

ELECTRICAL  PORCELAIN 158 

NORTH  CAROLINA 160 

NORTH  DAKOTA ". 161 

OHIO 163 

BRICK 163 

TERRA  COTTA 166 

HOLLOW  BRICK,  FIRE  PROOFING,  CONDUITS 166 

TILES 167 

SEWER  PIPE 169 

PAVING  BRICK 172 

FIRE  BRICK 1 74 

'  POTTERY 1 79 

EAST  LIVERPOOL 184 

ZANESVILLE 188 

CHAPTER    VI. 

Oregon  to  Wyoming. 

OREGON 195 

PENNSYLVANIA 195 

EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA 196 

BRICK  AND  TILE 196 

ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA  COTTA .  200 

POTTERY 201 

WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA 205 

BRICK,  TILE  AND  TERRA  COTTA 205 

REFRACTORY  WARES 207 

CLINTON  COUNTY 212 

POTTERY , 214 

RHODE  ISLAND.  .-. 217 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 217 

SOUTH  DAKOTA 219 


viii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

TENNESSEE 219 

TEXAS . 222 

UTAH , 225 

VERMONT 226 

VIRGINIA 228 

WASHINGTON 232 

WEST  VIRGINIA 234 

WISCONSIN • 239 

WYOMING -  240 

BIBLIOGRAPHY • 241 

INDEX.., ••••  ,';........ 247 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plates. 


PLATE         I. — Brick  yards  at  Sayreville,  N.  J 13 

PLATE       II.— Original  plant  of  Perth  Amboy  Terra  Cotta  Co.,  Perth 

Amboy,  N.  J 21 

PLATE     III. — Modern  plant  of   Perth  Amboy  Terra  Cotta  Company, 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J 23 

PLATE      IV. — Present  plant,  Knowles,  Taylor  and  Knowles,  East  Liver- 
pool, 0 51 

PLATE        V. — Interior  of  large  sanitary-ware  plant,  Trenton,  N.  J 134 

PLATE      VI. — Original   plant  of   S.   A.   Weller   Potter}-,   near  Zanes- 

ville,  0 189 

PLATE    VII. — Present  plant,  Homer  Laughlin  Co.,  East  Liverpool,  O..  191 

PLATE  VIII. — American  Encaustic  Tiling  Company,  Zanesville,  0 194 

Figures. 

FIG.  i. — Small    common-brick   yard,    typical   of   many  of   the  earlier 

works,  and  also  of  smaller  plants  at  the  present  day n 

FIG.  2. — Original  plant,  Knowles,  Taylor  and  Knowles,  East  Liverpool.  49 

FIG.  3. — Original  Bennett  pottery,  East  Liverpool,  Ohio 185 


ix 


History  of  the   Clay-Working  Industry  in 
the  United  States. 


PART  I. 


CHAPTER  I. 
INTRODUCTION. 

IT  is  probable  that  clay  working  represents  one  of  the  oldest 
established  industries  in  the  United  States,  for  the  early  colonists 
who  were  used  to  houses  of  brick  or  stone  in  the  countries  whence 
they  came,  took  steps  to  construct  equally  durable  ones  in  the  new 
land  to  which  they  had  migrated.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore, 
to  find  many  references  in  the  early  histories  to  the  establishment 
of  brick  yards  and  potteries,  accompanied  sometimes  by  interesting 
data  and  quaint  anecdotes  relating  to  their  operation.  Unfortu- 
nately such  detailed  chronicling  of  events  has  not  been  carried  on 
up  to  the  present  time,  and  the  collection  of  facts  bearing  on  the 
development  of  the  clay-working  industry  in  the  United  States 
has  been  beset  with  difficulties.  The  making  of  clay  products  on 
this  continent  did  not,  however,  begin  with  the  white  settlers,  for 
the  Indians  had  long  before  that  been  active  in  the  production  of 
pottery,  and  the  molding  of  these  wares,  often  of  unique  design 
and  characteristic  decorations,  has  persisted  up  to  the  present  time. 

Clay,  unlike  gold  and  silver,  is  not  a  substance  commanding  a 
high  market  value  either  in  its  raw  or  refined  state,  and  has  not, 
therefore,  been  eagerly  sought  for  in  all  parts  of  the  country  to 
such  an  extent  that  it  became  an  important  factor  in  civiliza- 
tion like  the  nobler  metals.  For  this  reason  partly,  the  discovery 
of  new  deposits  and  their  development  has  not  always  been 


2  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

widely  advertised  or  intelligently  described  in  the  magazines  and 
newspapers. 

Then  too,  the  methods  of  mining  and  treatment  have  been 
simple  as  compared  with  those  of  the  metals,  so  that  they  have 
attracted  but  little  attention  in  the  technical  literature  in  this 
country. 

Added  to  this  is  the  fact  that  journals  devoted  to  the  clay  indus- 
try are  of  comparatively  recent  establishment  and  the  only  Ceramic 
Society  of  the  Unitecl  States  in  which  matters  of  technical  interest 
are  discussed,  is  but  n  years  old.  The  State  Geological  Surveys, 
though  in  many  cases  organized  at  an  early  date,  gave  but  pass- 
ing mention  to  their  plastic  resources,  and  the  first  report,  the 
classic  work  of  Dr.  Cook  of  New  Jersey,  did  not  appear  until 
1878. 

This  was  followed  after  an  interval  by  the  appearance  of  clay 
reports  in  many  other  States,  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Missouri 
being  among  the  earliest,  followed  later  by  a  number  of  others. 
But  nearly  every  one  of  these  reports  was  devoted  primarily  and 
mainly  to  a  consideration  of  the  properties  and  occurrence  of  the 
raw  materials,  and  the  status  of  the  industry  at  the  time  it  was 
prepared.  Few  of  them  made  any  reference  to  the  past  history 
of  the  ceramic  art  in  their  respective  States. 

It  will,  therefore,  be  easily  seen  that  all  of  these  factors  combined 
have  made  the  recorded  history  of  the  clay-working  industry  in 
the  United  States  a  somewhat  imperfect  one.  Nor  is  this  all. 
The  earlier  writers,  and  indeed,  unfortunately,  some  of  the  later 
ones,  have  been  careless  in  their  choice  of  descriptive  terms,  so 
that  difficulty  is  sometimes  encountered  in  telling  the  exact  nature 
of  the  products  referred  to. 

In  following  out  the  history  of  the  industry  in  each  State,  a 
chronological  arrangement  has  been  maintained  as  far  as  possible, 
although  in  some  cases  this  has  been  temporarily  departed  from 
in  order  to  trace  out  the  development  in  some  particular  district. 
Moreover  in  States  like  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  New  Jersey,  etc., 
where  the  industry  is  varied,  a  subdivision  by  products  has  seemed 
advisable. 


THE    CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY    BY    PRODUCTS.  3 

RESUME  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY 
BY  PRODUCTS. 

As  explained  in  the  Introduction  the  history  of  the  clay-working 
industry  has  been  discussed  first  by  products,  in  order  to  review 
the  development  in  each  branch.  This  is  then  followed  by  a 
discussion  of  the  development  in  each  State.  This  necessitates 
more  or  less  repetition,  but  it  permits  the  presentation  of  a  more 
connected  chain  of  events  for  each  district,  as  well  as  the  incorpo- 
ration of  details  of  local  interest. 

In  tracing  out  the  development  of  the  ceramic  industry  it  will 
be  seen  that  it  began  at  a  very  early  date  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
country  and  that  it  gradually  spread  westward  until  it  covered 
the  entire  United  States,  becoming  most  highly  developed  in  those 
regions  where  there  was  usually  a  supply  of  the  proper  raw  mate- 
rials, large  population,  large  and  thriving  towns  and  cities,  and 
numerous  industries. 

The  dependence  of  man  upon  burned  clay  is  certainly  empha- 
sized by  a  parallel  study  of  the  history  of  the  clay-working 
industry  and  the  development  of  the  country,  and  while  the 
recital  of  the  more  important  details  of  clay-working  history 
may  serve  to  impress  us  with  the  extent  and  variety  of  its 
development,  nevertheless  it  does  not  bring  out  clearly  and  for- 
cibly its  value. 

In  order  therefore  to  be  able  to  regard  the  subject  from  the  latter 
viewpoint  we  must  make  use  of  statistics,  though  they  are  at  times 
incomplete.  This  incompleteness,  however,  shows  that  the  figures 
are  not  overstated,  though  they  may  at  times  appear  large.  They 
may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  conservative  estimates. 

From  the  smallest  beginning  the  clay-working  industry  has 
gradually  crept  up  to  the  foremost  ranks  of  the  mineral  industry, 
being  at  present  only  exceeded  in  the  value  of  its  production  by 
iron,  coal  and  copper.  This  slow  but  steady  growth,  with 
but  few  relapses,  can  be  well  seen  by  reference  to  the  Census 
Bureau  figures  which  are  compiled  every  ten  years.  To  these 
are  also  added  the  figures  compiled  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  for  1907. 


4  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  table  (from  Ref.  172)  given  below  is  a  comparative 
summary  of  the  statistics  for  the  clay  industry  in  its  entirety  as 
returned  at  the  censuses  of  1850  to  1905,  with  percentages  of 
increase. 

Several  points  in  the  table  (see  p.  5)  are  worthy  of  mention. 
The  decrease  since  1900  in  the  number  of  establishments  was 
caused  by  the  consolidation  of  a  number  of  plants  under  a  single 
management.  "  Notwithstanding  this  decrease  in  the  number  of 
establishments,  the  capital  increased  $82,844,654  or  56  per  cent 
between  1900  and  1905.  Of  this  increase,  $44,974,133  or  54.3 
per  cent  was  in  the  pottery,  terra-cotta  and  fire-clay  products 
branch  of  the  industry,  and  $37,870,521  or  45.7  per  cent  in  the 
brick  and  tile  branch.  The  increase  in  the  former  over  1900  was 
68.2  per  cent,  and  in  the  latter  46.1  per  cent." 

"The  concentration  of  the  industry  is  further  indicated  by  the 
increase  of  37.5  per  cent  in  the  average  number  of  employees  per 
establishment  between  1900  and  1905,  and  by  the  fact  that  the  total 
value  of  products  from  the  5,507  establishments  in  1905  exceeds 
that  from  the  6,423  establishments  reported  in  1900  by  $39,818,992 
or  41.7  per  cent.  This  increase  during  five  years  is  largely  in  ex- 
cess of  that  shown  for  any  ten -year  period  since  1850,  with  the 
single  exception  of  that  of  $48,016,865  between  1880  and  1890. 
The  steady  increase  in  the  price  of  lumber,  the  growing  demand  of 
builders  and  investors  for  building  material  that  affords  the  greatest 
protection  against  fires,  and  the  increasing  appreciation  of  the 
products  of  American  potteries,  are  conditions  favorable  to  a  rapid 
growth  of  the  manufacture  of  clay  products." 

Large  as  are  the  figures  for  1905  given  in  the  census  table 
below  those  for  the  two  following  years  are  even  larger,  amount- 
ing to  $161,032,722  in  1906  and  $158,942,369  in  1907,  according  to 
the  statistics  compiled  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
Although  1907  shows  a  slight  decrease  from  1906,  in  part  attribu- 
table to  financial  conditions,  it  was,  nevertheless,  considerably 
greater  than  1905,  which  was  a  year  of  unusual  prosperity. 

Looking  over  the  production  of  the  individual  products  during 
the  past  ten  years,  we  find  that  in  practically  every  case  there  has 
been  a  steady  increase. 


THE    CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY    BY    PRODUCTS. 


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6  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

All  of  these  figures  then  show  a  wonderful  increase  in  the  pro- 
duction of  burned-clay  wares  in  the  United  States,  although  unfor- 
tunately those  collected  for  the  Census  Bureau  prior  to  1890  were 
not  as  detailed  as  those  gathered  after  that  date,  and,  moreover, 
since  1890  was  a  year  of  great  prosperity,  and  the  year  1899'  one 
of  incomplete  recovery  from  the  depression  of  1893,  there  will  be  in 
some  cases  a  decrease  from  1890  to  1899  in  the  Census  reports! 
Still,  in  most  instances,  there  is  a  strong  advance.  This  is  especially 
emphasized  by  such  products  as  architectural  terra  cotta,  hollow 
brick,  conduits,  and  paving  brick,  as  well  as  some  lines  of  pottery 
whose  use  expanded  at  a  phenomenal  rate  in  this  decade. 

Considering  the  causes  leading  to  the  development  of  the  clay- 
working  industry  in  any  State,  we  find  that  in  the  case  of  every 
grade  of  clay  product,  except  those  made  from  the  finer  grades  of 
clay,  the  presence  of  raw  materials  is  the  controlling  factor,  and  in 
the  case  of  the  lower  grades  a  market  near  at  hand. 

Common  bricks  and  tiles  are  not  only  made  close  to  the  clay 
deposit,  but  will  not,  as  a  rule,  bear  the  Cost  of  long  shipment.  Fire 
brick,  sewer  pipe,  pressed  brick,  and  stoneware  can  often  be 
shipped  long  distances,  partly  because  they  command  a  higher 
price,  and  partly  because  the  necessary  raw  materials  are  not  to 
be  found  everywhere. 

White  ware  and  wall  tile,  being  made  from  a  mixture  of  raw 
materials  derived  usually  from  widely  separated  sources,  require 
the  factory  to  be  located  where  in-  and  out-shipping  facilities  are 
good,  and  fuel  and  labor  easily  obtained. 

It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  in  the  cases  of  many  isolated 
plants,  it  is  sometimes  difficult  without  more  detailed  knowledge, 
to  explain  satisfactorily  the  reason  for  their  location. 

A  strong  factor  in  the  development  of  the  technology  of  the  clay- 
working  industry  in  any  country,  must  be  the  presence  of  skilled 
ceramic  technologists  in  responsible  positions.  Their  duty,  it  is, 
to  detect  errors  and  remedy  them,  to  improve  the  methods  in  use, 
and  by  their  knowledge  also  to  better  the  quality  of  the  wares. 
In  pottery  works  they  may  even,  and  often  do,  have  more  or  less 

1  It  should  be  remembered  that  the  figures  given  in  the  1900  census  are  those  for 
the  year  1899. 


THE    CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY    BY    PRODUCTS.  ^ 

opportunity  to  express  their  artistic  ability  in  the  designing  of  new 
forms. 

Men  of  this  character  are  rarely  self-trained,  but  are  the  product 
of  ceramic  schools,  and  the  establishment  of  such  institutions  can- 
not fail  to  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  industry.  Schools  of  this 
character  are  common  in  Germany  and  have  abundantly  proved 
their  value,  but  there  are  few  of  them  in  the  United  States. 

The  first  of  these  schools  of  ceramics  was  that  of  the  Ohio  State 
University,  started  in  1894,  well  equipped  with  clay-working 
machinery  and  other  appliances  for  the  study  and  testing  of 
clays.  This  school,  which  is  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Edward 
Orton,  Jr.,  gives  considerable  attention  to  the  engineering  side  of 
ceramics,  and  has  been  highly  successful. 

A  second  one  to  be  established  was  the  New  York  State  College 
of  Ceramics,  founded  by  the  State  Legislature  in  1901,  and  located 
at  Alfred  University.  Prof.  Charles  F.  Binns  is  director.  This 
school  not  only  contains  appliances  and  apparatus  for  testing  clays, 
but  also  a  well  equipped  department  of  Ceramic  Arts. 

The  New  Jersey  School  of  Clay-working  and  Ceramics,  the 
third  to  be  organized,  is  located  at  the  State  College,  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.  It  was  started  in  1902  and  is  under  the  directorship 
of  Dr.  C.  W.  Parmelee.  Like  the  other  schools  it  is  well  equipped 
with  testing  machinery  and  apparatus  for  the  practical  and  scien- 
tific study  of  clays. 

A  fourth  school  was  organized  at  the  University  of  Illinois  in 
1905,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  C.  W.  Rolfe,  and  in  1907  the 
Iowa  State  Legislature  made  provision  for  a  similar  school  to 
be  located  at  Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  la.,  under  the  director- 
ship of  Prof.  I.  A.  Williams.  Instruction  in  Ceramics  had 
however  been  given  there  since  1900. 

During  the  past  year  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  has 
equipped  and  located  a  laboratory  at  Pittsburg  for  testing  clay 
products,  and  the  study  of  problems  which  affect  the  interests  of 
the  clay  worker. 

There  is  probably  no  kind  of  clay  product  which  is  not  made 
in  the  United  States  at  the  present  day,  but  the  production  of  some 
of  these,  such  as  high-grade  porcelain  and  art  pottery,  is  very  small, 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


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COMMON  BRICK.  9 

large  quantities  of  these  being  still  imported.  That  these  importa- 
tions will  slowly  decrease  would  cause  no  surprise,  but  the  falling 
off  will  be  exceedingly  slow,  for  the  production  of  such  ware  in  the 
United  States  is  surrounded  by  many  difficulties,  such  as  cost  of 
labor,  lack  of  workmen  trained  for  making  this  kind  of  product, 
and  prejudice  against  American  wares  of  this  grade  on  the  part  of 
the  purchasing  public.  While  the  United  States  produces  practi- 
cally every  type  of  clay  product  known,  and  in  the  total  value  of 
these  leads  the  world,  still  it  is  doubtful  if  any  one  of  the  kinds 
made  has  originated  in  this  country. 

Looking  over  the  statistics  of  the  past  fourteen  years  we  find 
that  there  has  been  comparatively  little  change  in  the  rank  of  the 
leading  States.  Ohio  has  held  the  first  position  throughout  this 
period,  while  Pennsylvania  has  been  second  except  in  1894. 

The  position  of  the  twelve  leading  States  during  the  period  above 
mentioned  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  table,  the  heavy  lines 
representing  a  certain  value  of  output,  being  drawn  under  those 
States  which  had  a  value  of  production  equal  to  or  greater  than  that 
indicated  by  the  respective  lines. 

COMMON   BRICK. 

It  can,  perhaps,  be  truthfully  said  that  brickmaking  represents 
the  earliest  form  of  clay  working  in  this  country,  some  of  the  Indian 
tribes  of  the  southwest  having  constructed  their  dwellings  of  adobe 
brick  before  the  white  men  reached  these  shores,  but  of  their  work 
we  have  practically  few  chronological  data. 

That  the  early  colonists  lost  no  time  in  making  use  of  the  brick 
clays  is  shown  by  the  numerous  records,  which  mention  the  erec- 
tion of  brick  kilns  at  many  points,  so  that  early  in  the  iyth  century 
the  common-brick  clays  were  being  utilized. 

In  Virginia  they  were  made  as  early  as  1611,  in  Massachusetts  by 
1629,  and  about  the  same  date  in  New  York.  All  brick  used  prior 
to  that  date  in  the  last-named  State  were  probably  imported.  The 
earliest  records  found  for  Maine  were  1635;  for  North  Carolina 
1663;  Rhode  Island,  1681;  and  Pennslyvania,  1683.  There  are  no 
early  records  for  Connecticut,  but  brick  yards  no  doubt  were 


10  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

established  at  about  the  same  time  brickmaking  began  in  New 
York  and  Massachusetts.  The  industry  had  begun  in  western 
Pennsylvania  in  1750,  and  by  1776  the  brick  clays  around  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  were  sought  after.  Brickmaking  was  known  to  be  under  way 
in  New  Hampshire  shortly  after  that  date.  By  1792,  the  industry 
had  taken  a  foothold  in  the  Hudson  River  valley,  destined  to  become 
the  greatest  brickmaking  district  in  the  United  States.  Other 
early  records  show  that  the  brickmolders  were  at  work  in  South 
Carolina  by  1797. 

Curiously  enough,  the  colonies  were  also  doing  some  export 
business  at  this  early  date. 

Bishop  (Ref.  i,  I,  221),  states  that  bricks  were  included  among 
the  exports  from  the  Port  of  Piscataqua,  Me.,  in  the  years  1789-90. 

New  Hampshire  in  1789  exported  129,000  bricks  to  the  West 
Indies,  and  the  whole  country  is  said  to  have  exported  787,764 
bricks  in  1790,  as  well  as  157  crates  of  yellow  Queensware  and 
55  dozen  of  stoneware.  In  1791  the  brick  exports  amounted  to 
743,000  and  were  chiefly  from  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire 
(Ref.  i,  I,  p.  231.) 

There  has  been  some  dispute  among  historians  as  to  whether 
there  was  any  importation  of  bricks  from  England.  Some  claim 
that  there  was,  while  others  assert  the  contrary,  explaining  that  the 
references  to  "  English  brick,"  meant  that  the  brick  were  of  the 
same  size  as  those  made  in  England. 

In  the  Mississippi  Valley  States,  the  industry  developed  at  a 
later  date.  Common  brick  are  said  to  have  been  made  in  Chicago 
by  1812;  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  by  1829;  and  at  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
by  1822.  At  New  Cumberland,  W.  Va.,  bricks  were  molded  in 


In  the  Lake  Superior  States  the  records  do  not  appear  to  go  very 
far  back,  the  earliest  dates  noted  being  about  1810  for  Michigan, 
1842  for  Wisconsin,  and  1844  for  Minnesota.  Small  plants  no 
doubt  existed  prior  to  those  dates. 

While  the  industry  began  at  an  early  date  in  eastern  New  York, 
it  does  not  seem  to  have  become  firmly  established  in  the  western 
part  much  before  1837.  The  great  brick  clay  deposits  at  Sayreville, 
N.  J.,  are  known  to  have  been  opened  up  in  1851. 


COMMON  BRICK. 


ii 


In  the  western  States  the  industry,  as  might  have  been  expected, 
seems  to  have  been  developed  at  a  much  later  date.  The  brick 
clays  were  worked  around  Dubuque,  la.,  by  1837,  and  at  Iowa  City 
by  1840.  By  1870  yards  were  scattered  all  over  Illinois.  This 
was  also  probably  true  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Missouri. 

Texas  in  1870  had  24  yards,  which  number  had  increased  to  113 
by  1880.  The  clays  of  Nebraska  are  also  known  to  have  been 
utilized  for  brickmaking  in  1870,  there  being  17  yards  in  the  State 
at  that  date. 


FIG.  i.  —  Small  common  brick  yard,  typical  of  many  of  the  earlier  works,  and  also 
of  small  plants  of  the  present  time. 

It  is  not  known  just  when  the  industry  began  in  Colorado, 
although  it  was  no  doubt  earlier  than  in  North  Dakota,  where  bricks 
were  made  in  the  seventies,  or  in  Nevada  which  had  one  yard  by  the 
same  date.  California  supported  one  plant  at  Sutterville  in  1847, 


12  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

but  the  industry  expanded  rapidly  after  that,  as  by  1852  there  were 
many  plants  running. 

For  many  years  the  raw  materials  used  for  common  brick  manu- 
facture were  the  soft  plastic  surface  clays.  Indeed  these  were  the 
only  materials  that  could  be  used  with  the  methods  then  known 
and  until  better  and  stronger  machinery  was  introduced.  With 
the  development  of  improved  manufacturing  methods,  brick- 
makers  turned  their  attention  to  the  shale  deposits.  It  is  probable 
that  they  were  drawn  to  these  by  observing  the  mellowed  and 
plastic  products  of  weathering  which  the  hard  rock-like  shale 
yielded.  Evidence  as  to  the  first  location  where  these  shales  were 
used  is  conflicting,  but  it  is  known  that  in  New  York  State  they 
were  employed  by  L.  G.  Eisenhardt  of  Horseheads  in  1880,  while 
in  Indiana  they  were  not  employed  or  their  value  even  recognized 
until  the  early  nineties.  Now  they  are  used  at  numerous  localities 
in  many  different  States. 

The  early  plants  established  in  this  country  were  small  affairs, 
requiring  little  capital,  and  using  the  crudest  forms  of  machinery, 
the  bricks  being  molded  by  hand.  As  the  industry  developed  the 
plants  became  of  more  permanent  character  and  of  greater 
capacity.  There  always  were,  and  always  will  be  small  plants, 
using  primitive  methods,  scattered  all  over  the  country,  and  run 
largely  to  supply  a  small  local  demand,  while  around  the  great 
markets  many  large  concerns  develop. 

A  significant  industrial  development  has  been  the  consolidation 
of  the  individual  plants  in  some  of  the  more  important  localities, 
one  result  of  which  has  been  to  keep  the  price  of  bricks  up  to  a 
reasonable  figure.  Among  these  consolidations  may  be  mentioned 
the  formation  of  the  Baltimore  Brick  Company  of  Baltimore,  Md., 
in  1899,  and  of  the  New  England  Brick  Company  of  Boston,  Mass., 
and  the  Illinois  Brick  Company  of  Chicago  in  1900.  Several 
attempts  have  been  made  to  consolidate  the  Hudson  River  yards 
but  they  have  not  been  successful. 

The  first  bricks  were  made  by  hand,  and  burned  in  crude  kilns. 
Later,  horse-power  machines  were  introduced  for  pugging  and 
molding  the  clays.  The  drying  of  the  brick  had  to  be  carried  on 
in  the  open  air,  so  that  in  those  parts  of  the  country  having  freezing 


COMMON    BRICK. 


14  CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY. 

weather  in  winter  the  yards  could  only  be  run  in  summer.  As 
time  went  on  the  processes  of  manufacture  were  greatly  improved 
by  the  introduction  of  steam-power  machinery,  driers  using  arti- 
ficial heat,  and  kilns  with  permanent  walls  and  roof,  all  contrib- 
uting to  a  better  regulation  of  the  burning  and  a  reduction  of  loss. 

Methods  of  molding  also  changed.  The  old,  soft-mud  method 
was  made  to  share  honors  with  the  dry-press  process,  and  still 
later  with  the  stiff-mud  method.  It  should  be  added,  however, 
that  the  dry-press  process  did  not  come  into  extensive  use  until 
after  the  stiff-mud  machines  were  invented.  All  three  of  these 
are  in  use  at  the  present  day,  some  predominating  in  one  region 
and  others  in  another.  Their  selection  is  not  always  governed 
by  the  character  of  the  clay. 

The  writers  have  endeavored  to  ascertain  when  the  different 
methods  of  manufacture  were  introduced,  but  encountered  some 
difficulty  in  doing  so.  According  to  information  received  from 
different  sources  the  first  steam-power  soft-mud  machine  appears 
to  have  been  the  invention  of  a  Mr.  Adams  of  Philadelphia,  and 
was  used  at  that  place  previous  to  1840.  Another  early  form  was 
introduced  by  Henry  Martin  and  used  around  Perth  Amboy,  N.  ], 
Patents  for  brick  machines  are  known  to  have  been  granted  as 
early  as  1800,  but  they  may  have  been  hand-power  ones.  The 
stiff-mud  process  was  in  use  prior  to  1860,  but  it  is  not  known 
who  made  the  first  machine,  although  one  with  an  automatic 
cutter  was  put  into  operation  by  the  Chambers  Brothers  Com- 
pany, at  Pea  Shore  near  Camden,  N.  J.,  about  1862. 

The  greatest  diversity  of  opinions  exists  with  regard  to  the  dry- 
press  machine.  We  are  informed  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Koch  of  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  that  a  dry-clay  press  was  built  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  1838, 
and  that  E.  Rogers  constructed  an  hydraulic  press  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  in  1856,  which  with  added  improvements  is  still  in  operation 
at  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Another  writer  states  (private  communication)  that  dry-pressed 
bricks  were  being  made  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1829.  Still  a  third 
machine,  claimed  by  some  to  be  the  first,  was  unsuccessfully  tried 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1865,  but  developed  with  improvements  in 
Chicago  at  a  later  date. 


COMMON    BRICK.  15 

Similar  doubt  exists  as  to  the  introduction  of  artificial  drying, 
and  while  it  is  known  that  Mr.  Cyrus  Chambers,  Jr.,  had  a  tunne! 
for  drying  stiff-mud  bricks  in  the  early  sixties,  the  locality  of  opera- 
tion is  not  known,  and  we  have  no  definite  information  that  it  was 
the  first  artificial  dryer  introduced. 

The  introduction  of  these  several  types  of  machines  for  molding 
could  not  help  having  an  important  influence  on  the  development 
of  the  industry,  for  while  all  decreased  the  cost  of  manufacture 
the  stiff-mud  process  gave  a  greatly  increased  capacity,  but  the 
dry-press  permitted  the  manufacture  of  a  better  looking  and 
smoother  product,  not  obtainable  by  the  other  methods  of  molding, 
until  repressing  was  introduced. 

Common  brick  are  now  made  all  over  the  United  States  by 
methods  ranging  from  the  crudest  to  the  most  highly  developed 
ones,  but  there  are  several  districts  contiguous  to  great  markets 
which  are  worthy  of  special  mention. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900,  the  leading  common  brick 
region  of  the  United  States  is  that  of  the  Hudson  Valley  of  New 
York  including  the  Hackensack  district  of  New  Jersey.  This 
region,  which  still  leads,  supplies  the  great  markets  of  New  York 
and  adjoining  cities.  Cook  County,  Illinois,  supplying  Chicago 
and  neighboring  markets,  was  second,  while  Philadelphia  County, 
Pennsylvania,  was  third.  In  addition  to  these  there  are  other 
important  though  smaller  districts  around  Washington,  D.  C.; 
Baltimore,  Md.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Richmond, 
Va. ;  Detroit,  Mich. ;  Milwaukee,  Wis. ;  Cleveland,  Ohio,  etc.  The 
value  of  common  brick  produced  annually  in  the  census  years  1870, 
1880,  1890,  and  annually  since  1894  is  given  below. 


i6 


CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY. 


VALUE  OF  COMMON  BRICK  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
FROM    1870   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Quantity 
(thousands)  . 

Average  price  per 
thousand. 

1870 

$10,2^3,  734 

1880 

22  8^3   s8? 

1890 

s*»~ooow» 

4.8  810,271 

1894  
1891;.  . 

35,062,53s1 
31,569,126 

6,152,420 
6,017,965 

$5-70 
5.25 

1896.  . 

29,664,043 

5,703,279 

5.20 

^97  
1898                       .     . 

26,430,207 
30,980,704 

5>29*,532 
5,867,415 

4.99 
5.28 

1899  
1900  
1901  
190? 

39,887,522 
38,621,514 

45>5°3,°76 
48,885,869 

o>     /  >t  j 
7>695>3°5 
7,140,622 
8,038,579 
8,475,067 

5-l8 
5-4i 
5.66 

c  .  77 

IQ°3  

IOO4- 

5°>532>°75 
qi,  768,5^8 

8,463,683 
8,665,171 

5-97 
5.97 

IQCX 

61*304,383 

9,817,355 

6.25 

1906  
i9°7  

61,300,696 
58,785,461 

10,027,039 
9,795,698 

6.  ii 
6.00 

Includes  front  brick. 


PRESSED  BRICK  AND  ORNAMENTAL  BRICK. 

With  improvements  in  the  methods  of  manufacture  it  was  pos- 
sible, not  only  to  produce  bricks  with  a  smooth  surface  and  sharp 
edges  suitable  for  the  fronts  of  buildings,  but  by  the  dry-press  pro- 
cess ornamental  bricks  could  also  be  easily  made. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  trace  the  development  of  the  pressed- 
brick  industry  proper,  for  the  reason  that  many  of  the  records 
found  no  doubt  refer  to  the  manufacture  of  a  few  pressed  brick 
by  some  yard  making  chiefly  common  brick. 

The  earliest  record  of  pressed  brick  indicates  that  dry-press 
machines  were  in  use  at  Cincinnati  in  1829.  Seventeen  years  later 
pressed  brick  were  being  made  in  Baltimore,  Md.  In  1850  dry- 
press  machines  were  in  operation  in  Mississippi,  and  in  1856  in 
Florida.  These,  however,  were  only  sporadic  attempts,  and  did 
not  represent  the  development  of  a  permanent  industry. 

The  red  pressed-brick  industry  began  around  Trenton  in  1865, 
and  a  hydraulic  press  was  in  operation  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1875. 
It  is  probable  that  pressed  brick  were  also  being  made  around 


PRESSED    BRICK    AND    ORNAMENTAL    BRICK.  17 

Philadelphia  by  this  date.  By  1882  some  were  made  at  Golden, 
Colo.,  and  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Some  of  the  States  which  are  now  prominent  in  the  manufacture 
of  pressed  brick  were  slow  in  developing  the  industry.  Thus  in 
Ohio  the  business  was  not  highly  developed  up  to  1884,  at  which 
time  the  Zanesville  district  was  the  most  important.  Indeed  it 
may  be  said  that  in  general  the  pressed-brick  industry  received 
its  greatest  impetus  in  the  late  eighties  or  early  nineties,  during 
which  time  the  districts  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Indiana 
and  Missouri  developed,  these  States  being  the  most  important 
producers. 

During  the  early  history  of  the  pressed-brick  industry  red- 
burning  clays  were  almost  exclusively  used,  but  these  have  been 
superseded  to  a  large  extent  by  fire  clays,  which  alone  yield  a 
brick  showing  some  shade  of  buff,  or  by  the  admixture  of  artificial 
colorants,  give  a  speckled  or  gray  product. 

The  wide  use  of  fire  clays  for  pressed  brick  manufacture  has 
naturally  tended  to  restrict  the  industry  somewhat  to  those  districts 
where  such  clays  occur,  for  the  factory  is  usually  located  near  to 
the  clay  deposit.  The  product,  however,  is  often  shipped  to  a 
considerable  distance. 

A  type  of  pressed  brick  extensively  used  for  a  period  of  years, 
although  less  so  now,  were  the  Roman  brick  which  were  about 
12  inches  long  and  i  J  inches  thick.  By  many  these  are  also  called 
Pompeiian  brick,  but  R.  R.  Hice1  contends  that  the  former  term 
refers  particularly  to  the  size,  while  the  latter  correctly  belongs  to 
the  flashed  bricks  of  medium  dark  shade  with  a  brownish  body 
covered  with  iron  spots.  The  manufacture  of  these  seems  to  have 
been  begun  at  two  different  localities  within  a  year  of  each  other. 
Mr.  Wm.  Walker  informs  the  authors  that  in  the  spring  of  1886 
a  Boston  architect  sent  to  Harbison  and  Walker  part  of  a  brick 
of  the  Roman  size  from  Pompeii  with  a  request  that  they  manu- 
facture them,  which  they  did.  At  that  time  these  were  in  the  nature 
of  a  by-product,  and  made  from  clays  that  could  not  be  employed 
for  fire  brick.  In  later  years,  however,  more  care  was  given  to 
the  selection  of  the  raw  materials,  as  the  color  of  the  product  was 

1  Private  communication. 


i8 


CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY. 


often  an  important  item.  About  the  year  1886  or  1887  the  Perth 
Amboy  Terra  Cotta  Company  of  New  Jersey  also  commenced 
the  manufacture  of  Roman  brick,  the  first  ones  being  used  in  the 
Tiffany  residence  at  72nd  Street  and  Madison  Avenue,  New  York 
City. 

The  Norman  brick,  12  inches  long  and  2|  inches  thick  were  first 
made  in  the  east  a  few  years  later  and  in  the  Pittsburg  district 
about  1897. 

The  great  centers  of  pressed  brick  production  are  east  of  the 
Mississippi,  but  this  type  of  product  is  also  made  in  the  Western 
States  particularly  in  Colorado,  California  and  Washington. 

With  one  exception  the  pressed-brick  industry  is  not  marked  by 
any  consolidation  of  works  comparable  with  those  of  the  common- 
brick  industry.  This  exception  is  the  Hydraulic-press  Brick  Com- 
pany, whose  main  works  are  in  St.  Louis,  but  which  also  owns 
and  operates  plants  at  Collinsville,  111.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Omaha, 
Neb.;  Memomonie,  Wis.;  Porter,  Ind.;  Dewitt  Park,  Ohio;  Find- 
lay,  Ohio;  Brazil,  Ind.;  Roseville,  Ohio;  Winslow  Junction,  N.  J.; 
and  near  Alexandria,  Va. 

The  statistics  of  production  as  compiled  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  are  given  below. 


VALUE   OF  FRONT   BRICK  PRODUCED   IN   THE   UNITED    STATES 
FROM    1890   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Quantity 
(thousands)  . 

Average  price  per 
thousand. 

1890 

%  07-2  002 

1895  
1806 

4,399.367 
7,700,041 

339,204 
270,77? 

$12.97 
12.  54 

*    V"  

1807 

7,8<;<;,o7.7 

310,018 

12.40 

1898 

7,  ^72,785 

295,833 

12.08 

1899  

IQOO.  . 

4,767,343 
3,864,670 

438,817 
344,516 

10.86 
ii  .09 

IQOI 

4,700,777 

41^,747 

ii  .34 

IOO2 

s,7i8,oo8 

4^8,  7OI 

ii  .  60 

I9°3  
I  GO4 

5,402,861 

tCX6o,I7I 

433,°l6 

474,  7CI 

12.48 
12.80 

IQOC 

7,108,092 

<4I,?OO 

13.  12 

1606    . 

7,SoC,727 

617,469 

12.  79 

IQO7                          

7,720,760 

58?,947 

12.51 

ENAMELED    BRICK. 


VALUE    OF   ORNAMENTAL    BRICK  PRODUCED    IN    THE    UNITED 
STATES   FROM    1894    TO    1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1894 

81,128,608 

1901  .  . 

$372,131 

i8o<; 

6s2,?IQ 

1902  .  . 

335,200 

1896    . 

763,140 

1903.  . 

328,387 

1897.  . 

685,048 

1904.  . 

300,233 

1898 

3^8  372 

IQOC 

2O3  QO7 

^V"  

1800 

476,101 

1006 

207  no 

1900  

289,698 

1907  

361,243 

ENAMELED  BRICK. 

The  manufacture  of  enameled  brick  is  a  recent  introduction. 
Formerly  those  used  in  this  country  were  imported,  mainly  from 
England,  but  at  the  present  time  their  manufacture  is  successfully 
carried  on  at  several  points  from  domestic  fire  clays.  The  first 
factory  to  be  established  was  probably  at  Momence,  111.  (1893), 
followed  by  that  at  Mount  Savage,  Md.,  and  Saylorsburg,  Pa., 
in  1896.  About  the  same  time  their  production  was  also  begun  by 
Sayre  &  Fisher  of  Sayreville,  N.  J. 

Although  of  promising  growth  the  enameled  brick  industry  has 
suffered  somewhat  by  competition  with  wall  tile. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900,  there  were  produced  in  the 
United  States  in  1899,  5,785,000  enameled  brick,  having  a  total 
value  of  $329,969. 

The  census  bulletin  (Ref.  172,  p.  67)  of  1905  states  that  the 
value  of  enameled  brick  in  that  year  showed  an  increase  of  35.2 
per  cent  over  1900.  New  Jersey  was  the  leading  State,  followed 
by  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania.  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Ohio, 
and  Michigan  are  included  in  the  list  of  producers,  but  the  authors 
know  of  no  steady  output  from  those  States. 

The  statistics  of  production  have  been  given  separately  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  only  since  1898,  and  these  are 
given  below. 

VALUE  OF  ENAMELED  BRICK  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
FROM    1898  TO    1904. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1898  

$279,993 

IQO3 

Sqoo  680 

1899  

329,960 

1904.  . 

C4.C   3Q7 

IQOO 

32  3  630 

IQOC 

636  27O 

IQOI 

463,700 

1006 

773   IOJ. 

1902  

471,163 

IOO7 

/  /O>1U4 
Ol8  172 

20  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY. 

ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA   COTTA. 

Useful  terra  cotta,  such  as  garden  vases,  statuary,  etc.,  was  made 
as  early  as  1765  by  A.  Hews  &  Co.  in  Massachusetts  from  local 
clays,  but  the  making  of  true  architectural  terra  cotta  not  only 
began  at  a  late  date,  as  compared  with  many  other  clay  products, 
but  its  introduction  was  accompanied  by  difficulties. 

The  first  serious  attempt  at  using  it  was  made  by  James 
Renwick,  the  well  known  New  York  architect.  The  following 
letter,  written  by  Mr.  Renwick  in  1886,  is  of  interest. 

"In  1853  I  conceived  the  idea  of  introducing  terra  cotta  as  a 
building  material  and  substitute  for  cut-stone  work  in  New  York. 
I  went  to  Mr.  Young,  who  had  a  factory  for  making  glazed  and 
other  earthen  sewer  pipe  in  4oth  Street,  told  him  what  I  proposed 
doing,  and  asked  him  if  he  would  manufacture  it  from  my  designs 
and  under  my  supervision.  I  supposed  it  would  be  a  source  of 
large  profits  to  him,  as  it  would  be  more  durable  and  ornamental 
and  less  expensive  than  the  free-stones  which  were  then  in  use.  I 
made  a  contract  with  him  for  the  belt  courses  and  the  cornice  of 
the  Tontine  Building,  and  for  the  ornamental  work  of  the  St.  Denis 
Hotel,  and  of  three  houses  in  gth  Street,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth 
Avenues.  All  these  buildings  are  now  standing,  and  the  terra 
cotta  is  as  good  as  when  first  put  up.  We  tried  to  introduce  it 
into  general  use,  but  were  violently  opposed  by  the  stone  cutters 
and  builders  who  said  it  would  not  stand,  and  persuaded  owners 
not  to  use  it.  The  only  other  building  it  was  used  in,  as  far  as  I 
know,  was  the  Lafarge  Hotel  Court.  This  building  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  fire  which  originated  in  Tripler  Hall,  which  was  in 
the  rear  part  of  the  hotel.  Mr.  Young,  finding  it  impossible 
to  introduce  it  and  having  lost  money  in  the  attempt,  gave  up  the 
manufacture  and  returned  to  making  pipe.  The  fact  is  we  were 
ahead  of  the  times,  and  could  find  no  one  who  understood  or  would 
venture  to  use  it.  The  buildings  above  mentioned  in  which  it 
was  used  belonged  either  to  my  family,  or  friends  who  had  confi- 
dence in  my  judgment.  About  eight  or  ten  years  after  this  Mr. 
Greenough,  the  sculptor,  came  from  Rome  to  New  York  for  the 
express  purpose  of  introducing  the  use  of  terra  cotta.  I  happened 
to  dine  with  him,  and  he  broached  the  subject.  The  next  morn- 


ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA  COTTA. 


21 


22  CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY. 

ing  I  took  him  to  see  the  work  on  the  St.  Denis  Hotel  and  related 
my  experience,  and  he  gave  up  the  idea,  being  afraid  of  meeting 
the  same  difficulties  I  had  experienced." 

The  late  Richard  Upjohn  also  did  much  towards  encouraging 
the  use  of  terra  cotta  in  New  York.  About  the  year  1853  Mr. 
Upjohn  prepared  the  designs  for  the  Trinity  Building  on  Broad- 
way, just  north  of  Trinity  Church.  He  determined  to  use  brick 
and  terra  cotta,  and  the  work  was  made  and  burned  at  a  drain- 
pipe factory  on  zyth  Street  near  the  North  River.  The  terra- 
cotta work  used  in  this  building  is  still  perfect,  although  it  has  been 
found  necessary  to  recut  the  damaged  and  disintegrated  faces  of 
the  brown-stone  work  in  the  building. 

After  the  unsuccessful  efforts  noted  above  no  further  attempts 
were  made  to  introduce  the  use  of  terra  cotta  in  New  York  until 
1877.  In  that  year  a  residence  was  built  on  the  north  side  of  36th 
Street,  just  west  of  Park  Avenue,  from  designs  of  George  B.  Post, 
architect,  in  which  terra  cotta  was  quite  extensively  used,  both  for 
decorative  and  constructive  purposes. 

The  next  important  New  York  building  in  which  terra  cotta 
was  used  was  the  Morse  Building,  corner  of  Beekham  and  Nassau 
Streets,  erected  in  1878. 

A  large  increase  in  the  number  of  brick  buildings  erected 
followed  the  great  fires  of  Chicago  and  Boston.  By  these  fires 
it  was  conclusively  demonstrated  that  fireproof  buildings  could 
not  be  made  of  unprotected  stone  or  iron,  and  that  only  brick  and 
terra-cotta  walls  were  practically  fireproof.  This  increased  use 
of  brick  work,  and  of  terra  cotta  as  constructive  and  decorative 
material  in  connection  with  brick  work,  revived  the  demand  for 
the  manufacture  of  this  material  in  or  near  New  York.  At  this 
time  there  was  at  Perth  Amboy  a  yellow  and  Rockingham-ware 
and  fire-brick  factory  known  as  the  A.  Hall  &  Sons'  Fire-Brick 
Works.  The  proprietors  of  these  works  decided  in  1877  to  change 
the  yellow  and  Rockingham-ware  works  into  a  plant  for  the  manu- 
facture of  architectural  terra  cotta,  continuing  the  manufacture 
of  buff  and  fire  bricks.  The  necessary  changes  were  made  and 
the  manufacture  of  terra  cotta  was  commenced.  In  1879,  the 
business  was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  the  Perth  Amboy 
Terra  Cotta  Company.  Two  years  later,  Mr.  Alfred  Hall  retired 


24  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

from  the  company  and  started  in  Perth  Amboy  a  new  fire  brick 
and  architectural  terra-cotta  works  under  the  name  of  the  A.  Hall 
Terra  Cotta  Company.  After  being  in  business  for  five  years, 
the  latter  company  went  into  liquidation  in  April,  1887,  shortly 
after  the  death  of  the  president,  Mr.  Alfred  Hall. 

After  architects  and  others  had  begun  to  realize  the  usefulness  and 
durability  of  this  new  form  of  burned  clay,  and  its  possibilities,  the 
growing  demand  was  naturally  followed  by  the  establishment  of 
works  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  A  second  factory  was 
established  at  Perth  Amboy  in  1888  followed  by  several  others. 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  saw  the  starting  of  a  works  in  1870,  and  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1876.  None  was  established  in  Missouri  until 
the  Winkle  Terra  Cotta  Company  began  operations  in  1883,  and 
this  was  followed  by  the  beginning  of  other  works  at  Long  Island 
City,'  .1885,  and  at  Philadelphia  in  1886.  This  latter  was  the  firm  of 
Stephens  &  Leach,  changed  in  1887  to  Stephens,  Leach  &  Conk- 
ling,  and  in  1890  to  Stephens,  Armstrong  &  Conklin.  This  was 
absorbed  by  the  New  York  Architectural  Terra  Cotta  Company  of 
Long  Island  City  in  1893.  The  Northwestern  Terra  Cotta  Com- 
pany of  Chicago  began  operations  in  1876,  the  Indianapolis  Terra 
Cotta  Company  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  in  1884.  Another  terra-cotta 
works'  (Corning  Terra  Cotta  Company)  was  started  at  Corning, 
N.  Y~<,  in  1896,  at  Crum  Lyne,  Pa.  (O.  W.  Ketchan),  in  1906,  and  at 
Bradford,  Pa.  (Northeastern  Terra  Cotta  Company),  in  the  same 
year.1.  There  are  also  scattered  factories  along  the  Pacific  coast 
which  have  begun  operations  mostly  in  the  last  ten  years.  The  clays 
used  by  these  works  are  referred  to  under  their  respective  States. 

The  methods  of  manufacture  now  used  are  similar  to  those  in 
vogue  years  ago,  although  larger  and  more  powerful  machinery  is 
now  employed  for  mixing.  Most  of  the  earlier  terra  cotta  did  not 
have  its  surface  covered  with  a  coloring  and  protective  slip,  nor  is 
all  of  it  so  treated  now,  although  the  practise  became  wide  spread 
about  1884  (private  correspondence). 

Important  developments  in  the  terra-cotta  industry  in  the  last 
few  years  have  been  the  introduction  of  matte  glazes,  and  poly- 
chrome decorations.  This  last  type  of  product  is  also  put  out  by 
art  potteries,  such  as  the  Grueby  and  Rookwood,  as  well  as  by  the 
regular  terra-cotta  factories  such  as  the  Northwestern  and  Atlantic. 


HOLLOW   WARE   FOR  STRUCTURAL   WORK. 


2S 


Other  innovations  are  the  production  of  full-glazed  terra  cotta,  in- 
troduced commercially  about  1897,  and  the  decoration  of  the  sur- 
face with  markings  and  colorings  to  match  the  building  stone  that 
is  to  be  used  in  conjunction  with  it.  Foreign  manufacturers  had 
been  producing  the  full  glaze  and  polychrome  ware  for  some  years 
prior  to  its  introduction  into  the  United  States,  and  its  development 
in  this  country,  although  tardy,  is  most  gratifying. 

The  tendency  towards  consolidation  is  shown  in  this  branch 
of  the  industry  as  in  others.  One  such  combination  has  already 
been  referred  to,  and  more  recently  there  has  been  a  union  of  three 
New  Jersey  and  one  Staten  Island  works,  the  new  corporation 
being  the  Atlantic  Terra  Cotta  Company. 

At  the  present  time  New  Jersey  is  the  leading  producer  of 
architectural  terra  cotta,  followed  by  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Illinois  and  Missouri.  The  production  of  terra  cotta  in  the 
United  States  by  years  since  1894  is  given  below. 

VALUE  OF  ARCHITECTURAL  TERRA  COTTA  PRODUCED  IN  THE 
UNITED    STATES   FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1894 

Si  ,476,18? 

IQOI 

$3,367,082 

180=; 

2,^12,103 

IQO2     . 

3,^26,006 

1896  

2,3^0,083 

IQO3.  . 

4,672,028 

1807 

I  S4I,422 

IQOJ. 

4IO7  4.73 

1898 

2,  04  3,32  ? 

IQOC 

5OO3  1^8 

1800 

2,O27,S32 

y  2  

1006 

5,7  30,460 

IQOO.  . 

2.  372,:;  68 

IQ07.  . 

6.026,077 

HOLLOW  WARE  FOR  STRUCTURAL  WORK. 

Under  this  heading  are  included  fireproofing,  terra-cotta  lumber, 
hollow  blocks,  and  hollow  bricks,  but  it  is  probable  also  that  the 
terms  have  been  sometimes  loosely  used  in  the  literature  and  in  a 
broad  sense.  Since  the  methods  of  manufacture  of  the  three  are 
essentially  similar,  and  the  raw  materials  required  of  much  the 
same  character,  they  are  sometimes  made  at  the  same  factory.  At 
some  works  the  production  of  one  type  may  predominate,  the  others 
being  made  simply  as  a  side  line  for  the  purpose  of  filling  occa- 
sional orders. 


26  CLAY- WORKING  INDUSTRY. 

The  earliest  record  of  hollow  ware  is  in  the  New  Jersey  report 
for  1878,  in  which  Dr.  Cook  speaks  of  the  introduction  of  this  new 
type  of  ware  whose  use  would  be  watched  with  interest.  Mr.  J. 
A.  Rossi,  however,  informs  us  that  the  manufacture  of  hollow  ware 
had  already  begun  in  New  Jersey  in  I875.1 

The  production  of  the  fireproofing  was  bound  to  increase  as  it 
formed  an  important  part  of  the  modern  fireproof  building,  and 
the  many  disastrous  conflagrations  in  recent  years  have  served  to 
emphasize  its  value.  There  has  also  been  a  great  call  for  hollow 
blocks  in  the  Central  States,  where  they  appear  to  have  been  in 
great  favor  as  structural  material  in  place  of  brick. 

Although  New  Jersey  appears  to  have  been  the  first  producer  of 
fireproofing,  the  credit  for  the  discovery  of  terra-cotta  lumber  is 
given  by  some  to  a  man  named  Oilman,  of  Eldora,  Iowa.2  He 
was  a  clay  manufacturer  who  in  1883  made  the  experiment  of 
mixing  prairie  soil  with  clay  and  found  that  it  burned  to  a  light 
porous  block.  This  was  used  for  absorbing  alcohol,  which  he  sub- 
sequently fired  and  placed  under  a  receptacle  for  heating  coffee. 

The  attention  of  a  New  York  architect  being  accidentally  drawn 
to  this  porous  block,  he  exclaimed:  "This  is  what  I  have  always 
been  looking  for,  for  fireproofing  purposes."  Mr.  Oilman  sought 
to  carry  out  the  idea  and  hit  upon  the  use  of  sawdust  as  a  desirable 
substitute  for  prairie  soil. 

Whether  or  not  Mr.  Oilman  was  the  actual  discoverer  of  the 
method  of  making  this  porous  fireproofing,  it  is  true  that  ever  since 
the  introduction  of  fireproofing  in  the  New  Jersey  works  there  has 
been  a  steady  and  increasingly  large  demand  for  these  hollow 
blocks,  whether  filled  with  sawdust  or  not,  and  now  New  Jersey 
stands  as  the  leading  producer. 

Ohio  was  not  far  behind  New  Jersey,  and  in  1884  fireproofing 
was  much  used,  being  made  at  Toronto  and  Columbus.  Hollow 
blocks  at  that  time,  however,  were  only  being  turned  out  at  one 
locality,  in  Summit  County.  Terra-cotta  lumber  was  made  in 
Illinois  as  early  as  1884. 

1  Hall  (Ref.  172,  p.  67)  notes  that  on  Dec.  9,  1856,  a  patent  was  issued  to  M.  and 
J.  H.  Buck  and  F.  A.  Cushman  of  Lebanon,  N.H.,  for  a  machine  for  pressing  hollow 
building  brick  as  building  tile. 

2  A.  W.  Beidler,  private  correspondence. 


HOLLOW   WARE   FOR   STRUCTURAL   WORK. 


27 


In  1885  fireproofing  manufacture  began  in  Indiana,  and  has 
continued  up  to  the  present  time,  while  a  large  local  industry  was 
started  on  the  surface  clays  at  Hobart,  Ind.,  in  1887,  and  has  there 
undergone  great  expansion.  During  the  go's  factories  for  making 
fireproofing  or  hollow  blocks  sprang  up  at  a  number  of  points  and 
became  active  and  successful  producers,  those  located  near  the 
great  markets  being  often  run  to  the  limit  of  their  capacity. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  most  important  producing  districts  are 
not  far  from  the  large  markets,  as  the  cheapness  of  the  ware  does 
not  permit  long  hauls.  Clays  of  suitable  character  for  hollow 
blocks,  etc.,  are  not  hard  to  find,  and  almost  every  State  contributes 
to  the  total  production,  and  supplies  a  local  demand. 

An  important  step,  in  1899,  was  the  incorporation  of  the  National 
Fireproofing  Company  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  which  took  over  a  num- 
ber of  works  located  in  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  New  Jersey,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Maryland,  most  of  which  have  continued  in  operation. 

At  the  present  day  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and 
Pennsylvania  are  the  more  important  producers  of  fireproofing, 
while  Ohio,  New  Jersey,  Indiana,  and  Iowa  are  the  leading  pro- 
ducers of  hollow  blocks  and  hollow  building  tile. 

The  following  table  shows  the  production  of  fireproofing  and 
hollow  blocks  in  the  United  States  since  1894. 

VALUE  OF  FIREPROOFING  PRODUCED  IN  UNITED  STATES  FROM 

1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1804 

$     ^14,637 

1901  .  . 

$1,860,269 

T  go  - 

74.1,626 

IOO2  l 

3  171;   CQ-J 

l896 

,7o6,s;o4 

IQO"?     . 

2,  7o8,  14"Z 

1807 

,979,  2  ?9 

I9O4.  . 

2,CO2,6O3 

1898 

ooo  64.2 

IQOs 

3OOJ.   s26 

1800 

66?  066 

IQo6 

•3  6?2,  181 

1900 

820  2IJ. 

IOO7 

3,  162,  4^3 

1  Includes  hollow  brick  up  to  and  including  1902. 

Since  1902  the  value  of  hollow  block  production  has  been  given 
separately  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and  these  fig- 
ures are  as  follows. 


28 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


VALUE  OF  HOLLOW  BLOCK  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
FROM  1903  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

I  DO"?     . 

$1,153,200 

1006. 

$    934,357 

IQOA.  . 

1,126,498 

1907  .  .  . 

1,088,165 

190?  .  . 

1,094,267 

ROOFING  TILE. 

This  product  is  not  nearly  so  extensively  used  in  the  United  States 
as  it  is  in  foreign  countries.  It  is  known  that  Hiister,  a  German 
tile  maker,  was  manufacturing  flat  shingle  roofing  tile  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pa.,  in  1735,  and  similar  ones  were  made  at  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.,  by  the  Moravians  in  1740,  but  although  such  tiles  were 
made  in  large  quantities  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania  during  the  last 
century  the  United  States  industry  did  not  assume  a  permanent 
character  until  1875,  when  Merrill  and  Ewart  established  a  factory 
at  Akron,  Ohio.1  This  in  1902  was  changed  to  the  Akron  Roofing- 
Tile  Company.  The  raw  materials  used  are  the  Sharon  shales 
which  serve  as  the  bases  of  so  many  clay-working  industries  in  this 
district.  The  next  works  followed  in  1876,  when  Bennett  erected 
a  tile  works  at  Baltimore,  Md.  He  did  not  continue  making  this 
line  of  wares.  The  work  was  subsequently  taken  up  intermittently 
by  another  factory,  the  Baltimore  Terra  Cotta  Company. 

Some  years  later,  in  1891,  the  Devonian  shales  were  tried  with 
success  at  Alfred  Center,  N.  Y.,  for  making  an  interlocking  vitrified 
tile,  and  the  industry  there  has  continued  to  the  present  day.  In 
the  following  year,  1892,  roofing-tile  manufacture  was  taken  up  at 
Montezuma,  Ind.,  and  about  this  time  also  at  Chicago  Heights, 
111.,  the  latter  by  the  Ludowici  Company,  using  local  calcareous 
clays.  Up  to  1892  most  of  the  tile  made  were  of  the  Spanish  pattern 
and  the  only  important  factory  was  that  at  Akron,  Ohio.  This 
works  also  made  some  flat  shingle  tile,  and  some  interlocking  tile 
of  French  type.2 

In  1893  tne  Carboniferous  clays  were  being  worked  for  roofing 

1  See  further  under  Ohio.  2  Private  communication. 


FLOOR  AND  WALL  TILE.  29 

tile  in  Ohio  at  Akron,  Bellaire  and  New  Philadelphia.  The  last 
two  are  no  longer  in  operation,  but  others  have  begun  at  Lima  and 
New  Lexington.  A  factory  was  also  running  in  the  middle  nineties 
at  Ottawa,  111.,  but  has  gone  over  to  paving-brick  manufacture. 
An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  likewise  made  about  1896  to  utilize 
the  Carboniferous  shales  near  St.  Louis.  No  further  developments 
occurred  until  1899,  when  at  Huntington,  W.  Va.,  the  brick  works 
was  remodeled  for  making  roofing  tile,  from  the  Conemaugh  shale. 
Another  eastern  works  was  started  in  1900  at  Ludowici,  Ga., 
where  a  red-burning  surface  clay  is  being  employed,  and  a  plant  at 
Parkesburg,  W.  Va.,  in  1903.  Some  roofing  tile  are  also  made 
by  the  California  factories. 

The  only  consolidation  of  interests  recorded  is  the  merger  of 
the  Ludowici  Roofing-Tile  Company  and  Celadon  Roofing-Tile 
Company  in  1905.  As  can  be  seen  from  the  above  account,  the 
factories  are  scattered  mainly  over  the  eastern  half  of  the  United 
States,  their  location  being  governed  partly  by  the  distribution  or 
occurrence  of  the  raw  materials  and  partly  with  reference  to 
markets  and  shipping  facilities. 

'  It  is  impossible  to  make  any  statement  regarding  the  value  of  the 
domestic  product,  as  the  statistics  are  not  given  separately  in  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  reports. 

FLOOR  AND    WALL  TILE. 

The  first  floor  and  wall  tiles  made  in  the  United  States,  were, 
no  doubt,  those  made  in  the  factory  of  A.  Miller  of  Philadelphia, 
in  1845,  and  a  few  ornamental  tiles  for  flooring  were  made  at  Ben- 
nington,  Vt.  in  1853  (Ref.  8,  p.  344).  The  latter  were  molded  by 
the  plastic  process.  As  early  as  1872  Hyzer  and  Llewellen  of 
Philadelphia  had  been  experimenting  with  encaustic  tile  made  from 
natural  and  artificially  colored  clays  made  by  the  dry-press  process, 
after  finding  the  plastic  method  unsatisfactory. 

The  first  glazed  wall-tile  operations  seem  to  have  been  the 
works  of  the  Low  Art  Tile  Company  of  Chelsea,  Mass.,  which  ran 
for  a  number  of  years.  In  1875  the  American  Encaustic  Tile 
Company  was  organized  at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  with  a  view  to  making 


30  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

floor  tiles  from  the  Ohio  clays,  but  met  at  first  with  poor  success. 
In  1880  this  company  added  glazed  tile  to  its  products,  which 
involved  the  bringing  in  of  clays  from  other  States.  Since  that 
time  the  industry  has  developed  at  a  number  of  points,  the  location 
of  the  plants  being  decided  by  various  commercial  considerations 
other  than  the  location  of  the  clay,  for  in  no  case  has  the  raw  clay 
for  wall  tile  been  obtained  near  the  works,  nor  for  floor  tile  from  one 
locality,  the  deposits  of  Ohio,  Florida,  Georgia,  Pennsylvania, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  North  Carolina  and  England  having  been 
drawn  upon.  Flint  and  spar  also  have  to  be  used. 

The  development  of  the  industry  can  be  best  indicated  by  a 
chronological  table  as  follows: 

1875.  Zanesville,  Ohio,  American  Encaustic  Tile  Company.     Floor  and  glazed 

tile. 

1876.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Pittsburg  Encaustic  Tile  Company,  merged   into  Star 

Encaustic  Tile  Company  in  1882.     Plain  and  encaustic  floor  tile. 
1876.  Indianapolis,  Ind.     United  States  Encaustic  Tile  Works.     Floor,  wall 

and  fire-place  tile. 
1882.  Trenton,   N.   J.     Harris  Manufacturing  Company,  changed  later  to 

Trent  Tile  Company.     Floor  and  wall  tile. 

1884.  West  Philadelphia.     Park  Porcelain  works.      Glazed  relief  tiles.     No 

longer  in  operation. 

1885.  Trenton,  N.  J.     Providential  Tile  Works.     Wall  tile. 

1886.  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.     Beaver  Falls  Art  Tile  Company.,  Ltd.     Wall  and 

mantle  tile. 

1887.  Covington,  Ky.     Cambridge  Art  Tile  Works.     Wall  tile. 

1888.  Menlo  Park,  N.  J.     Menlo  Park  Ceramic  Company.     Glazed  tile. 
1890.  Morrisville,  Pa.     Robertson  Art  Tile  Company.     Glazed  tile. 

1890.  Anderson,    Ind.     Columbia    Encaustic    Tile    Company.     Floor    and 
glazed  tile. 

1890.  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.     C.  Pardee  works.     Glazed  tile. 

1891.  Hamilton,  O.     Ohio  Tile  Company.     Wall  tile. 

1892.  Bendersville,  Pa.     Penn  Tile  Works.     Encaustic  tiles. 

1895.  Zanesville,  O.    Mosaic  Tiling  Company.    Floor  tile.    Wall  tile  since 
1900. 


CHAPTER  II. 
SEWER  PIPE. 

THE  sewer-pipe  industry  as  compared  with  pottery  and  bricks 
is  of  recent  introduction,  ranking  rather  closely  with  architectural 
terra  cotta  in  age,  and  it  is  said  that  those  used  in  the  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  century  were  imported  from  Europe.1  The 
earliest  record  found  was  in  1844  when  it  is  said  that  several 
plants  were  running  or  about  to  start  in  West  Virginia. 

The  first  to  manufacture  sewer  pipe  in  Ohio  was  the  late  D.  E. 
Hill  of  Akron,  Ohio,  whose  firm  of  Hill,  Foster  &  Co.  in  1849 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  hexagonal  water  pipe.  These 
were  made  in  a  mold,  the  opening  being  bored  out  by  a  machine 
made  especially  for  that  purpose. 

Mr.  McClave  writes  that  "  Mr.  Hill  in  his  travels  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  use  and  the  need  of  sewer  pipe  and  its  great 
possibilities,  so  he  started  out  to  find  a  cheap  material  from  which 
to  make  it.  Late  in  the  summer  of  1850  while  walking  across  the 
field  to  the  north  of  what  is  now  East  Exchange  Street,  Akron, 
Ohio,  he  observed  the  clay-like  appearance  of  the  soil,  and  took 
a  lump  of  this  clay  to  his  factory.  Tests  showed  it  to  be  what  he 
wanted,  the  farm  was  purchased,  and  the  first  Akron  shale  pipe 
was  made  in  the  spring  of  1851." 

In  1853  George  Carlyle  and  John  McFadden,  two  Scotch  potters 
who  were  making  chimney  tops  at  Anderson,  W.  Va.,  crossed  the 
Ohio  River  to  Newburgh  (now  Toronto,  Ohio)  and  fitted  up  a 
small  factory  for  making  sewer  pipe  from  the  fire  clay  which  had 
been  used  by  the  Freemans,  Porters  and  others  since  1830  for  fire 
brick.  Their  pipe  were  made  on  a  potters  wheel.  About  the 
same  time  a  party  in  New  York  had  imported  a  sewer-pipe  machine 
from  England,  but  was  not  able  to  make  it  work.  Mr.  Hill  hearing 
of  the  machine  made  a  trip  to  New  York,  and  by  bribing  the  watch- 

1  For  many  of  the  data  relating  to  the  history  of  sewer  pipe  we  are  indebted  to 
Mr.  J.  M.  McClave  of  Toronto,  O. 


32  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

man  succeeded  in  getting  into  the  factory  to  examine  the  press. 
With  the  knowledge  thus  gained  and  the  assistance  of  C.  J.  Merrill 
he  produced  the  first  successful  machine  for  the  manufacture  of 
pipe.  This  press  made  only  a  ring  or  band  pipe,  the  sockets  or 
bowls  being  made  by  hand  and  stuck  on.  Two  or  three  years  after 
the  Ohio  River  factory  was  started,  James  Edwards  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  was  making  sewer  pipe  on  the  potters  wheel,  and  a  little 
later  on,  in  1859,  sewer  pipe  were  said  to  have  been  manufactured 
at  Michigan  Bar  in  California,  but  the  industry  was  probably  only 
of  a  temporary  character. 

In  the  early  '6o's  the  Salamander  works  and  Bowman  and  Sackett 
of  New  Jersey  began  making  some  pipe,  and  about  the  same  time 
H.  M.  Thompson  &  Co.,  and  the  Evens  &  Howard  Fire  Brick 
Company  of  St.  Louis  started  in  the  business. 

The  Indiana  clays  do  not  appear  to  have  been  used  much  until 
1862  when  the  under  clays  of  the  top  coal  at  Cannelton  were  mined 
for  pipe  making.  The  original  factory  remained  for  30  years,  the 
only  sewer-pipe  works  in  the  State,  and  even  after  this  the  expansion 
of  the  pipe  industry  was  not  as  great  as  other  branches,  because  by 
1904  there  were  only  five  factories  in  the  State.  Pipe  manufacture 
was  started  in  the  vicinity  of  Baltimore  by  Lincoln  &  Rittenhouse 
in  1865,  by  Henry  Gibson  in  1866,  and  by  the  Baltimore  Retort  and 
Fire  Brick  Company  in  1868.  Only  the  first  of  these  continued 
the  manufacture  of  pipe  to  recent  years.  Jackson,  Mich.,  began 
about  the  same  time,  or  in  1867. 

The  Freeman  Fire  Clay  Company  began  to  make  pipe  at  Free- 
man, Ohio,  in  1869,  and  the  following  year  D.  E.  Hill  and  O.  Barber 
invented  the  first  steam  press  for  making  sewer  pipe.  One  can 
easily  understand  that  this  must  have  greatly  cheapened  the  cost 
of  making  pipe  and  given  a  great  impulse  to  the  industry,  for  it 
resulted  in  the  springing  up  of  factories  all  over  the  country.  About 
this  time  factories  were  started  at  Freemans,  Elliottsville,  Columbus 
and  Wellsville,  Ohio,  but  all  are  now  abandoned  for  reasons  to  be 
mentioned  later. 

The  Portland  Stoneware  Company  of  Portland,  Me.,  also  began 
making  pipe  about  this  time,  but  has  discontinued.  George 
Goodrich  fitted  up  a  factory  in  1874,  but  this  is  no  longer  running. 


SEWER  PIPE. 


33 


Blackmer  and  Post  of  St.  Louis,  also  started  in  the  early  yo's  with 
a  small  plant,  but  subsequently  built  a  much  larger  one.  In  1875, 
Gladding,  McBean  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco,  with  works  at  Lincoln, 
introduced  the  sewer-pipe  manufacture  in  the  far  west,  and  have 
continued  their  production  up  to  the  present  time.  The  St.  Louis 
factories  get  a  large  share  of  the  Southern  trade.  A  factory  at 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  was  started  in  1897,  followed  later  by  one  at 
Black  Rock,  near  Buffalo  and  Angola  south  of  the  same  city,  while 
other  factories  were  running  at  Akron  and  Toronto,  Ohio. 

By  1884  there  were  three  important  sewer-pipe  producing  districts 
as  well  as  scattered  plants  in  Ohio.  At  that  time  and  up  to  the  pres- 
ent Ohio  has  led  in  the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipe,  being  followed 
by  the  States  of  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Indiana. 

There  are  several  States  not  previously  mentioned  in  which  the 
sewer-pipe  industry  has  been  developed.  These  include  a  plant 
started  at  Macomb,  111.,  in  1884,  at  Beatrice,  Nebr.,  in  1888, 
Stevens  Pottery,  Ga.,  several  localities  in  Pennsylvania,  Pittsburg, 
Kans.,  in  1901,  and  Saspamco,  Tex.,  about  the  same  year.  Import- 
ant additions  were  also  made  to  the  Missouri  industry  around  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City  in  the  late  8o's. 

The  incorporation  in  1900  of  the  American  Sewer  Pipe  Company 
was  an  important  event.  This  corporation  took  over  some  twenty 
or  thirty  factories  in  Ohio,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania,  closing 
down  some  and  strengthening  others.  The  list  of  the  plants, 
together  with  their  date  of  establishment,  is  given  below. 


Name  of  Company. 

Location. 

Approxi- 
mate    date 
of  estab- 
lishment.1 

Pittsburg  Clav  Manufacturing  Company.  . 

New  Brighton,  Pa   .  .    . 

1887 

Knowles,  Taylor  and  Anderson  Company.  . 
N.  U.  Walker  Clay  Manufacturing  Com- 
panv 

East  Liverpool,  Ohio.  .  .  . 
Walkers,  Ohio  .  . 

1886 
1856 

John  Lvth  and  Sons  

Wrellsville,  Ohio  

i86s 

Empire  Fire  Clav  Company 

Empire    Ohio 

1885 

Freeman  Fire  Clay  Company 

Freemans,  Ohio 

1865 

P    Connor                                      

Toronto,  Ohio  . 

1880 

Calumet  Fire  Clav  Company  

Freemans,  Ohio. 

1865 

Ohio  Vallev  Fire  Clav  Company  

Elliottsville,  Ohio  

1888 

1  The  dates  of  establishment  supplied  by  the  American  Sewer   Pipe  Company 
do  not  in  every  case  agree  with  those  given  by  Mr.  McClave. 


34 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


Name  of  Company. 

Location. 

Approxi- 
mate    date 
of  estab- 
lishment * 

Great  Western  Fire  Clay  Company  

Toronto,  Ohio  „  

1880 

John  Francy's  Sons  Company  

do 

I87? 

Toronto  Fire  Clay  Company  

...      .do. 

AU/o 

1870 

Kennedy,  Kling  and  Company  

do. 

1887 

Diamond  Fire  Clay  Company  
Uhrichsville  Fire  Clay  Company    . 

Uhrichsville,  Ohio  
do 

1888 
1887 

T    J    M[azurie 

do 

1890 

Myers-Hartford  Clay  Company  . 

M^alvern,  Ohio 

1800 

McElfresh  Clay  Manufacturing  Company. 

Penrith,  W.  Va  

187? 

McMahon,  Porter  and  Company 

New  Cumberland,  W   Va 

187=5 

Pennsylvania  Sewer  Pipe  Company  

Huntingdon,  Pa  

1888 

National  Sewer  Pipe  Company  

Barberton,  Ohio  

1887 

Hill  Sewer  Pipe  Company  

Akron,  Ohio  

18^ 

Akron  Sewer  Pipe  Company 

do 

i8« 

Camp   &  Thompson 

Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio 

1887 

Sharon  Clay  Manufacturing  Company 

Sharon,  Pa  

1888 

Columbus  Sewer  Pipe  Company  

Columbus,  Ohio  

1874 

Goucher,  McAdoo  and  Company  

Brazil,  Ind  

1892 

Grand  Ledge  Sewer  Pipe  Company 

Grand  Ledge   M^ich 

jgoc 

Jackson  Fire  Clay,  Sewer  Pipe  and  Tile 
Company 

Jackson,  Miich  

1867 

Bennett  Sewer  Pipe  Company    .    .  . 

.do. 

1883 

United   States   Clay  Manufacturing   Com- 
pany.         .            

Lisbon,  Ohio  

1884 

1  The  dates  of  establishment  supplied  by  the  American  Sewer  Pipe  Company 
do  not  in  every  case  agree  with  those  given  by  Mr.  McClave. 

The  earlier  established  sewer-pipe  plants  in  the  United  States 
used  mostly  impure  fire  clays  but  at  the  present  time  great  quantities 
of  shale  are  employed. 

The  growth  of  the  industry  responding  to  the  increased  demand 
for  such  products  has  been  encouraged  through  the  invention  of  the 
steam-pipe  press  accompanied  by  improvements  in  the  other  stages 
of  the  process  of  manufacture  which  have  enabled  the  producer  to 
meet  this  demand.  Some  of  the  present  sewer-pipe  factories  con- 
tain all  the  latest  improvements  that  the  mechanical  engineer  can 
devise.  A  good  idea  of  the  advances  made  in  the  making  of  pipe 
may  be  gained  from  the  statement  that  fifty  years  ago  the  largest 
pipe  made  was  15  inches  with  a  shell  one  and  one-eighth  inches 
thick;  to-day  we  have  30-  and  36-inch  pipe  with  a  shell  from  two 
to  three  inches  thick. 

The  production  of  sewer  pipe  in  the  United  States  since  1890  is 
given  in  the  accompanying  table. 


CONDUITS. 


35 


VALUE  OF  SEWER  PIPE  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM 

1890  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value  . 

Year. 

Value. 

1890 

$-  107  212 

IQOI 

S6  736  060 

1804 

5080,  Q2T. 

IQO2 

7  174  802 

180:; 

4,482,577 

IQO3  . 

8  C2?  360 

1806 

4,c88,>o^ 

I  QO4 

9,187  423 

1807 

4,060,^34 

IOO>  . 

IO,OO7,o8Q 

1898  . 

3,7Qi,Os7 

1006.  . 

11,114,967 

1800 

4-  60  3  34 

IQO7 

II  482  84? 

IQOO 

?,  842,^62 

CONDUITS. 

These  form  a  line  of  clay  products  the  use  of  which  has  greatly 
increased  in  the  last  few  years.  They  may  be  defined  as  hollow 
blocks  of  varying  length,  having  sometimes  several  cross  parti- 
tions and  rounded  edges,  and  are  used  as  pipes  for  electrical 
cables  and  wires  below  ground.  On  this  account  they  have  to 
be  hard-burned  with  a  dense  body  and  are  salt  glazed.  Their  use 
came  about  through  a  desire  on  the  part  of  telephone  and  telegraph 
companies  to  find  some  form  of  duct  more  durable  than  the  iron 
and  wooden  ones  formerly  in  use. 

The  first  underground  conduits  are  said  to  have  been  manu- 
factured by  the  late  H.  B.  Camp  at  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio,  in 
the  year  I888.1  Mr.  Camp  at  first  experimented  with  a  form  of 
multiple  conduit,  which  was  in  reality  a  square  8-inch  hollow  tile 
with  a  partition  through  the  center.  Not  finding  it  practical  he 
abandoned  it  at  the  time  and  started  manufacturing  the  single 
conduits,  which  to  this  day  are  known  as  the  "Camp-Duct." 

The  manufacture  of  conduits  was  begun  at  Aultman,  Ohio,  by 
Mr.  Camp,  about  1893 2  or  ^94^  and  this  is  one  of  the  two  most 
important  localities  of  production  at  the  present  day,  the  other 
being  Brazil,  Ind.,  where  they  have  been  regularly  made  by  the 
McRoy  Clay  Works,  since  1896.  Those  made  at  the  latter 
factory  were  the  first  multiple-clay  conduits  to  be  used  commer- 
cially for  underground  work.  The  first  six-  and  four-duct  con- 

1  C.  C.  Baird,  McRoy  Clay  Works,  private  correspondence. 

2  J.  A.  Rossi,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  private  correspondence. 


36  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

duits  were  made  6  feet  long,  and  the  two-  and  three-duct,  3  feet 
long.  They  contained  dowel  pin  holes  and  were  scarified  and 
beveled  on  the  ends  as  now.  This  plant  had  previously  been 
manufacturing  salt-glazed  hollow  building  blocks  and  drain  tile. 
The  same  clay  and  same  machines  were  used  in  making  the  con- 
duits, although  many  new  appliances  were  necessary  to  handle 
them  successfully.  Large  quantities  of  conduits  are  now  pro- 
duced in  the  Perth  Amboy  district  of  New  Jersey,  the  industry 
there  dating  back  to  about  1898.  In  addition  they  are  also  made 
at  scattered  works  where  fireproofing  and  sewer  pipe  are  manu- 
factured. 

It  is  not  possible  to  give  any  statistics  of  production,  as  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  does  not  give  them  separately. 

PAVING  BRICK. 

The  beginning  of  the  paving-brick  industry  is  usually  given  as 
1872,  when  some  of  the  streets  in  Charleston,  W.  Va.,  were  paved 
with  brick.  These  were  simply  hard-burned  building  brick,  and 
not  regular  pavers,  but  they  nevertheless  gave  great  satisfaction, 
and  were  moreover  shipped  to  Ohio  for  a  considerable  period. 
They  are  not  now  made,  the  production  having  steadily  declined 
after  the  making  of  the  real  pavers  began. 

In  Missouri  the  industry  is  said  to  have  begun  about  1873,  and 
was  the  result  of  attempts  to  find  some  use  for  the  more  impure 
layers  which  were  found  in  the  fire-clay  mines.  These  early 
attempts  were  not  wholly  successful. 

Bloomington,  111.,  put  down  a  brick  pavement  in  1875  which 
was  made  of  a  poor  glacial  clay,  but  lasted  well  for  twenty  years. 
Five  years  later,  in  1880,  brick  pavements  were  tried  in  St.  Louis 
without  success,  and  while  another  trial,  made  in  1881,  was  better, 
it  was  found  that  the  manufacturer  was  unable  to  supply  a 
uniform  and  reliable  product.  Two  years  after  this,  in  1883, 
an  impure  fire-clay  paver  was  tried  with  excellent  results  at 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  about  this  same  time  a  pavement  of 
vitrified  brick  made  of  glacial  clay  (Ref.  142,  p.  9)  was  laid  at 
Decatur,  111. 

In  1884  Galesburg,  111.,  which  at  the  present  time  is,  and  for 


PAVING  BRICK.  37 

some  years  has  been,  an  important  producer  of  vitrified  shale 
brick,  laid  a  pavement  of  these  which  showed  a  high  durability. 
It  was  about  this  time  that  the  industry  seemed  to  show  abun- 
dant signs  of  life,  for  in  1885  brick  pavements  were  laid  in  Colum- 
bus, Zanesville  and  Steubenville,  Ohio  (Ref.  142,  p.  9),  Peoria, 
111.,  and  Chicago,  111.  At  Canton,  Ohio,  paving-brick  making 
was  started  in  1887,  and  since  then  the  Ohio  paving-brick  industry 
has  grown  steadily.  In  the  same  year  (1887)  the  coal-measures 
shales  were  first  used  in  Kansas.  They  are  now  employed  at 
several  points  in  that  State. 

Many  of  the  earlier  plants  of  the  Central  States  used  impure 
fire  clays,  the  use  of  shales  for  paving-brick  manufacture  having 
really  developed  slowly.  Moreover  the  great  growth  of  this 
industry  has  been  in  the  Central  and  West  Central  States,  few 
paving-brick  plants  being  located  in  the  east  except  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  reason  for  this  is  the  lack  of  suitable  raw  materials. 
A  second  may  be  the  smaller  demand  in  the  Eastern  than  in  the 
Central  States.  Of  the  scattered  Eastern  plants,  one  of  the 
first  to  be  started  was  at  Cumberland,  Md.,  in  1888,  the  Devon- 
ian shales  being  used.  This  plant  is  still  in  operation. 

In  the  early  'go's  several  plants  were  built  in  New  York  State, 
all  using  the  Devonian  shale,  except  one  at  Syracuse,  which 
employed  alluvial  clays.  About  the  same  time  (1889)  the  indus- 
try started  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  and  is  still  in  operation  there. 

A  marked  expansion  in  this  branch  of  clay  working  occurred  in 
the  closing  decade  of  the  century,  for  it  was  about  this  time  that 
clay  workers  in  Indiana  were  beginning  to  appreciate  the  value 
of  the  coal  measure  clays  and  of  the  Knobstone  shales.  Paving- 
brick  making  by  1890  had  also  taken  a  firm  hold  in  Missouri,  and 
the  first  paving-brick  works  in  Indiana  was  started  at  Brazil  in 
1891,  with  others  following  in  1892  and  1893.  At  this  date  there 
were  in  Ohio  not  less  than  37  firms  in  operation,  the  materials 
used  being  mainly  fire  clays,  and  to  a  smaller  extent  shales  and 
alluvial  clays.  E.  Orton,  Jr.,  in  the  Ohio  Geological  Survey 
Report  of  that  year  stated  that  the  great  shale  deposits  were  just 
beginning  to  be  understood,  and  "might  possibly  be  of  value  for 
pavers." 


38  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  paving-brick  industry  of  southeastern  Pennsylvania  began 
about  1892  with  the  use  of  Triassic  shales  at  Montello.  Owing, 
however,  to  better  and  more  extensive  deposits  of  shale  in  the 
western  half  of  the  State,  more  plants  have  become  established 
there  than  in  the  east.  In  Michigan  the  use  of  Carboniferous 
shale  for  paving  purposes  began  in  1895  with  further  developments 
about  1905  at  Saginaw.  At  the  present  time  (1907)  the  seven 
leading  States  named  in  the  order  of  their  rank  are  Ohio,  Illinois, 
Pennsylvania,  Kansas,  West  Virginia,  Missouri  and  Indiana, 
the  first  three  producing  over  $1,000,000  worth  each,  and  the 
others,  except  Missouri,  over  $500,000  worth  each. 

The  production  of  paving  brick  since  1890  is  given  below. 


VALUE  OF  VITRIFIED  PAVING  BRICK  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES  FROM  1890  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Quantity 
(thousands). 

Average  price  per 
thousand. 

1800 

$    982,000 

iwyw  

1804 

3,711,173 

40,021 

$8.12 

A  yt  
iSoq 

3,130,472 

381,^01 

8.20 

1896  

1807.  . 

2,794,585 
3x82,037 

320,407 
435,851 

8.72 

8.22 

1898 

4,01  6,822 

474,410 

8  47 

1800 

4,7^0,424 

^80,71:1 

8.18 

IQOO 

4,764,124 

1:46,070 

8.71 

IQOI     . 

5,484,134 

60^,077 

O.O6 

1902  
IQO3.  . 

5,744,530 
6,453,849 

617,192 
654,499 

9-3i 
9.86 

1904  

7,  557,  425 

735,489 

10.28 

IQO^ 

6,703,710 

66^,870 

10.  07 

y  2 

IQOO      

7,80,768 

7^1,074 

10.  A< 

IOO7.  . 

0,6^4,282 

876,245 

ii  .02 

FIRE  BRICK. 

The  growth  of  the  fire-brick  industry  depends  largely  on  other 
lines  of  manufacturing  in  which  the  conversion  of  the  raw  material 
into  the  finished  product  has  to  be  accomplished  by  great  heat, 
this  being  done  in  furnaces  or  other  receptacles  which  have  to  be 
lined  with  some  refractory  material.  Large  quantities  of  fire  brick 
are  therefore  required  in  smelting  operations,  and  these  constitute 


FIRE  BRICK.  39 

the  principal  consumers.  The  clay  industry,  with  its  brick  and 
pottery  kilns,  requires  a  large  number,  as  also  the  portland-cement 
industry,  the  coking  industry  and  many  others.  Some  of  these, 
like  iron  smelting,  were  in  operation  before  fire  brick  were  available, 
and  sandstone  blocks  were  used  as  furnace  linings. 

New  Jersey  seems  to  hold  the  honor  of  being  the  first  producer 
of  fire  brick  in  the  United  States,  for  they  are  said  to  have  been 
made  there  in  1812,  although  just  where  the  plant  was  located  is 
not  known.  It  is  definitely  known,  however,  that  in  1825  the  Sala- 
mander Works  of  Woodbridge,  N.  J.  (no  longer  standing),  was  in 
operation.  This  was  followed  by  the  erection  of  a  factory  by  John 
Watson  in  1833,  which  remained  in  operation  for  a  number  of  years. 

It  is  also  stated  that  fire  brick  were  made  in  Florida  and  shipped 
to  New  Orleans  in  1827,  and  that  stove  linings  were  made  in  Con- 
necticut about  1835. 

According  to  Mr.  McClave  refractory  brick  were  being  produced 
in  Toronto,  Ohio,  in  1830,  but  the  industry  was  probably  only 
temporary,  for  later  the  Ohio  furnacemen  appear  to  have  been  ship- 
ping in  most  of  their  refractory  wares  from  New  Jersey  and 
Maryland,  until  in  1869  they  were  supplanted  by  those  made  at 
Sciotoville. 

A  permanent  development  did  occur  in  Clinton  County,  Pa.,  for 
a  fire-brick  works  began  at  Queens  Run  in  1836,  according  to 
Professor  Rogers.  •  This  subsequently  became  the  firm  of  Fredericks 
Monroe  &  Co. 

It  was  in  1837  that  the  famous  Mt.  Savage,  Md.,  fire  clay  was 
discovered,  and  two  years  later  the  Union  Mining  Company  began 
operations  which  have  continued  up  to  the  present.  In  some 
publications  this  is  incorrectly  stated  to  be  the  oldest  fire-brick 
works  in  the  United  States.  About  this  time  the  Lower  Kittan- 
ning  plastic  clay  and  the  Clarion  County  flint  clay  of  Pennsylvania 
were  being  worked  by  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  of  Rochester,  Pa., 
who  appear  to  have  started  one  of  the  earliest  fire-brick  works  in 
that  State.  They  were  followed  in  1842  by  James  Glover,  who 
discovered  the  Bolivar  fire  clay  at  the  place  of  that  name  and  ran  a 
small  fire-brick  factory.  He  took  his  bricks  to  Pittsburg  by  boat 
and  after  some  difficulty  succeeded  in  disposing  of  them.  So  well 


40  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

were  they  liked  that  the  bricks  soon  won  a  reputation,  and  Bolivar 
to  this  day  is  one  of  the  important  fire-brick  producing  localities. 
The  industry  continued  to  develop  rapidly  and  we  find  factories 
starting  operations  in  different  States,  especially  if  there  was  a 
chance  of  marketing  the  product,  which  in  those  days  commanded 
a  much  higher  price  than  now. 

In  the  year  1845  another  yard  was  established  in  the  Wood- 
bridge  district  of  New  Jersey,  viz.  that  of  Berry  &  Son,  with  others 
following  it  later,  among  these  being  Sayre  &  Fisher,  Sayreville, 
1868;  H.  Maurer  &  Son,  Maurer,  1856;  M.  D.  Valentine  &  Bro., 
Woodbridge,  1865;  and  others.  Kier  Brothers  of  Salina,  Penn- 
sylvania, began  in  1845. 

The  fire-brick  industry  was,  however,  slow  in  moving  westward 
in  its  development,  for  in  1846  it  began  in  St.  Louis  with  a  small 
factory  located  on  Gravois  road.  This  is  no  longer  in  operation, 
the  oldest  of  the  present  plants  being  that  of  Evens  &  Howard 
and  the  Laclede  Fire  Brick  Company  which  were  established  in 
1855.  St.  Louis  with  its  great  deposits  of  Carboniferous  fire  clays 
and  markets  in  the  Central  and  Southern  States  was  destined  to 
become  an  important  center  of  fire-brick  making  and  other  fac- 
tories were  opened  later,  among  these  being  the  Christy  Fire  Clay 
Company  in  1857,  the  Parker  Russell  Company  in  1866.  The 
Christy  and  Laclede  companies  have  since  been  consolidated. 
Another  refractory  asset  which  has  helped  to  make  St.  Louis 
famous  was  its  deposits  of  clay  for  glass-pot  and  zinc-retort  manu- 
facture. 

In  New  York  the  making  of  gas  retorts  commenced  in  1854,  and 
spread  to  other  States,  but  the  production  of  these  is  not  as  great 
as  formerly. 

Fire  brick  were  being  made  at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  by  1857  to 
1858,  and  the  industry  was  started  in  Illinois  not  later  than  this. 
In  1859  Soisson  &  Co.  of  Connellsville,  Pa.,  established  their  works 
at  that  locality,  and  three  years  later,  in  1862,  fire-brick  manu- 
facture began  at  Bath,  S.  C.,  but  has  never  become  of  importance. 
At  Pittsburg  the  Star  Fire-Brick  Works  commenced  operations  in 
1865,  and  three  years  later  the  industry  was  started  at  Canal 
Dover,  Ohio. 


FIRE  BRICK.  41 

The  fire  clays  of  the  far  west  developed  at  a  comparatively 
early  date,  those  around  Golden,  Colo.,  being  discovered  in  1866, 
but  those  which  have  made  the  district  rank  foremost  among  the 
western  producers  were  not  opened  up  until  later.  The  fire  bricks 
which  were  made  and  are  still  being  produced  at  Denver,  those 
whose  manufacture  began  later  at  Pueblo,  and  still  later  at  Canon 
City,  are  now  much  used  throughout  the  Western  States  and  have 
earned  a  good  reputation,  although  they  have  to  compete  some- 
what, of  course,  with  those  produced  in  the  Mississippi  Valley 
district. 

The  fire  clays  of  Lewis  County,  Kentucky,  were  mined  as 
early  as  1871  for  making  fire  brick  in  Cincinnati,  and  in  the  same 
decade  we  note  the  building  of  works  at  East  Portsmouth,  Ohio, 
in  1870,  at  Woodland,  Pa.,  in  1871,  and  Retort  and  Manorville,  Pa., 
in  1872. 

West  Virginia  was  a  late  comer  in  the  line  of  fire-brick  producers, 
the  Kittanning  clays  of  Hammond,  Marion  County,  being  one  of 
the  earliest  deposits  worked  in  the  State.  This  was  in  1876. 
Subsequent  to  that  period,  however,  the  industry  progressed 
'favorably. 

By  the  year  1880  the  fire-clay  manufacturing  industry  had 
assumed  wide  and  strong  importance  in  many  States,  notably 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Indiana  and  Missouri. 
Several  important  additions  occurred  in  the  eighties  as  at  Canal 
Dover,  Ohio  (1880);  South  Webster,  Ohio  (1883);  Queens  Run, 
Pa.  (1883);  Portsmouth,  Ohio  (1888);  Wallaceton,  Pa.  (1888); 
Strasburg,  Ohio  (1889);  there  were  still,  however,  several  impor- 
tant but  not  necessarily  large  districts  to  be  heard  from.  In  1882 
the  Tertiary  clay  around  Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  was  attracting  atten- 
tion and  two  years  later,  1884,  the  Kentucky  fire  clays  were  worked 
at  Amanda  Furnace,  and  Bellport  Furnace,  followed  by  the  Ash- 
land Fire  Brick  Company,  at  Ashland,  in  1886.  The  Texas 
Tertiary  clays  were  being  used  around  Athens  in  1890,  and  those 
at  Socorro,  New  Mexico,  in  1894.  The  former  are  still  worked,  but 
not  the  latter.  In  1895  the  Olive  Hill  Fire  Brick  Company  of 
Olive  Hill,  Ky.,  began  using  the  Carboniferous  flint  clays,  but  it 
is  not  known  how  long  previous  to  this  these  had  been  developed. 


42  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY. 

Developments  continued  in  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and  new 
works  were  still  springing  up.  They  included  those  at  Phillips- 
burg,  Pa.  (1893);  Clearfield,  Pa.  (1894);  Beech  Creek,  Pa.  (1900); 
and  still  later  at  Figart,  Pa.  (1901);  and  Strasburg,  Ohio  (1904). 

The  Dakota  clays  of  Colorado,  previously  mentioned  as  occurring 
at  Golden,  were  further  developed  at  Canon  City  in  1900,  and 
since  then  at  other  localities.  Later  developments  took  place  also 
in  Utah,  Montana  and  South  Dakota,  but  no  definite  data  are 
available  regarding  them. 

After  reviewing  what  has  just  preceded,  one  cannot  help  but 
be  impressed  by  the  great  and  steady  development  of  the  fire-brick 
industry  in  the  Carboniferous  areas  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  to 
a  lesser  extent  Kentucky,  Maryland  and  West  Virginia.  The 
product  not  only  finds  a  ready  market  in  the  districts  of  produc- 
tion, but  is  shipped  to  many  States  in  which  high  grade  refractories 
are  manufactured  sparingly  or  not  at  all. 

There  are  a  number  of  small  works  making  fire  brick  and  stove 
linings,  which  are  located  at  points  some  distance  removed  from 
the  fire-clay  districts,  and  ship  in  their  raw  clay.  Not  a  few  are 
located  in  New  England. 

It  is  needless  to  say  the  growth  of  the  fire-brick  industry  has  been 
attended  by  improvements  in  the  methods  of  manufacture,  not  so 
much  perhaps  in  the  machinery  used,  although  the  production  of 
machine-molded  brick  has  increased  because  of  lower  selling  cost, 
as  in  the  compounding  of  proper  mixtures,  which  will  best  individu- 
ally withstand  the  conditions  of  use  to  which  they  are  subjected. 
With  the  same  object  in  view  the  manufacturers  have  also 
developed  a  great  variety  of  shapes  for  special  purposes.  Some 
firms  have  likewise  succeeded  in  making  a  product  of  astonishingly 
high  refractoriness,  while  others  have  in  recent  years  introduced 
the  manufacture  of  bauxite  bricks. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  incorporation  in  1902  of  the 
Harbison-Walker  Refractories  Company  with  headquarters  at 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  This  corporation,  which  controls  a  large  number 
of  works  in  Pennsylvania  as  well  as  some  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky, 
produces  a  large  percentage  of  all  the  fire  brick  produced  in  the 
eastern  United  States.  All  of  the  works  make  a  fire-clay  brick 


FIRE  BRICK.  43 

with  the  exception  of  the  Chester,  Pa.,  plant  which  makes  nothing 
but  magnesia  and  chrome  brick,  from  imported  materials.  The 
Mount  Union,  East  Chicago,  and  the  Layton,  Pa.,  plants,  pro- 
duce silica  brick,  while  some  silica  brick  are  also  made  at  the 
Hays  Station,  Pa.,  plant. 

Refractories  for  Glass  Melting* 

Glass-pot  manufacture  represents  a  special  branch  of  the  fire- 
brick business  in  which  great  skill  is  called  for,  and  scrupulous 
care  exercised  in  the  selection  of  the  raw  materials. 

It  is  probable  that  the  manufacture  of  glass  pots  in  this  country 
was  begun  with  the  installation  of  the  first  glass  factory,  but  in 
those  days,  and,  in  fact,  until  1860,  it  was  the  custom  for  glass 
manufacturers  to  make  their  own  glass-melting  pots,  the  clays 
being  imported  from  England  and  known  as  Stourbridge  clays. 

The  making  of  tank  blocks  began  actively  about  1883.  These 
are  large  blocks  used  for  lining  the  large  iron  tanks  in  which  glass 
is  melted.  These  special  shaped  blocks,  weighing  sometimes 
ten  hundred  pounds,  have  to  fit  together  accurately,  and  their 
manufacture  calls  for  the  finest  grades  of  glass-pot  clay,  and  plenty 
of  time  for  making.  Most  firms  make  both  the  tanks  and  pots. 

The  Stourbridge  clay  continued  to  be  used  to  some  extent  in 
this  country  until  the  early  sixties.  The  German  clay  has  also 
been  used  for  a  number  of  years,  but  it  is  not  known  just  when  its 
importation  began.  About  the  year  1858  or  1859,  Missouri  plastic 
clays  were  introduced.  These  clays  are  found  in  the  neighborhood 
of  St.  Louis  in  what  is  known  as  the  Cheltenham  district,  and  were 
called  "Cheltenham  clays"  in  those  days.  This  clay  was  intro- 
duced by  a  man  named  Christy,  who  induced  James  B.  Lyon  of 
the  O'Hara  Glass  Company  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  to  try  it  for  the 
manufacture  of  glass  pots.  It  proved  to  be  an  excellent  clay  for 
that  purpose  and  has  largely  supplanted  the  foreign  clays. 

The  manufacture  of  glass-house  pots,  as  a  business  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supplying  the  wants  of  the  glass  manufacturers  in  that 
line,  was  first  started  by  Thomas  Coffin  in  Pittsburg  in  1860,  and 

1  The  authors  are  indebted  to  Mr.  H.  L.  Dixon  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  for  much 
valuable  information. 


44  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY. 

until  1879  this  remained  the  only  pot-making  plant.  In  that 
year  the  Pittsburg  Clay-Pot  Company  was  organized  and  is  still 
in  operation. 

Shortly  after  the  Pittsburg  Clay-Pot  Company  started,  came 
others,  and  among  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Phoenix  Clay-Pot 
Company,  New  Kensington,  Pa.  (organized  in  1880),  making  pots 
since  1880  and  tank  blocks  since  1902.  Ohio  Valley  Clay  Com- 
pany, Steubenville,  Ohio,  producing  pots  since  1882  and  tank 
blocks  since  1896.  Gill  Clay-Pot  Company,  established  by 
J.  S.  Gill,  at  Bellaire,  Ohio,  in  1882,  but  now  the  Gill  Clay-Pot 
Company,  of  Muncie,  Indiana,  and  manufacturing  tank  blocks 
since  1896.  Dixon-Woods  Company,  producing  tank  blocks  in 
1887.  The  Findlay  Clay-Pot  Company,  Findlay,  Ohio,  organized 
for  glass-pot  manufacture  in  1888,  but  producing  tank  blocks 
also  since  1895. 

As  the  business  in  melting  furnaces  progressed  in  the  United 
States  it  was  found  that  both  the  Stourbridge  and  German  clays 
lacked  the  refractory  qualities  to  stand  the  temperatures  employed, 
but  that  while  the  Missouri  clay  supplied  this  defect,  it  was  not 
able  to  resist  the  corrosive  action  of  the  molten  glass  as  well  as  the 
German  clay.  The  Stourbridge  clay  is  no  longer  used.  Clay 
from  Mineral  City,  Ohio,  is  employed  by  some,  as  well  as  Penn- 
sylvania clays,  but  not  in  those  parts  that  come  in  contact  with  the 
molten  glass.  The  manufacturers  have  therefore  had  to  use 
different  mixtures  for  different  parts,  according  as  they  had  to 
resist  corrosion,  heat,  changes  of "  temperature,  etc. 

As  an  example,  one  firm  uses  for  its  pots  a  mixture  consisting  of : 

Missouri  Raw  Washed  Clay 2469  Ibs. 

Missouri  Burned  Washed  Clay 2250  Ibs. 

German  Washed  Clay 1481  Ibs. 

Old  pot  fragments 3800  Ibs. 

The  proportions  used  by  the  different  manufacturers  however 
vary,  some  using  more  Missouri  and  others  less. 

No  separate  statistics  can  be  given,  as  they  are  not  published, 
but  the  total  value  of  the  product  forms  a  small  percentage  of  the 
total  for  refractory  wares-. 


POTTERY. 


45 


The  production  of  fire  brick  and  refractory  wares  in  the  United 
States  since  1894  is  given  below. 

VALUE  OF  FIRE  BRICK  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM 

1870  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1870 

$    403,400 

IQOO.  . 

$  q,83O,?l7 

1890 

c  6?2   s64 

IQOI 

0  870  421 

1804. 

4762,820 

IQO2 

I  I,07O,?  1  1 

^yr  
i8os 

527Q.OO4 

IQO3 

14,062,  360* 

1806 

4,044,723 

IOO4 

II,l67,072 

x  v  
1807 

4,OO4,7O4 

100^  . 

I2,73S,4O4 

1898 

6,003,071 

V    J 
IQO6  

14,206,868 

1800    . 

8,641,882 

IQO7.  . 

14,946,045 

1  Includes  stove  lining. 

POTTERY. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  follow  the  development  of  the  pottery 
industry  without  going  into  a  number  of  details,  but  in  tracing  out 
its  growth,  several  interesting  features  present  themselves.1  The 
first  is  that  pottery  was  made  by  the  early  colonists  in  this  country 
almost  as  soon  as  common  brick.  A  second  is  that  few  of  the 
early  establishments  mark  even  the  site  of  existing  potteries,  the 
important  potting  centers  having  been  established  at  a  much  later 
date.  Thirdly,  the  industry  does  not  show  a  gradual  progression 
from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  kinds  of  ware,  many  grades  of 
pottery  ranging  from  common  flowerpots  up  to  white  earthen-ware 
having  been  produced  at  the  same  period. 

The  earliest  reference  found  is  of  a  pottery  on  Long  Island  in 
1601,  and  another  in  Massachusetts  in  1641.  The  latter  was  prob- 
ably the  first  in  the  New  England  States  and  is  no  longer  in  opera- 
tion. Virginia  may  have  had  potteries  as  early  as  this,  for  it  is 
known  that  small  earthen-ware  factories  were  in  operation  in  the 
seventeenth  century. 

New  Jersey  followed  in  1685  with  the  production  of  white  ware 
at  Burlington,  and  Pennsylvania  in  1690,  at  which  date  its  first 

1  The  artistic  side  of  the  development  of  pottery  in  the  United  States  has  been 
most  admirably  treated  by  E.  A.  Barber  of  the  Pennsylvania  Museum  in  his  work 
on  the  History  of  Pottery  and  Porcelain  in  the  United  States. 


46  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

established  factory  was  making  tobacco  pipes.  Maryland  came 
next  in  1764  with  a  pottery  in  Baltimore,  and  five  years  later 
a  second  works  began  making  china  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

As  early  as  1776  there  are  said  to  have  been  scattered  stoneware 
works  in  South  Carolina,  and  a  pottery  had  begun  operations  at 
Norwalk,  Conn.,  in  1780.  The  establishment  of  a  terra-cotta- 
ware  pottery  in  West  Virginia  in  1785  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
one  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  and  this  one  was  in  opera- 
tion until  1890.  Among  the  early  established  works,  still  running, 
or  at  least  in  operation  until  recently,  was  an  earthernware  factory 
which  began  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1790,  and  the  next  few  years 
witnessed  the  establishment  of  many  others  in  that  State.  In 
1793  a  pottery  was  started  in  Vermont,  and  by  1800  stoneware 
was  being  made  there. 

There  is  doubt  as  to  the  source  of  the  raw  materials  used  by 
these  early  potters,  but  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  was  probably 
purely  local. 

Curiously  enough,  California  was  one  of  the  early  producers  of 
pottery,  earthen-ware  being  made  in  San  Francisco  from  1791  to 
1800.  In  the  latter  year  (1800)  stoneware  was  being  made  by  Van 
Wickle  in  Old  Bridge,  N.  J.,  and  other  factories  were  running  at 
South  Amboy  and  Sayreville  so  that  we  can  perhaps  regard  this  as 
the  beginning  of  the  development  of  the  stoneware  industry  of  this 
State,  which,  however,  has  never  become  large,  being  unable  to 
complete  successfully  with  the  great  factories  making  this  ware 
in  Ohio.  This  same  year  (1800)  also  witnessed  the  commence- 
ment of  a  sturdy  stoneware  industry  at  Troy  and  Albany,  N.  Y., 
which  continued  for  a  number  of  years.  In  1805  Fulper  of  Flem- 
ington,  N.  J.,  began  the  manufacture  of  stoneware,  and  this  estab- 
lishment still  exists. 

Whether  Ohio  should  be  included  among  the  list  of  pottery  pro- 
ducers prior  to  this  is  not  known,  but  in  1812  an  earthenware  fac- 
tory was  in  operation  in  Steubenville,  and  by  1837  the  industry  had 
attained  such  importance  that  the  ware  was  being  sent  to  other 
States. 

Another  works  of  interest  was  one  in  Jaffray,  N.  H.,  established 
in  1817,  which  brought  its  clay  from  Moncton,  Vt.  This  repre- 


UNIVERSITY   1 

POTTERY.  '  I  47 

sents  one  of  the  earliest  records  of  the  shipment  of  clay  from  one 
State  to  another. 

In  1827  we  find  the  first  record  of  a  stoneware  factory  in  Gallo- 
way County,  Missouri,  which  was  still  running  in  1891.  Pottery 
was  being  made  in  the  same  year  (1827)  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Two 
years  later  (in  1829)  the  industry  began  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  and 
while  potteries  have  been  in  operation  there  more  or  less  contin- 
uously up  to  the  present  time,  they  have  undergone  frequent 
changes  in  ownership  and  management. 

Up  to  1830  the  development  of  the  pottery  industry  had  been 
sporadic,  and  not  of  permanent  character.  In  that  year  an  appeal 
for  aid  was  made  to  the  Government,  in  the  form  of  greater  pro- 
tection, but  the  bill  passed  by  Congress  in  1833,  lowered  the  tariff 
instead  of  raising  it.  While  this  was  discouraging  to  the  white- 
ware  manufacturers,  at  the  same  time  it  did  not  seriously  affect 
the  industry  as  a  whole. 

The  year  1834  marked  the  beginning  of  the  Beaver  Valley, 
Pa.,  industry,  with  the  establishment  of  Jackson's  pottery  at  New 
Brighton,  which,  however,  only  ran  for  three  years.  The  same 
year  also  saw  the  foundation  of  the  pottery  industry  of  Indiana, 
the  first  works  being  established  at  Troy,  but  it  soon  ended  in 
failure,  because  of  a  misguided  attempt  to  make  whiteware.  Illi- 
nois was  producing  stoneware  by  1836,  but  it  may  have  been  man- 
ufactured there  even  earlier. 

Three  years  after  this,  or  in  1837,  Bennett  established  a  yellow 
and  Rockingham  works  at  East  Liverpool,  Ohio.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  the  pottery  manufacturing  industry  at  that  place,  and 
by  the  next  year  the  stoneware  industry  of  the  Zanesville  district 
had  started.  It  was  at  least  as  early  as  1837  that  the  Albany  slip 
clay  came  into  use  for  glazing  stoneware,  and  has  ever  since  then 
been  employed  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  Other  slip  clays 
have  been  tried,  but  none  have  found  the  same  favor  as  this  one. 
It  was  also  in  this  year  (1838)  that  pottery  works  were  established 
at  Sargeants  Bluff,  la.,  which  are  said  to  have  been  the  first  in  the 
State.  If  this  is  true  the  industry  must  have  expanded  rapidly,  as 
by  1841  there  were  potteries  in  operation  at  many  points  in  the 
State. 


48  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  1840  the  mining  of  pottery  clay  from  the  Coal-measure  beds 
of  Indiana  began,  and  has  continued  actively  up  to  the  present  time 
to  supply  numerous  stoneware  works. 

The  exact  date  of  the  establishment  of  potting  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  is  not  known,  but  by  the  early  forties  both  stoneware  and 
Rockingham  ware  were  being  turned  out  there. 

Dallas  County,  Ark.,  had  a  pottery  as  early  as  1843,  but  the 
business  has  not  developed  to  any  great  extent  and  there  are  few 
plants  in  the  State  at  the  present  time.  The  Portland  Stoneware 
Company,  at  Portland,  Me.,  was  inaugurated  in  1846,  and  the  same 
year  saw  the  establishment  of  Bennett's  yellow  and  Rockingham 
ware  factory  in  Baltimore,  Md.  He  later  added  white  ware. 

The  Greenpoint,  L.  I.,  porcelain  works  began  in  1848,  and  about 
three  years  after  that  came  the  start  of  the  Trenton,  N.  J.,  industry. 
Although  beginning  some  years  later  than  East  Liverpool,  Ohio, 
the  Trenton  industry  has  expanded  at  a  more  rapid  rate  and  now 
outranks  that  of  East  Liverpool.  While  there  may  have  been 
potteries  in  operation  in  Mississippi  prior  to  1848,  the  first  definite 
record  appears  in  that  year,  when  it  is  said  stoneware  factories 
were  running  at  several  localities  and  some  of  these  still  exist. 

In  1856  Whitmore,  Robinson  &  Co.,  began  the  manufacture  of 
Rockingham  and  yellow  queensware  at  Akron,  Ohio.  This  plant, 
considerably  enlarged,  is  still  in  operation. 

Three  years  later,  in  1859,  a  plant  for  the  manufacture  of  stone- 
ware was  running  at  Michigan  Bar,  Cal.,  and  the  first  white  ware 
was  made  at  Peoria,  111.,  evidently  of  clay  shipped  in  from  other 
States. 

By  1860,  the  first  year  in  which  a  census  was  taken,  the  industry 
seems  to  have  been  pretty  well  established,  for  there  were  potteries 
established  in  different  States  as  follows :  Alabama,  1 1 ;  California, 
4;  Connecticut,  5;  Delaware,  4;  Georgia,  2;  Illinois,  34;  Iowa,  15; 
Kansas,  i;  Kentucky,  6;  Maine,  16;  Maryland,  17;  Massachusetts, 
13;  Michigan,  7;  Minnesota,  i;  Mississippi,  2;  Missouri,  17;  New 
Hampshire,  3;  New  Jersey,  24;  New  York,  45;  North  Carolina,  4; 
Ohio,  130;  Pennsylvania,  108;  South  Carolina,  6;  Tennessee,  5; 
Texas,  6;  Vermont,  6;  Virginia,  15;  Wisconsin,  13;  District  Colum- 
bia, 2;  Nebraska,  i;  Utah,  2. 


POTTERY. 


49 


In  1862  the  making  of  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware  was  begun 
again  at  New  Brighton,  Pa.,  and  has  continued  up  to  the  present, 
while  additional  stoneware  factories  were  starting  up  in  Indiana. 


Fig.  2. — Original  plant  of  Knowles,  Taylor  and  Knowles,  East  Liverpool,  O. 

The  Onondaga  Pottery  of  Syracuse,  one  of  the  important  vitreous 
china  factories  of  the  United  States  began  in  1871,  and  is  still 
running. 

Although  white  ware  was  made  by  William  Bloor  at  East  Liver- 
pool, Ohio,  prior  to  1861,  the  permanent  establishment  of  the 
whiteware  industry  at  that  place  dates  back  only  to  1873,  and  was 
begun  by  the  Knowles,  Taylor  &  Knowles  Company,  a  firm  which 
had  begun  operations  in  1854. 

Minnesota  has  never  been  an  important  pottery-producing  State 
and  it  was  not  until  1877  that  the  stoneware  industry,  supported 
by  the  Cretaceous  clays  at  Redwing,  was  started. 

Two  years  after  this,  in  1879,  the  Wheeling  Pottery  Company 
of  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  started.  This  company  made  the  first  white 
ware  produced  in  that  State,  but  did  not  use  any  local  clays. 


50  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  1880,  Remey  &  Son  of  Philadelphia  began  the  manufacture 
of  chemical  stoneware  made  from  New  Jersey  clays,  and  were 
followed  later  by  the  Graham  Works  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  The 
following  year  the  white  ware  industry  at  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.,  was 
begun  by  Mayer  Bros.  In  the  same  year,  the  manufacture  of 
C.  C.  ware  was  tried  in  Missouri  from  local  kaolins,  but  was  a  fail- 
ure, and  has  never  again  been  attempted  in  that  State.  This 
year  also  saw  the  establishment  of  the  majolica  industry  at  Balti- 
more, but  it  gave  way  later  to  white  earthenware. 

By  1 884  Hamilton  and  Columbiana  Counties,  Ohio,  had  developed 
into  important  centers  of  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware,  there 
being  nine  factories  at  East  Liverpool  and  ten  in  Cincinnati.  There 
were  also  several  important  stoneware  districts  whose  wares  had  a 
wide  sale.  Kentucky  was  at  this  time  also  developing  a  number  of 
stoneware  factories  but  none  were  of  any  size. 

The  year  1888  was  important  as  marking  the  establishment  of 
the  first  art  pottery  in  Ohio,  now  most  widely  known  in  this  coun- 
try, the  Rookwood  Pottery,  of  Cincinnati.  Other  Ohio  potteries 
have  since  then  turned  their  attention  to  art  wares,  notably  the 
Weller  Pottery  of  Zanesville,  and  the  Roseville  Pottery  of  Roseville. 

It  is  not  known  when  potteries  were  first  worked  in  Kansas,  but 
as  late  as  1893  there  were  only  a  few  in  operation. 

By  1893  the  Ohio  pottery  industry  occupied  the  same  limits  as 
in  1884,  but  the  output  has  greatly  increased.  Akron  was  the 
leading  stoneware  district,  and  an  important  feature  was  the  growth 
of  the  cooking  utensil  industry.  Since  then  the  industry  has  grown, 
especially  around  East  Liverpool,  Zanesville  and  Akron. 

There  has  been  a  remarkable  development  of  American  pottery 
in  its  more  artistic  forms  since  1893,  at  which  time,  as  pointed  out  by 
several  writers,  the  fictile  art  of  this  country  had  literally  a  new  birth. 

The  Rookwood  factory,  mentioned  under  Ohio,  and  started 
before  1893,  is  to  be  regarded,  perhaps,  as  the  pioneer,  and  cer- 
tainly as  the  most  important  of  American  art  potteries.  But 
there  are  many  others,  all  worthy  of  mention,  and  while  few  of 
them  are  large,  they  are  without  exception  receiving  deserved 
recognition,  on  account  of  the  originality,  beauty,  and  often 
high  artistic  merit  of  their  wares. 


POTTERY. 


51 


52  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  addition  to  the  Rook  wood,  we  may  mention  among  the  older 
ones  The  American  Terra  Cotta  Company  of  Chicago,  well 
known  for  its  Teco  ware,  the  Grueby  Faience  Company  of  Bos- 
ton, and  the  Hartford  Faience  Company  of  Hartford,  Conn. 
The  Chelsea  Keramic  Art  Company  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  might 
also  be  ranked  here,  as  well  as  the  Weller  Pottery  of  Zanesville, 
Ohio,  and  the  Roseville  Pottery  Company  of  the  same  State. 

The  Robineau  Pottery  of  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  deserves  special 
mention  since  it  is  the  first  works  in  this  country  to  produce 
decorative  hard  porcelain  (Binns). 

Equally  meritorious,  and  of  distinctly  American  type,  is  the  New- 
comb  Art  Pottery  of  New  Orleans.  Nor  should  the  list  be  closed 
without  mention  of  the  Van  Briggle  Pottery  of  Colorado  Springs, 
Colo.,  the  Marblehead,  Mass.,  ware,  and  the  product  of  the 
works  of  Charles  Volckmar,  Metuchen,  N.  J. 

All  of  these  serve  to  show  that  the  production  of  pottery  in  the 
United  States  is  not  confined  to  the  more  common  types  of  ware 
such  as  white  granite  and  semi-porcelain,  dinner  and  toilet  sets, 
as  some  people  imagine. 

It  should  also  indicate  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  depend  upon 
imported  materials,  when  decorative  ware  of  burned  clay  is  desired. 

Only  slight  reference  to  Trenton  has  been  made  in  this  re'sume' 
since  the  establishment  of  the  industry  in  1852.  It  was,  never- 
theless, growing  at  a  steady  and  rapid  rate  as  the  chronologic  data 
given  under  New  Jersey  will  show.  Indeed  many  details  are 
given  there  which  need  not  be  repeated  here.  Suffice  it  to  call 
attention  once  more  to  the  fact  that  this  is  the  largest  potting 
center  in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world,  the  products 
including  C.  C.  ware,  white  granite  ware,  sanitary  ware,  belleek, 
and  electrical  porcelain. 

The  manufacture  of  electrical  porcelain  is  a  comparatively 
young  branch  of  the  pottery  industry,  which  began  first  with  the 
production  of  various  pieces  for  low-voltage  work,  but  subse- 
quently developed  switch  blocks,  insulators,  etc.,  for  the  high- 
tension  currents.  The  clays  used  are  largely  of  the  higher 
grades.  Works  are  in  operation  in  Ohio,  New  York,  Indiana, 
New  Jersey,  etc.  The  first  factory  appears  to  have  been  that  of 


POTTERY.  53 

R.    Thomas    &  Sons    of    East   Liverpool,  established   in  1884. 
Others  were  as  follows: 

1890.  Pass  &  Seymour,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

1890.  Union  Porcelain  Works,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

1891.  Imperial  Porcelain  Works,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

1891.  G.  F.  Brunt  Porcelain  Company,  East  Liverpool,  Ohio. 

1895.  Lock  Insulator  Company,  Victor,  N.  Y. 

1896.  Akron  Smoking  Pipe  Company,  Mogadore,  Ohio. 
1899.  Star  Porcelain  Company,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

1902.  Anderson  Porcelain  Company,  East  Liverpool,  Ohio. 
1902.  Hartford  Faience  Company,  Hartford,  Conn. 

1902.  New  Lexington  High  Voltage  Porcelain  Company,  New  Lexington,  Ohio. 

1903.  Electrical  Porcelain  Company,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

1904.  Adamant  Porcelain  Company,  Ltd.,  Broadway,  Va. 

1905.  Adamant  Porcelain  Company,  Ltd.,  Harrisonburg,  Va. 

1906.  United  States  Electric  Porcelain  Company,  Findlay,  Ohio. 
General  Electric  Company,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 
Colonial  Sign  and  Insulator  Company,  Akron,  Ohio. 

In  spite  of  the  tremendous  growth  of  the  pottery  industry  in  the 
United  States  there  is  very  little  high-grade  porcelain  made,  most 
of  that  bought  being  of  foreign  make. 

Much  semi-porcelain  is  produced,  but  this  is  mostly  of  some- 
what heavy  character  to  meet  the  demands  of  hotel  and  restau- 
rant trade,  which  consumes  most  of  the  output,  and  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  in  order  to  get  light  weight  ware  for  daily  private 
use  one  is  practically  forced  to  purchase  foreign  goods. 

Whether  the  hard  porcelain  of  Europe  will  become  naturalized 
here  remains  to  be  seen.  The  permanent  introduction  of  bone- 
china  is  another  possibility,  and  some  writers  (Binns)  have 
pointed  out  that  since  it  is  the  lightest  and  whitest  of  all  our  wares, 
its  development  should  be  strenuously  pushed  by  American  man- 
ufacturers. 

While  the  pottery  industry  has  assumed  large  proportions,  the 
development  of  certain  lines  has  been  due  no  doubt  to  a  high  pro- 
tective tariff,  its  influence  being  described  by  Mr.  John  Moses 
as  follows:1  "It  was  not,  indeed,  until  the  first  real  protection  by 
the  tariff  ever  accorded  the  potteries  was  enacted,  as  a  war 
measure,  that  the  American  maker  found  himself  able  to  enter 
the  field  against  the  English  potter,  especially  in  the  two  staple 
lines  of  white  granite  and  C.  C.  ware.  The  premium  on  gold, 

1  One  hundred  years  of  American  commerce. 


54 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


doubling,  as  it  did,  the  increased  duty,  gave  the  potters  the  long- 
needed  opportunity,  and  new  establishments  sprang  up  in  Tren- 
ton during  the  decade  succeeding  the  war." 

It  must  also  be  conceded,  although  it  may  not  be  universally 
admitted,  that  we  always  have  been,  and  are  still,  dependent  to  a 
large  extent  upon  foreign  countries  for  some  of  our  raw  materials. 
This  is  particularly  true  of  residual  kaolin,  the  deposits  of  which 
thus  far  developed  in  this  country  have  not  been  sufficient  to 
supply  the  demand. 

The  period  during  which  the  pottery  industry  has  grown  in 
this  country  has  witnessed  important  changes  in  the  methods  of 
manufacture,  which  not  only  produce  a  better  ware  from  the 
same  clay,  but  also  greatly  increase  the  capacity  of  the  plant. 

In  the  early  days  of  potting  the  clay  was  simply  thrown  into  a 
tank,  manipulated  with  a  spade,  removed  in  large  lumps,  and  cut 
through  and  through  with  a  wire,  rewelding  the  mass  after  each 
cutting.  Now  the  clay  or  mixture  of  clays  is  carefully  washed, 
mixed  wet,  and  screened,  before  use. 

The  early  potters  knew  no  other  tool  than  the  potters  wheel  on 
which  they  formed  their  ware,  and  this  machine  is  still  seen  in 
many  small  potteries,  but  in  the  larger  works  it  has  been  largely 
forced  out  by  the  jolly  or  jig,  by  pressing  in  plaster  molds,  or  by 
casting,  all  these  methods  producing  a  piece  of  ware  much  more 
rapidly  and  sometimes  of  greater  structural  perfection. 

The  production  of  pottery  in  the  United  States,  for  the  census 
years  1850,  1860,  1870,  1880,  and  annually  since  1896  is  given 
below : 

VALUE  OF  POTTERY  PRODUCED  IN  UNITED  STATES  FROM   1850 

TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

iSso 

$   1,466,063 

1900.  . 

$19,798,570 

1860 

2,706,681 

IQOI 

22,463,860 

1870 

6.O4C,  c  76 

IQO2. 

24,127,4'?'? 

1880 

7,042,720 

IQO3.  . 

25,436,oc2 

1806 

7,  4^1;,  627 

I9O4.  . 

2£,  IC8,27O 

*rV    
1807 

10,309,209 

I9O^  .  . 

27,918,894 

1808 

14,589,224 

1906  

31,440,884 

1800 

I  7  2  ^O  2  ^O 

IQO7. 

•30,14.'?  474 

POTTERY. 


55 


The  value  of  imports  into  the  United  States  since  1867   is 
given  below. 


VALUE  OF  EARTHENWARE,  CHINA,  BRICK,  AND 
AND  ENTERED  FOR  CONSUMPTION  IN  THE 
1867  TO  1907.' 


TILE  IMPORTED 
UNITED  STATES, 


Year 
ending. 

Total. 

Brown 
earthen 
and 
common 
stone 
ware. 

China  and 
porcelain, 
not 
decorated. 

China  and 
porcelain, 
decorated. 

Other 
earthen, 
stone,  or 
crockery 
ware, 
glazed,  etc. 

Brick, 
fire  brick, 
and  tile. 

June  30: 
1867.. 

$5,187,859 

$48,618 

$418,493 

$439,824 

$4,280,924 

1868..  . 

4,005,681 

47,208 

300,960 

403,555 

3,244,958 

1860 

A  ,450,  54Q 

34,260 

400,894 

CCC,  42C 

3,468,070 

iuwy  .  .    . 
l870..    . 
l87l. 

4,460,228 
4,632,355 

47*457 
06,605 

420,442 
391,374 

530,805 

571,032 

3>46l,524 

3,5.73,254 



l872.. 

5,  308,893 

127,346 

470,749 

814,134 

3,896,664 

l877 

5751  044. 

1  1  5,253 

470,617 

867,206 

4,280  868 

j-u/^.  .    . 
l87A 

4831,724 

70,^44 

307,730 

676,656 

3,686,704 

A  "/'+•  '    ' 
l875... 
1876... 
l877. 

4,44I,2l6 
4,112,956 
3,772,059 

68,501 

36,744 
3O,4O3 

436,883 

409,539 
326,956 

654,965 
718,156 
668,514 

3,280,867 
2,948,517 

2,746,186 



l878 

4  006  725 

l8,7l4 

380,1  33 

657,485 

3  O3I   3O3 

i<J/<J.  .    . 
1879..    . 

4,044,876 

19,868 

296,591 

813,850 

2,914,567 

1880... 

5,500,388 

31,504 

334,371 

1,188,847 

3,945,666 

1881 

6,383,326 

27,586 

321,250 

'        '  ^' 
1,621,112 

4,413,369 

1882..  . 

6,866,779 

^6,023 

316,811 

2,075,708 

4,438,237 

1887.. 

8,686,061 

43,864 

368,943 

2,587,545 

5,685,700 

1884... 
1885 

4,363,497 
4,666,175 

So,i72 
44,701 

982,499 
823,334 

'J     I'O'tJ 

2,664,231 

2,834,718 

(2) 

$666,595 

063  422 

Dec.  31: 
1886... 
1887.. 

5,204,704 
5,907,642 

37,820 
43,079 

865,446 
967,694 

3,350,145 

3,888,509 



&951,  293 
1,008,360 

1888 

6  2O4  324 

1  ,054,854 

4  2O7,5o8 

886  314 

1880 

6,565  562 

48,824 

1,148,026 

4,580,321 

788  3QI 

j.<j»jy.  .   . 
I800 

5,157,776 

56,730 

074,627 

3,562,851 

563  568 

A  vw-  •  • 
1801 

8,663,4=50 

99,983 

1,021,643 

6,288,088 

353,736 

1802. 

9,021,509 

63,003 

2,022,814 

6,555,172 

380,520 

1803.  . 

8,37^,896 

57,oi7 

1,732,481 

6,248,255 

338,143 

1804. 

7,180  343 

47,1  14 

15  5o,Q5O 

5,302,648 

1  80  631 

•ry**  •  • 

1895... 

1806 

10,445,795 
0,530,524 

61,424 

41,585 

2,H7,425 
1,511,542 

8,055,473 

7,720,042 



211,473 

247  455 

1807. 

8,642,175 

32,227 

,406,019 

7,O^7,26l 

146,668 

1808.. 

7,079,934 

354,672 

,002,729 

^,OOC,2OO 

117,324 

1800 

8,041,631 

40,164 

,12  5,8o2 

6,740,884 

I  34  60  1 

IOOO 

8,012,073 

365,2I4 

,050,152 

7i6l7,7^6 

l6o  O5I 

IQOI  . 

9,681,411 

51,551 

,O94,O78 

8,385,514 

I5O  268 

IQO2. 

9,806,271 

358,926 

,Ol6,OIO 

8,4O^,^o8 

235,737 

1903... 
I9O4.  . 

11,456,290 
11,488,411 

395,890 
8l,95l 

,234,223 
,329,146 

9,897,588 
9,859,144 

228,589 
218,170 

IQO5 

^12,148,141 

IOO,6l8 

,157,573 

10,717,871 

172  O7O 

Ay\j£    .  . 

IOOO. 

3  1  3,  406,800 

96,400 

,312,326 

11,822,376 

175,707 

1007.  . 

3I3,8lO.O32 

113,477 

.315,501 

12.156,544 

225.320 

1  United  States  Geological  Survey,  "Mineral  Resources  of   the  United  States," 
1904,  page  898,  and  1907,  Part  II,  p.  527. 


Not  separately  classified  after  1883. 


Including  Rockingham  ware. 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


The  following  table  gives  the  exports  from  the  United  States 
from  1895  to  1907: 

EXPORTS  OF  CLAY  WARES  OF  DOMESTIC  MANUFACTURE  FROM 
THE  UNITED  STATES,  1895  TO  1907.* 


Brick. 

Pottery. 

Building. 

1 

Aggregate 

Earthen 

I* 

value. 

Fire 

Total 

and  stone 

China 

Total 

Quantity 

(value)  . 

value. 

ware 

(value)  . 

value. 

by  thou- 

Value. 

(value)  . 

sands  . 

1895 

$262,758 

$123,461 

4,757 

$34,732 

$88,729 

$139,297 

$114,425 

$24,872 

1896 

304,738 

135,395 

5,258 

32,759 

102,636 

169,343 

144,641 

24,702 

1897 

348,612 

141,009 

4,606 

30,383 

110,626 

207,003 

177,320 

30,283 

1898 

430,77° 

178,949 

4,708 

32,317 

146,632 

251,821 

212,769 

39,052 

1899 

803,890 

292,158 

9,872 

77,783 

214,375 

5n,732 

467,925 

43,807 

1900 

1,281,831 

723,037 

12,526 

128,800 

594,237 

558,794 

489,942 

68,852 

1901 

1,068,409 

541,589 

9,072 

74,2io 

467,379 

526,820 

476,957 

49,863 

1902 

1,106,080 

5OI,434 

3,995 

3*,3°4 

470,130 

604,646 

555,340 

49,306 

1903 

1,028,278 

439,277 

8,783 

63,774 

375,503 

589,001 

527,689 

61,312 

1904 

1,379,124 

587,385 

25,012 

179,866 

407,519 

79i,739 

697,381 

94,358 

1905 

I,783,432 

799,878 

34,242 

263,876 

536,002 

983,554 

882,069 

101,485 

1906 

2,003,516 

885,066 

27,758 

247,625 

637,441 

1,118,450 

1,003,969 

114,481 

1907 

1,948,612 

816,971 

22,340 

185,192 

631,779 

1,131,641 

1,022,730 

108,911 

1  United  States  Geological  Survey,  "Mineral  Resources   of  the    United  States,' 
1904,  page  899,  and  1907,  Part  II,  page  528. 

2  Years  ending  December  31. 

CLAY   MINING  INDUSTRIES. 

As  a  usual  thing  manufacturers  of  clay  products  in  the  United 
States  mine  their  own  clay,  and  moreover  obtain  it  not  far  from 
the  works,  as  most  grades  of  clay  will  not  bear  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation for  any  great  distance.  There  are  not  a  few  factories 
however  which  are  not  located  near  the  source  of  their  raw  materials 
partly  because  these  have  to  be  obtained  from  several  different 
localities,  and  it  is  more  important  to  be  placed  where  labor  con- 
ditions, shipping  facilities,  and  fuel  supplies  are  advantageous. 
These  factories  which  include  many  producers  of  the  higher 
grades  of  pottery,  wall  tile,  and  some  refractory  wares,  often  bring 
their  raw  materials  from  a  considerable  distance.  They  can 


CLAY  MINING  INDUSTRIES.  57 

afford  to  do  this  because  the  selling  prices  of  their  wares  are  high 
as  compared  with  those  of  other  kinds  and  the  amount  of  raw  clay 
required  is  sometimes  comparatively  small. 

We  thus  find  that  an  important  clay  mining  industry  has  grown 
up  to  develop  the  deposits  of  high-grade  clays  and  to  ship  the 
product  to  the  manufacturers.  At  the  present  day  New  Jersey, 
North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  South  Carolina,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  and  Missouri  are  the  most  important  States  in  which 
the  clay  mining  industry  exists. 

The  Florida  white  clays  seem  to  have  been  known  as  early  as 
1766,  for  it  is  said  that  in  that  year,  Josiah  Wedgewood  was  using 
them  for  his  pottery  in  England,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was  also 
experimenting  with  Georgia  clays.  This  was  not  the  beginning  of 
their  permanent  development,  which  did  not  come  until  many 
years  later.  Three  years  after  this,  in  1769,  clay  was  being  mined 
at  White  Clay  Creek,  Del.,  and  shipped  for  a  time  to  Bonnin's 
china  factory  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1800  white  clay  was  mined 
near  New  Castle,  Del.,  for  making  glass  pots,  fire  brick,  etc. 

The  kaolin  deposits  of  Vermont  had  been  discovered  by  1810, 
and  were  not  only  used  in  that  State  but  a  little  later  were  shipped 
to  New  Hampshire. 

What  may  be  said  to  be  the  beginning  of  one  of  our  greatest 
clay-mining  industries,  occurred  in  1816,  when  the  first  shipment 
of  clay  from  the  Woodbridge,  N.  J.,  district  is  recorded.  This  clay 
was  sent  to  Boston  for  fire-brick  making.  It  was  followed  by  the 
development  of  many  deposits  in  this  district  yielding  fire  clays, 
stoneware  clays,  ball  clays,  sagger  clays,  and  paper  clays.  These 
are  shipped  by  water  to  many  factories  along  the  New  England 
coast  for  stoneware,  fire  brick,  stove  linings  and  pressed  brick. 
They  are  also  sent  to  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Maryland, 
and  other  States. 

In  1820  I.  Hoppe  discovered  kaolin  while  digging  a  post  hole 
on  his  property  at  New  Garden,  Chester  County,  Pa.  He  worked 
this  deposit  in  a  small  way,  using  it  for  making  fire  brick  until 
1852,  at  which  time  he  commenced  shipping  a  little  crude  clay  to 
a  potter  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  having  to  cart  it  some  12  miles  to  New- 
port, Del.,  for  shipment. 


58  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  property  changed  hands  from  time  to  time,  increasing  in 
value  with  every  change,  until  1856,  when  it  was  sold  to  Howard 
Spencer  who  started  a  washing  plant  on  a  large  scale,  selling  the 
clay  to  the  paper  men  and  to  potters  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  East 
Liverpool,  Ohio.  It  was  owned  and  operated  in  1905  by  the 
American  Kaolin  Company.  A  continuation  of  this  vein  has 
been  worked  for  a  number  of  years  by  the  Graham  Kaolin  Com- 
pany. The  Brandywine  Summit  Kaolin  deposits  were  also 
developed  about  i87o(?)  and  worked  for  a  number  of  years,  until 
the  kaolin  gave  out,  after  which  the  mine  was  worked  for  feldspar 
from  which  the  overlying  kaolin  had  originated  by  weathering. 

The  Delaware  deposits  were  discovered  in  1854  by  Abner 
Marshall  on  his  farm  in  Hockessin,  Newcastle  County,  while 
plowing,  and  while  the  product  at  first  was  manufactured  on  the 
spot,  the  washing  and  shipping  of  the  clay  did  not  begin  until 
1 86 1  when  it  was  sent  to  a  potter  in  Trenton.  It  was  also  sold  to 
the  paper  trade.  Marshall  sold  out  to  Trux  &  Parker  in  1866 
who  built  a  fine  plant  for  washing  and  preparing  clay  for  the 
potteries  and  established  a  lively  trade.  This  was  carried  on 
until  1875  when  the  deposit  was  exhausted.  A  continuation  of 
this  vein  on  the  next  farm  was  purchased  by  H.  Graham  in  1863, 
and  worked  in  the  same  way  as  the  other  plant  until  sold  in 
1874  to  Golding  &  Sons  Company,  who  have  operated  it  up  to 
the  present  time. 

Israel  Lacey  owned  the  adjoining  farm  to  this,  and  worked  the 
kaolin  from  1861  to  1881  at  which  time  he  sold  out  to  J.  W. 
Burgess,  who  continued  it  up  to  recent  date.  The  selling  price 
of  the  clay  has  dropped  from  $20.00  per  ton  in  1874  to  about 
$6.00  per  ton  in  1907. 

There  are  probably  few  clays  that  have  been  more  widely  used 
than  the  Albany  slip  clay  of  New  York,  which  is  of  value  for 
glazing  stoneware,  and  the  mining  of  this  began  at  least  as  early 
as  1846  or  possibly  earlier.  The  clay  is  used  all  over  the  United 
States  from  New  York  to  Texas  and  California,  and  as  a  small 
quantity  of  it  goes  a  long  way  the  freight  is  not  a  very  important 
item. 


CLAY  MINING  INDUSTRIES.  59 

China  clay  was  discovered  in  Washington  County,  Missouri,  as 
early  as  1848  and  used  for  cream-colored  ware,  but  the  mining  of 
it  was  abandoned  when  the  war  broke  out.  Eight  years  after 
these  deposits  were  discovered,  or  in  1856,  the  white  clays  of  South 
Carolina  seem  to  have  attracted  attention,  when  Farar  of  Benning- 
ton,  Vt.,  attempted  their  use  for  making  porcelain  insulators,  but 
there  is  no  evidence  that  the  mining  of  the  South  Carolina  white 
clays,  which  is  now  an  important  industry,  began  at  that  time,  and 
numerous  inquiries  on  the  part  of  the  authors  have  failed  to  deter- 
mine the  date  of  their  permanent  development. 

The  mining  of  Missouri  kaolins  began  again  in  1857  in  Bollinger 
County.  The  clay  was  shipped  to  Cincinnati  for  about  five  years, 
and  then  discontinued.  Some  time  after  that,  or  in  1872,  the 
south-eastern  kaolin  district  of  Missouri  took  a  fresh  start,  but  the 
output  was  irregular  and  unsatisfactory  because  of  poor  sorting. 

In  1874,  the  well-known  Indianaite  which  occurs  in  pockets  at 
the  horizon  of  a  Subcarboniferous  limestone  in  Lawrence,  Martin 
and  Owens  counties  in  Indiana  was  discovered  in  digging  a  foun- 
dation. It  has  been  tried  in  the  manufacture  of  alum,  encaustic 
tile,  etc.,  but  has  proven  unsatisfactory,  and  has  not  been  worked 
since  1891.  Two  other  important  events  in  the  year  1874  were 
the  development  of  the  Jackson-Cape  Girardeau  County  pits  in 
Missouri,  and  the  discovery  of  the  white  residual  clays  of  the 
South  Mountain  district  of  Pennsylvania.  The  latter  were  found 
in  connection  with  the  mining  of  residual  limonites,  and  have 
since  then  been  somewhat  extensively  developed  around  Mt.  Holly 
Springs  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  tile  and  pressed  brick. 
Most  of  the  clay,  except  that  used  for  pressed  brick,  is  washed 
before  shipment. 

Up  to  this  time  (1875)  little  ball  clay  had  been  found  in  the 
United  States,  nearly  all  of  the  supply  for  American  potters  having 
come  from  the  Devonshire  district  of  England,  but  in  1880, 
I.  Mandle  opened  a  pit  of  ball  clay  at  Regina,  Jefferson  County, 
Mo.,  which  has  been  an  important  source  of  material  for  the  East 
Liverpool  and  other  potting  centers. 

In  1888  the  kaolin  deposits  of  North  Carolina  were  discovered 


60  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

in  connection  with  mica  mining  operations,  and  these  have  con- 
tinued up  to  the  present  day  as  the  most  important  domestic 
source  of  supply.  Two  years  after  the  development  of  these  the 
ball  clays  of  Florida  were  discovered  through  the  explorations  for 
phosphate,  and  C.  S.  Edgar,  who  had  made  an  unsuccessful  search 
for  them  in  1875,  at  once  undertook  their  development.  He, 
together  with  other  companies  since  established,  is  still  mining 
them.  The  beds  of  this  clay  are  very  extensive,  but  owing  to 
certain  physical  qualities  most  potters  hestiate  to  use  a  large 
quantity  of  it  in  the  body  of  their  wares. 

The  next  important  event  was  the  development  of  the  Cretaceous 
white  clays  of  central  Georgia,  which  were  probably  mined  in  the 
early  po's  and  are  now  much  used  by  potteries,  wall-tile  factories, 
and  paper  makers.  They  are  often  spoken  of  as  kaolins,  although 
of  sedimentary  character,  but  in  their  physical  properties  they  may 
perhaps  be  regarded  as  occupying  an  intermediate  position  between 
the  kaolins  like  those  of  North  Carolina,  and  the  ball  clays  of 
Tennessee  and  Florida. 

Among  the  most  recent  developments  have  been  the  opening  up 
of  the  ball-clay  deposits  of  Tennessee,  and  those  of  Mayfield,  Ky. 
These  had  been  worked  by  small  potteries  for  some  years  previous 
to  this. 

The  kaolin  of  West  Cornwall,  Conn.,  was  also  permanently 
developed  in  the  year  1895,  although  it  had  been  worked  from 
time  to  time  on  a  small  scale  for  fire  mortar  for  many  years 
before  that. 

An  interesting  question  often  asked  is  whether  the  discovery  of 
ball  clays  and  china  clays  in  the  United  States,  has  replaced  the 
imported  English  ones  to  any  extent.  This  is  a  somewhat  difficult 
query  to  answer. 

The  strong  demand  for  white-burning  clays  to  be  used  in  the 
manufacture '  of  C.  C.  and  other  white  ware  did  not  begin  prob- 
ably until  the  early  seventies.  The  china  clay  in  use  at  this 
time  and  for  some  years  later  came  chiefly  from  Delaware  and 
eastern  Pennsylvania,  while  the  ball  clay  was  obtained  from  New 
Jersey.  This  Jersey  material  was  not  regarded  by  many  potters 


CLAY  MINING  INDUSTRIES.  61 

as  a  true  ball  clay.  It  is  very  plastic,  although  not  as  good  in  color 
or  vitrifying  as  easily  as  the  English  ball  clay.  Later  in  the  decade 
ball  clay  from  Missouri  was  put  on  the  market,  and  largely  used 
by  East  Liverpool  potters  for  several  years.  The  Missouri  material 
was  said  by  some  to  be  an  ideal  material  in  all  its  properties  except 
color.  Still  it  is  possibly  the  most  plastic  ball  clay  known,  and 
burns  to  a  very  dense  body  at  whiteware  heats,  but  its  poor  color 
prevents  its  use  to  any  extent  in  any  line  demanding  a  whiteware 
body.  The  English  ball  clay  came  into  general  use,  at  least  in 
the  Central  States,  early  in  the  80' s,  and  for  several  years  was 
practically  the  only  ball  clay  used  by  American  potters.  When 
the  Tennessee  ball  clay  appeared  on  the  market  it  was  quickly 
taken  up  by  some  potters,  who  found  it  a  satisfactory  substitute 
for  the  English  ball  clay  and  gave  up  using  the  latter,  although 
others  still  thought  the  English  article  superior. 

The  washed  china  clay  from  the  Delaware-Pennsylvania  belt 
has  been  widely  used  by  many  potteries,  and  much  of  that  mined  in 
the  yo's  or  early  8o's  is  thought  by  some  to  have  equalled  any 
china  clay  ever  put  on  the  market,  but  as  time  went  on  the  quality 
seemed  to  fall  off,  and  at  the  present  time  the  North  Carolina 
kaolin  is  pronounced  by  many  to  be  the  whitest  mined  in  this 
country,  and  to  equal  the  imported  English  clay. 

Many  potters  still  use  the  imported  clays  almost  exclusively, 
others  use  them  in  part,  while  still  others  find  that  the  domestic 
article  is  entirely  adapted  to  their  needs.  Had  the  pottery  indus- 
try not  been  growing,  the  statistics  of  imported  clays  would,  no 
doubt,  show  a  falling  off  due  to  their  partial  displacement  by  the 
domestic  product,  but  since  the  reverse  has  been  true,  there  is  a 
strong  demand  for  both.  If  some  of  the  domestic  producers 
gave  more  care  to  the  mining  and  washing  of  their  clay  there 
would  be  an  increasing  demand  for  the  American  materials  among 
the  makers  of  the  higher  grades  of  ware.  This  statement  repre- 
sents the  views  of  a  number  of  American  potters  who  have  been 
questioned  on  the  subject. 

The  following  table  gives  the  statistics  of  production  of  the  raw 
clay  mined  in  the  United  States  since  1894.  These  figures  are 


62 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


taken  from  the  Mineral  Resources  published  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  as  are  also  the  statistics  of  importation  which 
follow.  It  should  be  stated  that  clay  is  mined  in  several  States 
which  have  not  been  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  resume,  because 
only  the  most  important  occurrences  could  be  considered. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  MINED  AND  SOLD  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES, 

1897-1907. 


Year. 

Kaolin. 

Paper  clay. 

Slip  clay. 

Ball  clay. 

1807 

$367,080 

$213,  c  66 

1808 

406,070 

1^4,743 

1800.  . 

471,282 

109,369 

1900 

3Q7  286 

01,083 

1901  

IQO2 

584,523 

646  777 



68,907 
171,086 

IQO3 

•21:7,  78? 

(2) 

(!) 

217,344 

I  QO4 

304,582 

$267,38l 

$11,942 

142,028 

loo?.  . 

326,83? 

307,238 

33,384 

167,212 

1006.  . 

360,  4<2 

342,708 

31,^46 

199,073 

1007  

340,311 

293,Q43 

37,92^ 

igc.cier 

Year. 

Fire  clay. 

Stoneware  clay. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total  value. 

1807.  . 

$307,802 

not  given 

$078,448 

1898      . 

672  362 

$60  682 

I  384  766 

1899  

826,010 

237,71:8 

1,64^,328 

1900  
IQOI     . 

947,993 
1x14  ?o8 

$94>7°5 

1  14  6l  3 

3o8,4io1 

2Q4  381' 

1,840,377 
2  ?76,032 

1902 

80  1  i8s 

V^>O'Ji 
238  182 

2  061  072 

IQO3 

114  7?O 

42O  8o4 

2   ?Q4  O42 

IQO4 

83  OO4 

204  272 

2   32O  162 

I  OCX 

i  ^29  468 

2IQ  767 

184  IO2 

2  768  006 

IOO6 

i  878  01  1 

I  ?O  774 

273  6O2 

324C  2^6 

IOO7 

2  0^4  698 

1  36  ^76 

380  sSo1 

34.4.8,  ^48 

1  Includes  brick  clay. 

2  Included  under  Miscellaneous. 


CLAY  MINING  INDUSTRIES. 


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PART  II. 

HISTORY   OF   THE   CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY   BY 
STATES. 


CHAPTER   III. 

ALABAMA. 

As  early  as  1780  to  1813  Isabella  Narbome  was  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  brick  and  tile  at  the  "Bluffs"  in  Mobile  (Ref.  143, 
p.  322).  During  the  same  period  pottery  was  made  near  Rock 
Creek,  Mobile.  There  were  probably  other  brick  yards  in  oper- 
ation at  this  time,  for  in  1810  Forbes  &  Co.  were  conducting  a  law- 
suit in  Mobile  over  certain  brick  lands  and  certain  brick-yard 
buildings  (Ref.  143,  p.  301). 

One  of  the  pioneers  in  the  pottery  industry  of  the  State  was 
Daniel  Cribbs  of  Tuscaloosa  County,  who  began  utilizing  the 
clays  of  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  for  pottery  manufacture  in 
1829  (Ref.  144,  p.  92).  At  the  same  time  or  perhaps  earlier, 
W.  D.  Preston  was  running  a  pottery  in  Autauga  County 
(Ref.  144),  and  later,  in  1856,  C.  K.  Oliver  also  started  a  pottery 
in  Tuscaloosa  County. 

The  Cribbs  family  had  potteries  in  other  counties  as  well,  for 
Peter  Cribbs,  a  brother  of  Daniel  Cribbs,  and  later  his  widow, 
operated  a  pottery  near  Bedford,  Lamar  County,  from  1865  to 
1886.  Whether  all  of  the  above  were  making  earthenware  or 
stoneware  is  not  known. 

The  mining  of  the  residual  clays  found  in  the  Fort  Payne  cherts 
and  the  Knox  dolomite  began  some  time  previous  to  1897  and 
occurred  chiefly  in  DeKalb  and  Tuscaloosa  counties.  These 
clays,  which  were  said  to  make  good  porcelain,  were  mined  by  the 
Franklin  County  pottery  and  the  Montague  clay  works  in  DeKalb 
County,  and  shipped  to  Trenton,  N.  J.,  where  they  brought  $10 

64 


ALABAMA.  65 

per  ton,  while  the  halloysite  mined  at  the  same  locality  sold  for 
$20  per  ton.  Some  of  this  white  clay  was  also  shipped  to  Chatta- 
nooga for  fire  brick.  The  shipments  to  Trenton  were,  however, 
discontinued  some  time  ago. 

Previous  to  1887  but  little  fire  clay  had  been  shipped  from  the 
Alabama  deposits  as  the  materials  could  find  no  market  (Ref.  145, 
p.  85),  but  for  some  years  prior  to  1900  the  fire  clays  at  Bibb- 
ville  had  been  used  in  a  small  way  for  making  fire  brick.  The 
works  have  been  discontinued  and  the  clay  has  been  shipped  to 
Bessemer  for  fire-brick  manufacture  at  that  point,  as  have  been 
also  the  clays  from  Woodstock  and  Vance's  Station.  Still,  so  far 
as  we  know,  the  fire  brick  manufactured  within  the  State  have 
never  supplied  the  entire  demand  of  the  furnaces  at  Birmingham 
and  many  have  to  be  brought  in  from  other  States. 

There  are  no  records  of  the  under  clays  of  the  Coal  Measures 
having  been  utilized  at  an  early  date,  but  they  have  been  used 
since  1900  for  pottery  manufacture  at  Jugtown  near  Sterrit, 
St.  Clair  County;  at  Fort  Payne  and  Rodentown  in  DeKalb 
County;  Vance's  Station,  Tuscaloosa  County;  Summit,  Blount 
County,  and  Arab  in  Marshall  County  (Ref.  144,  p.  80).  Creta- 
taceous  clay  had  been  used  for  pottery  at  Edgewood  in  addition  to 
localities  mentioned  earlier.  However  the  pottery  industry  has 
never  assumed  large  proportions  although  there  are  many  good 
deposits  of  pottery  clay  in  both  the  Cretaceous  and  Carboniferous 
formations. 

The  Coal-measure  shales  in  addition  to  being  used  for  pottery 
have  also  been  employed  for  at  least  ten  years  for  making  vitrified 
brick  at  Coaldale  (Ref.  144,  p.  80),  and  for  several  years  they  have 
been  worked  for  the  same  purpose  at  Birmingham. 

The  most  important  developments  then  have  been  in  the 
Cretaceous  and  Carboniferous  areas,  and  it  is  in  these  that  any 
important  developments  in  the  future  will  have  to  occur,  as  the 
southern  half  of  the  State  with  its  younger  formations  contains 
clays  of  less  importance  so  far  as  is  known. 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  develop  the  kaolins  of  Randolph 
County  but  they  have  thus  far  been  unsuccessful. 

The  statistics  of  production  in  Alabama  since  1894  are  given 


66 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


below,  and  indicate  that  common  brick  has  been  the  most 
important  clay  product  manufactured  within  the  State.  The  pro- 
duction of  fire  brick  has  never  been  sufficiently  large  to  supply  the 
smelting  industry  around  Birmingham.  There  has  been  a  variable 
output  of  sewer  pipe,  hollow  brick,  fire  proofing,  drain  tile,  etc., 
but  the  number  of  firms  producing  any  one  of  these  during  a  given 
year  is  usually  too  small  to  permit  their  being  listed  separately. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  ALABAMA  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year 

Common 
brick. 

Vitrified 
paving 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscel- 
laneous. 

Pottery.b 

Grand 
total. 

1804 

$20^,1;  3  1 

$1,500 

$<?7,<;i4 

$1,500 

$266,045 

A  ^y-r 

1895 

^O'Do4- 
190,157 

23,5°° 

$3,325 

^0  I  ,  J      «" 

900 

83,459 

$9,480 

301,341 

1896 

263,708 

22,252 

22,300 

56,300 

1,200 

6,425 

372,i85 

1897 

289,253 

(a) 

13,175 

67,000 

41,600 

32,350 

443,378 

1898 

280,567 

56,450 

15,880 

87,200 

650 

13,650 

456,597 

1899 

611,844 

100,600 

28,360 

114,050 

I3,6i8 

29,338 

897,810 

1900 

5oo,3i3 

30,250 

9,56o 

148,665 

3,643 

20,046 

712,727 

1901 

742,691 

(a) 

6,990 

132,783 

45,965 

18,312 

946,791 

1902 

730,907 

(a) 

500 

222,660 

35,798 

26,499 

,016,364 

1903 

9i3,9i± 

(a) 

6,155 

297,985 

86,546 

23,320 

,327,927 

1904 

840,236 

(a) 

4,45° 

140,678 

298,651 

32,533 

,289,548 

1905 

930,568 

(a) 

(a) 

125,244 

302,814 

34,245 

,392,87I 

1906 

1,046,986 

(a) 

(a) 

157,147 

446,770 

37,996 

,688,899 

1907 

1,004,644 

183,895 

(a) 

170,711 

367,414 

27,745 

,754,409 

(a)  Included  under  miscellaneous. 

(b)  Mainly  red  earthen-ware  and  stoneware. 

ARIZONA. 

There  are  few  records  showing  the  progress  of  the  clay-working 
industry  in  Arizona,  partly,  no  doubt,  because  there  is  little  to 
record. 

Clays  and  shales  occur,  but  they  are  little  utilized  owing  to  the 
small  demand  for  them.  Small  brick  yards  are  scattered  over 
the  Territory  and  the  brick  clays  have  been  worked  for  some 
time,  for  published  statistics  show  (Ref.  116)  that  one  yard  was 
in  operation  in  1880. 

The  smelters  in  operation  in  the  Territory  obtain  their  refractory- 
clay  products  from  other  States  and  even  the  clay  used  for  converter 
linings  is  brought  in  part  at  least  from  New  Mexico. 

The  adobe  clays  which  abound  in  many  parts  of  the  territory 


ARKANSAS. 


67 


have  been  worked  for  years  by  Americans,  Mexicans,  and  Indians; 
the  last  named  have  also  used  the  finer  textured  alluvial  clays  for 
a  long  period  in  pottery  making. 

The  value  of  clay  products  produced  in  Arizona  since  1894  is 
given  in  the  following  table,  and  indicates  well  the  limited  develop- 
ment of  the  industry. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  ARIZONA,  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

iSnj. 

$18  081 

1901 

$02,086 

i8cK 

6,8^ 

IQO2. 

114,608 

1896  
1807 

%55 

55>663 
?4,  143 

1903  
I9O4.  . 

i°9»755 
68,885 

1898 

8  1   ?OQ 

IQOC 

2 

00,436 

1800 

IOI  ,0^4 

1006 

03,604 

1900 

112,  737 

1007. 

101,462 

ARKANSAS. 

Clay  working  has  never  been  an  important  industry  in  the  State 
and  very  few  data  have  been  published  relating  to  it,  so  that  any 
statements  must  be  regarded  as  of  fragmentary  character.  It  is 
known  however  that  a  pottery  industry  was  established  in  Dallas 
County  by  Bird  Brothers  in  1843  (Ref.  96,  p.  317).  Another 
brother  started  a  pottery  near  the  Grant  line.  These  potteries 
went  through  many  changes  in  ownership  and  continued  in  opera- 
tion until  1881  (Ref.  96,  p.  317).  The  census  for  1860  gives 
Arkansas  credit  for  but  six  brick  yards  and  no  potteries  (Ref.  25), 
so  that  it  is  evidently  incomplete. 

In  1889  paving-brick  manufacture  began  at  Fort  Smith  using 
a  shale  located  for  such  work  by  Prof.  J.  C.  Branner,  while  in  1891 
a  brick  yard  was  in  operation  at  Rogers  and  was  employing  a 
decomposed  chert  (Ref.  96,  p.  63). 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  has  recently  issued  a 
report  on  the  clays  of  Arkansas  (Ref.  153)  prepared  originally  for 
the  Arkansas  Geological  Survey  by  Prof.  J.  C.  Branner.  This 
report  sets  forth  in  clear  detail  the  fictile  resources  of  the  State, 
but  naturally  gives  little  attention  to  the  historic  side.  The  opera- 


68  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

tion  of  a  number  of  plants  making  a  variety  of  products  (mainly 
common  and  pressed  brick,  earthenware,  stoneware  and  fire 
brick)  is  referred  to  in  some  detail,  without  in  most  cases  giving 
the  date  of  establishment.  The  following  data  have  however 
been  gleaned  from  the  bulletin. 

A  small  pottery  was  operated  at  Spring  Hill,  Hempstead  County, 
before  the  Civil  War;  another  one  has  been  started  there  since 
1906  using  the  Tertiary  clays. 

Two  other  potteries  were  in  existence  at  this  early  date,  one  of 
them  located  southeast  of  Eldorado,  Union  County,  and  the  other 
four  miles  below  Wilmington  Landing  in  the  same  county.  Both 
ceased  operations  before  the  War. 

In  1884  a  small  plant  was  started  at  Magnolia,  Columbia  County, 
employing  surface  clays.  Five  years  later,  as  already  noted,  the 
manufacture  of  paving  brick  began  at  Fort  Smith. 

A  common-brick  yard  was  established  at  Marianna,  Lee  County, 
in  1890,  and  another  at  Pine  Bluff,  Jefferson  County,  in  1892, 
followed  by  a  second  one  at  the  same  place  in  1898. 

The  Arkansas  Brick  and  Manufacturing  Company  began  at 
Little  Rock,  in  1897,  making  stiff-mud  and  dry-pressed  brick 
from  common  surface  clay.  Four  years  later,  or  in  1901,  the  Car- 
boniferous shales  were  worked  for  common  brick  at  Mansfield, 
Sebastian  County.  The  same  year  witnessed  the  establishment  of 
the  Leali  Pressed  and  Fire-Brick  Company  at  Kingsland  for  the 
manufacture  of  building  and  fire  brick  from  the  clays  and  shales 
at  that  point.  This  firm  has  moved  its  plant  to  Little  Rock. 

In  1902  the  Texarkana  Brick  Company,  making  dry-pressed 
brick  from  shale,  was  started  at  Texarkana,  and  there  is  also  a 
pottery  in  operation  at  this  point. 

One  of  the  largest  common-brick  plants  in  the  State,  that  at 
Hope,  Hempstead  County,  was  not  started  until  1904,  while  two 
years  later  a  pottery  was  founded  on  the  Tertiary  clays  at  Spring 
Hill,  as  already  mentioned. 

Although  these  data  are  fragmentary,  and  therefore  by  no 
means  represent  the  complete  development  of  the  industry,  still 
Arkansas  has  never  ranked  as  an  important  clay-producing  State. 
This  is  owing  partly  to  lack  of  raw  materials,  but  more  especially 


CALIFORNIA. 


69 


to  remoteness  from  important  markets.  Most  of  the  plants 
established  therefore  are  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  local 
demand. 

The  production  in  Arkansas  since  1894  is  given  below,  the 
miscellaneous  column  including  mainly  vitrified  brick,  fire  brick 
and  drain  tile.  The  pottery  product  is  common  earthenware  and 
stoneware. 

VALUE   OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  ARKANSAS   FROM    1894  TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Front  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Pottery. 

Total. 

1804 

$162,041 

V 

S=;o,Os> 

$212,096 

•*-wy*T'  .     .  . 

1895..  .. 

185,009 

$5,840 

V0^,w  j  j 

16,710 

$38,400 

243,959 

1896..  .. 

161,872 

25,260 

6,700 

22,500 

216,332 

i897..  .. 

133,555 

8,656 

25,228 

16,660 

184,099 

1898..  .. 

206,804 

7,298 

I3>  J  64 

17,100 

245,766 

i899..  .. 

279,997 

8,690 

30,384 

20,071 

339,142 

1900.  .  .  . 

274,390 

67,170 

I3,I72 

26,280 

381,012 

1901  .  .  .  . 

368,359 

11,570 

15,829 

11,405 

407,263 

1902.  .  .  . 

456,170 

29,760 

24,798 

9,450 

520,178 

1903..  .. 

553,716 

11,020 

I3,6lO 

I  I,  600 

589,946 

1904..  .. 

661,657 

(a) 

13,675 

21,250 

696,582 

1905..  .. 

606,671 

2,650 

14,55° 

20,088 

643,959 

1906.  .  .  . 

489,633 

6,046 

17,015 

19,500 

532,194 

1907..  .. 

468,706 

11,940 

38,690 

16,950 

536,286 

(a)  Included  under  miscellaneous. 


CALIFORNIA. 

Prior  to  1784  the  early  settlers  had  used  adobe  brick  for  walls, 
but  in  that  year  roofing  tile  were  made  at  Santa  Barbara,  the 
first  ones  being  manufactured  by  Mexicans  (Ref.  104,  p.  643). 
Coarse  earthenware  was  made  in  San  Francisco  (Ibid,  p.  618) 
from  1791  to  1800.  A  man  named  Zins  operating  a  brick  yard  at 
Sutterville,  made  40,000  brick  in  1847,  and  100,000  in  the  follow- 
ing year  (Ref.  105,  p.  97).  The  industry  evidently  expanded 
rapidly,  for  by  the  year  1852  there  were  many  "long  established" 
yards  supplying  San  Francisco  with  brick  (Ref.  106,  p.  416). 
That  pottery  also  was  being  manufactured  in  these  early  California 
days  is  seen  by  statements  in  various  Sacramento,  San  Francisco, 
and  Alta  newspapers  telling  of  potteries  in  those  towns  in  1854- 


70  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

1856  (Ref.  105,  p.  99).  In  1859  J-  w-  Orr  started  the  Michigan 
Bar  Pottery  at  Michigan  Bar,  making  stoneware  and  sewer  pipe 
(Ref.  107,  p.  210),  and  in  1862  moved  three  miles  out  on  the  lone 
Road  where  he  continued  his  pottery  until  1896.  This  probably 
represents  the  early  exploitation  of  the  lone  (Tertiary)  clays, 
which  are  now  much  used. 

Terra  Cotta  was  first  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  in  1874 
(Ref.  105,  p.  99)  and  porcelain  making  was  commenced  in  Los 
Angeles  one  year  later,  or  in  1875  (Ref.  105,  p.  99),  but  nothing 
is  stated  regarding  the  source  of  the  raw  materials;  indeed  one 
may  question  whether  the  product  was  really  porcelain,  as  no 
china  clays  from  whch  it  could  have  been  made  have  been 
reported  from  this  State.  None  is  made  there  now.  Gladding, 
McBean  &  Co.,  in  San  Francisco,  were  making  sewer  pipe  in 
1875,  mining  some  of  their  clay  in  Lincoln,  and  the  works  now 
located  there  has  expanded  so  as  to  include  pressed  brick,  terra 
cotta  and  roofing  tile.  In  1876  the  California  Pottery  &  Terra 
Cotta  Company  was  established  in  Oakland,  obtaining  its  clay 
from  Carbondale  (Ref.  107,  p.  202),  whose  deposits  of  Tertiary  clay 
have  become  one  of  the  main  sources  of  supply  in  the  State,  and 
the  following  year  a  pottery  was  in  operation  at  May  Post  Office, 
near  Carbondale  itself  (Ref.  107,  p.  208),  using,  probably,  the  same 
clays.  The  Sacramento  Transportation  Company,  at  present  own- 
ing the  only  brick  yard  in  the  county,  has  made  common  brick 
since  1884  (Ref.  107,  p.  253). 

Los  Angeles  has  for  some  years  been  an  important  brick  man- 
ufacturing center,  the  product  being  made  in  large  part  from 
Tertiary  clays.  Other  grades  of  ware  have,  however,  also  been 
developed.  Thus,  the  Simons  Brick  Company,  started  in  1887, 
began  the  manufacture  of  pressed  brick  in  1903,  of  fireproofing 
building  blocks  and  roofing  tile  in  1906,  and  of  bituminized  pav- 
ing blocks  in  1908. 

The  Los  Angeles  Pressed-Brick  Company  of  the  same  city 
started  pressed -brick  operations  in  1887,  added  architectural 
terra  cotta  and  hollow-tile  fireproofing  in  1888,  fire-clay  goods  in 
1898,  roofing  tile,  mantel  and  hearth  tile  in  1904  and  enameled 
brick  and  terra  cotta  in  1907.  This  firm,  which  appears  to  have 


CALIFORNIA.  71 

been  the  pioneer  in  these  lines  around  Los  Angeles,  obtains  its 
clays  from  Riverside,  Orange,  and  Los  Angeles  counties. 

Another  plant  of  varied  products  is  the  Steiger  Terra  Cotta 
and  Pottery  Works,  at  San  Francisco,  which,  starting  in  1895,  has 
produced  stoneware,  hollow  goods,  and  brick  and  terra  cotta,  the 
raw  materials  being  mined  in  Amador  County. 

This  great  diversity  in  the  character  of  the  wares  produced  by 
one  works  is  common  to  many  of  the  plants  along  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

The  first  firm  to  make  salt-glazed  sewer  pipe  south  of  San 
Francisco  was  the  Pacific  Coast  Clay  Manufacturing  Company, 
established  at  South  Riverside  in  1887  (Ref.  4,  xxm,  p.  367),  and 
the  following  year  the  California  Sewer  Pipe  Company  began 
operations  in  Los  Angeles  (Ref.  4,  xxm,  p.  487).  The  Clarke 
Potteries  were  established  in  Alameda  in  1899  (Ref.  4,  xxm,  p.  496). 
Since  1891  clay  for  the  Los  Angeles  pottery  has  been  mined  four 
miles  north-west  of  Rosamond  (Ref.  107,  p.  212).  But  there  are 
many  common-brick  yards  around  Los  Angeles,  which  use  the 
Tertiary  clays  and  clay  shales,  some  of  which  are  also  adopted  for 
flowerpot  manufacture. 

All  of  the  early  firms  mentioned  above  have  not  continued  to 
the  present  time,  but  those  referred  to  represent  in  general  the 
development  of  the  industry,  which  is  quite  successful  at  the 
present  day.  Lincoln  continues  to  be  an  important  center,  but 
Los  Angeles  is  no  less  important,  and  a  number  of  works  are  in 
operation  around  San  Francisco  Bay. 

The  statistics  of  production  in  California  since  1894  are  given 
below,  and  indicate  clearly  the  steady  increase. 

The  miscellaneous  column  includes,  ornamental  brick,  stove 
linings,  vitrified  paving  brick,  earthenware  and  stoneware. 


72  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  CALIFORNIA  FROM  1894  TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front  brick. 

Drain  tile. 

Sewer  pipe. 

Architectural 
terra  cotta. 

1894 

$627,235 

$15,850 

$102,950 

$23,085 

1895 

922,712 

"  $71,286  " 

8,980 

261,536 

48,300 

1896 

39^567 

34,424 

4,528 

208,000 

2,000 

1897 

5095955 

31,95° 

5,3oo 

90,430 

(a) 

1898 

598,823 

42,700 

6,660 

305,833 

19,300 

1899 

800,210 

59,9i8 

9,298 

479,537 

76,000 

1900 

698,583 

32,584 

8,141 

357,867 

74,800 

1901 

943,250 

86,425 

5°»i56 

285,599 

141,380 

1902 

1,291,941 

119,302 

10,459 

381,076 

I73,I94 

1903 

1,600,882 

229,537 

17,994 

411,380 

180,488 

1904 

1,843,936 

291,813 

29,440 

568,626 

221,000 

1905 

1,961,909 

302,872 

27,852 

663,044 

215,160 

1906 

1,962,866 

501,746 

30,545 

827,477 

254,932 

1907 

2,483,062 

283,375 

53,997 

1,086,916 

528,623 

Year. 

Fireproof- 
ing. 

Fire  brick. 

Miscellan- 
eous. 

Total 
pottery. 

Grand 
total. 

1804 

$2,575 

$69,800 

$841,401; 

***V*ti 

iSos 

10,836 

97,co5 

N*"-'it  A  JHVO 

1,421,154 

jxD 

1896 

$2,700 

,   o 

11,875 

y  /  ,o    .j 
8,091 

$17,022 

680,207 

1897 

(a) 

7,720 

13,847 

44,208  . 

703,410 

1898 

(a) 

19,505 

n,635 

36,347 

1,263,734 

1899 

7,100 

28,798 

93,794 

32,863 

i,587,5i8 

1900 

15,500 

48,461 

115,675 

24,387 

1,375,99s 

1901 

12,825 

87,665 

128,221 

27,534 

1,769,155 

1902 

18,645 

96,491 

110,381 

51,607 

2,253,096 

1903 

61,649 

200,332 

90,803 

49,478 

2,831,543 

1904 

5IJI25 

285,718 

261,358 

71,718 

3,624,734 

1905 

45,55T 

290,878 

262,668 

95,2I3 

3,865,147 

1906 

98,968 

347,806 

241,293 

98,587 

4,364,230 

1907 

U9,959 

374,378 

682,389 

97,838 

5,740,537 

(a)  Included  under  Miscellaneous. 


COLORADO.  73 

COLORADO. 

The  extensive  use  of  wood  as  a  building  material  in  the  West, 
has  .somewhat  retarded  the  development  of  burned-clay  products. 

Golden,  Clear  Creek  County,  has  always  been  the  most 
important  clay-working  district,  and  the  Dakota  fire  clays  were 
mined  here  as  early  as  1864  or  1865,  but  their  full  development 
came  later.  A  year  or  so  later,  in  1866,  Henry  Bell  in  prospecting 
for  coal  found  a  bed  of  fire  clay  and  used  it  in  making  fire  brick. 
Whether  this  was  Dakota  is  uncertain,  because  the  Laramie  coals 
have  associated  fire  clays,  but  these  are  inferior  to  the  Dakota  clays 
and  are  not  much  used.  Since  1866,  as  stated,  Golden  has  been 
the  center  of  Colorado's  clay-mining  industry.  All  of  the  clays 
mined  have  not  been  used  on  the  spot,  for  as  the  industry  developed 
at  other  points  along  the  eastern  foothills,  Golden  clays  were 
shipped  to  them.  Knowledge  of  the  fact  that  the  Dakota  forma- 
tion with  its  enclosed  fire  clays  was  abundantly  developed  along 
the  eastern  border  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  led  to  development  of 
these  materials  at  other  points.  They  had  been  exploited  at  Platte 
Canon,  Colorado  City,  and  Morrison  as  early  as  1896,  and  probably 
even  before  that.  Those  near  Parkdale  were  worked  at  least  as 
early  as  1896  by  the  Standard  Fire  Brick  Company  of  Pueblo,  and 
four  years  later,  or  in  1900,  fire-brick  manufacture  based  on  Dakota 
clays  was  begun  at  Canon  City,  while  about  1905  their  develop- 
ment began  at  Graneros  south  of  Pueblo.  The  clay  from  this 
last-named  locality  is  shipped  to  Pueblo. 

In  1882  the  Golden  Pressed  Brick  Company  l  was  making  fire 
brick  and  pressed  brick,  and  in  1887  Golden  clay  was  being  mined 
and  shipped  to  Denver  and  Pueblo  potteries  and  brick  yards.  By 
1893  brick  yards  were  in  operation  in  Denver,  Golden,  and  Boulder; 
fire  brick  were  made  in  Golden,  Pueblo  and  Denver  and  three 
potteries  were  in  operation  in  Denver  (Ref.  4,  xix,  p.  264). 

The  Durango  Pressed  Brick  Company  began  operations  in 
1898  using  a  Boyd  dry  press  and  making  red-building  brick  from 
Cretaceous  shales  and  a  small  amount  of  semi-refractory  brick  for 
boiler  settings.  In  1902  two  plants  were  in  operation,  but  at 
present  there  is  but  this  one  (Ref.  114,  p.  297). 

1  Some  roofing  tile  were  made  here  in  1893,  but  the  production  has  not  continued. 


74 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


The  Geijsbeek  Pottery  Company  began  making  dinner  ware  at 
Golden  in  1899  (Ref.  6,  p.  241),  but  has  discontinued. 

In  other  parts  of  the  State  but  little  has  been  done  except  to 
utilize  surface  clays  for  the  manufacture  of  common  brick,  as 
there  is  but  slight  local  demand,  and  good  markets  are  too  far  off. 
The  value  of  the  several  classes  of  clay  products  in  Colorado  since 
1894  are  given  in  the  following  table.  The  importance  of  the 
fire-brick  industry  is  there  brought  out,  as  is  also  the  fluctuation 
in  annual  production.  Common  brick  are  naturally  the  most 
important  item.  The  miscellaneous  column  contains  a  variable 
production  of  paving  brick,  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile,  sewer 
pipe,  fireproofing,  hollow  brick  and  terra  cotta. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  COLORADO  FROM  1894  TO   1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscel- 
laneous. 

Pottery. 

Total. 

1804 

$228,344 

$113,303 

$i  36,340 

$4.78    O77 

i895  
1896  

252,018 
I'?'?,  627 

$113,105 
80,700 

42,264 
46,323 

i45,996 
48,030 



553,383 
328,680 

1897  

134,920 

101,494 

38,46? 

114,47? 

$i7,?oo 

406,863 

1898  
1899  

IQOO.  . 

196,499 
422,524 
471,  23? 

101,608 
136,613 
143,470 

48,145 
162,633 

2O7,47? 

420,515 
333,568 
363,  1  30 

16,050 
I  ?  200 

766,767 

,071,388 
200  519 

1901  
1902.  . 

760,867 
986,882 

196,147 
374,332 

292,269 
600,49? 

248,080 

26,700 
21,285 

,594,867 

200,083 

IQO3 

8o3,?66 

281  Q2Q 

631  O74 

2O4  872 

56869 

068  310 

I9°4  

IQO? 

544,661 
638,376 

214,498 

2?3,277 

110,053 
274.,OO? 

295,209 

41  8  488 

24,870 

48  QQ? 

,189,291 

633  231 

1906  

1907  

787,084 
803,701 

256,770 
254,522 

278,407 
430,897 

297,824 
508,211 

47,083 
44,144 

,831,088 
,041,475 

CONNECTICUT. 

The  first  mention  we  have  of  the  use  of  clays  in  Connecticut  is 
that  in  1780  stoneware  was  made  in  Norwalk  (Ref.  8).  About 
1790  a  man  of  the  name  of  Souter  built  a  pottery  at  Hartford  and 
made  earthenware  (Ref.  8,  pp.  435-7).  This  factory  passed 
through  various  hands  and  is  now  the  property  of  Seymour  and 
Bosworth  (Ref.  8,  pp.  435-7).  Bean  pots  and  children's  banks 
made  of  clay,  were  made  at  Bean  Hill  near  Norwich  and  dated 
1794-1812  (Ref  4,  xxxiv,  pp.  352-3),  but  were  probably  not 


CONNECTICUT.  75 

the  only  product  then  made.  From  1796  to  1800  mere  mention 
is  made  of  Norwich,  Stonington,  and  Norwalk,  the  Stonington 
factory  making  a  gray,  soft-paste  ware  with  salt  glaze  and  the 
Norwalk  firm  making  red  ware  with  lead  glaze,  (Ref.  12,  pp. 
400-401).  The  Stonington  pottery  is  mentioned  again  by  Barber 
as  the  property  of  Adam  States  in  1800  (Ref.  8,  p.  435).  "Porce- 
lain clay"  was  discovered  near  New  Milford  in  1807  by  a  gold- 
smith who  used  it  for  making  crucibles  (Ref.  24,  p.  73),  and  in 
the  Connecticut  Geological  Survey  report  for  1837  it  was  stated 
that  Mr.  L.  Hine  had  utilized  this  deposit  at  New  Milford  for  eight 
years,  employed  six  hands,  and  with  Anna  Hine,  who  began  in  1835, 
they  turned  out  annually  $6000  worth  of  furnace  linings  and  fire- 
brick (Ref.  24,  pp.  73-74.)  The  fire  brick  were  sold  at  two- thirds 
the  price  of  Stourbridge  (English)  brick  and  were  considered 
nearly  equal  in  quality  (Ref.  24,  pp.  73-74).  A  clay  in  South 
Kent  derived  from  graphic  granite  was  tried  at  the  Jersey  City 
potteries  previous  to  1837  and  found  to  be  of  good  quality,  but 
transportation  charges  prohibited  its  shipment  with  any  profit 
(Ref.  24,  p.  74).  Door  knobs  were  being  manufactured  in  South 
Norwalk  in  1853  by  a  Mr.  Wheeler  who  previously  had  made 
pottery  buttons  of  wet-pressed  clay,  obtained  probably  from  New 
Jersey.  In  1860  two  concerns  in  Connecticut  were  making  fire 
brick,  and  there  were  also  seven  common  brick  yards  in  operation 
as  well  as  five  potteries  (Ref.  25). 

Since  that  time  the  main  developments  have  been  in  the  line  of 
common  brick,  the  Pleistocene  clays  having  been  worked  at  scat- 
tered points.  At  the  present  day  the  Connecticut  River  valley  is 
the  most  important  district.  Several  fire-brick  and  stove-lining 
factories  also  continue  in  operation,  but  bring  their  clays  by  boat 
from  New  Jersey.  Another  important  but  not  extensive  industry 
is  the  manufacture  of  architectural  faience  at  Hartford  which  was 
begun  by  the  Hartford  Faience  Company  in  1894.  This  same 
firm  also  produces  art  pottery  with  a  stoneware  body,  and  added 
electrical  porcelain  to  its  product  in  1902.  It  depends  on  other 
States  for  its  raw  materials. 

The  only  deposit  of  high-grade  clay  which  the  State  contains 
is  the  kaolin,  worked  at  West  Cornwall,  since  about  1895.  This 


76 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


material,  which  in  its  washed  form  is  used  mainly  by  paper  manu- 
facturers, is  said  to  have  been  utilized  from  time  to  time  during  the 
preceding  fifty  years  to  supply  fire  mortar  for  the  small  blast  fur- 
naces which  were  in  operation  in  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

The  statistics  of  production  for  Connecticut  cannot  be  given 
separately,  as  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  combines  them 
with  those  of  Rhode  Island.  Connecticut  is  never  likely  to  become 
an  important  clay-working  State,  largely  because  the  raw  materials 
are  lacking.  The  miscellaneous  column  of  the  following  table 
includes  small  quantities  of  paving,  front  and  ornamental  brick, 
drain  tile,  fireproofing,  and  hollow  brick  produced  from  time  to 
time.  It  also  includes  a  steady  but  not  large  production  of 
stove  linings. 

VALUE   OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS,  OF  CONNECTICUT   AND   RHODE 
ISLAND   FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Pottery. 

Total. 

1894...    . 

$789,650 

$221,950 

$1,011,600 

i8oc 

670,462 

4^8,463 

,128,925 

A    VO  . 

1896.  .  . 

1,141,738 

TO     J'r^O 
258,160 

$48,700 

,448,598 

1897.  .  . 

1,017,250 

247,920 

71,500 

,336,670 

1898.  .  . 

670,880 

204,700 

72,600 

958,180 

1899.  .  . 

75I,25I 

241,201 

8i,75° 

,074,202 

1900.    .    . 

862,334 

176,388 

36,250 

,099,972 

1901.    .    . 

822,079 

217,630 

43,7°° 

,130,909 

1902.    .    . 

896,171 

204,6lO 

66,547 

,217,678 

1903.  .  . 

890,989 

2O2,63O 

77,25° 

,206,069 

1904.  .  . 

1,039,204 

106,830 

69'575 

,215,609 

1905.  .  . 

1,329,220 

174,258 

105,100 

,608,578 

1906.    .    . 

i,5°3,929 

109,832 

133,444 

,747,205 

1907.  .  . 

1,240,575 

120,903 

123,116 

,484,592 

DELAWARE. 

The  use  of  clay  in  Delaware  is  first  noted  in  1769,  when  one 
Bonnin,  of  Philadelphia,  used  White  Clay  Creek  clay  from  near 
Wilmington  at  his  pottery  (Ref.  8,  p.  99).  About  1800  white  clay 
from  below  New  Castle  was  being  mined  and  used  for  glass  pots, 
fire  brick,  etc.  (Ref.  49,  p.  35).  Bricks  were  being  made  in  New 
Castle,  Kent,  and  Sussex  Counties  in  1841  (Ref.  50,  p.  177).  More 
important,  however,  was  the  discovery  in  1854  of  kaolin,  by  A. 
Marshall  on  his  farm  in  Hockessin.  He  used  it  for  making  fire 


DISTRICT  OF   COLUMBIA. 


77 


brick  and  common  brick  until  1859  when  he  began  manufacturing 
yellow  and  Rockingham  ware.  He  introduced  the  washing  of 
kaolin  in  1861  and  found  a  market  for  the  washed  clay  in  Trenton 
at  $42*  a  ton,  for  use  in  paper  manufacture.  In  1866  he  sold 
out  to  Trux  and  Parker  who  built  a  large  washery  and  continued 
until  the  deposit  was  exhausted  in  1875.  The  adjoining  farm  was 
exploited  by  Mr.  Graham  in  1863,  and  in  1874  sold  to  Golding  & 
Sons,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  who  worked  it  for  a  period.  A  near  by 
farm  was  worked  from  1861-1881  and  then  sold  to  a  Mr.  Burgess 
(private  communication). 

The  only  other  reference  found  in  regard  to  the  brick  industry 
of  Delaware  is  the  fact  that  in  1860  (Ref.  25)  there  were  in  opera- 
tion in  the  State  four  brick  yards,  one  drain  tile  plant,  one  fire  brick 
firm  and  four  potteries.  The  State  has  never  become  prominent 
in  the  clay-working  industry,  and  probably  never  will.  Statistics 
of  production  are  given  below. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  DELAWARE  FROM   1894  TO   1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

1894  

180?.  . 

$43>528 

48,OI< 

$2,500 
10,700 

$46,028 
<;8,6is: 

1896  

C7,472 

?,c7o 

61,003 

1807 

64.  Ill 

4.  34.7 

68  4c8 

1898    . 

8i,4« 

9.I2O 

QO,  ^  ?s 

i899  
1900  

IQOI 

138,  3X9 
144,860 
126,092 

30,  1  66 

11,414 

^  072 

168,485 
156,274 

I  2  I     I  64 

1902  

1903  
IOO4.  . 

115,684 
188,058 
1^2,470 

29,250 
24,850 

6,5  GO 

144,934 
203,908 
1^8,070 

IQOC 

2IO   182 

1  6  882 

227  064. 

1006 

222,628 

15,1  40 

227  768 

1907  

I75>410 

15.03° 

190,440 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Though  of  small  size,  and  not  possessed  of  abundant  or  rich 
clay  resources,  the  District  of  Columbia  nevertheless  maintains  a 
somewhat  active  clay-working  industry,  which  has  been  running 
for  a  considerable  period.  Unfortunately  we  have  no  data  bear- 

1  The  present  price  of  about  $7  per  ton  for  domestic  kaolin  affords  an  interesting 
comparison  with  these  figures. 


78 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


ing  on  its  development  in  the  past,  and  can  simply  give  the  statis- 
tics of  production  since  1894.  The  miscellaneous  column  includes 
a  scattered  production  of  vitrified  paving  brick,  front  brick,  orna- 
mental brick,  drain  tile,  fireproofing,  and  earthenware. 

VALUE   OF   CLAY  PRODUCTS    OF  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA 
FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Sewer  pipe. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

1894  

t3*7»565 

$61,100 

$12,007 

$390,672 

i895  

277.75° 

64,631 

30.923 

373.304 

1896.  ..  . 

220,762 

39,558 

93.245 

353.565 

1897.... 

209,110 

66,360 

i3»5" 

288,981 

1898.  ..  . 

257.932 

34,000 

28,388 

320,320 

1899.  .  .  . 

358,232 

69,495 

53.4i8 

481,145 

1900.  .  .  . 

168,127 

69,374 

5J.432 

288,933 

1901.  .  .  . 

179,184 

95,000 

49,824 

324,008 

1902.  .  .  . 

185,480 

37,820 

44.327 

267,627 

1903.  ..  . 

236,833 

54,5°°' 

39.178 

33Q.511 

1904  

194,695 

44,000 

67.765 

306,460 

1905  

220,680 

37.657 

58,684 

317,021 

1906.  .  .  . 

242,085 

30,004 

63.05° 

335.139 

1907.  ..  . 

219,110 

(a) 

102,974 

322,084 

(a)   Under  miscellaneous. 
FLORIDA. 

Josiah  Wedgewood  was  experimenting  with  Florida  clay  from 
Pensacola  in  his  pottery  in  England  in  1766  (Ref.  57,  i,  p.  471). 
In  1827  brick  were  being  made  in  West  Florida  and  especially  were 
fire  brick  in  demand  for  shipment  to  New  Orleans  (Ref.  69,  p.  69), 
while  in  1837  brick  were  still  being  shipped  from  Pensacola  to 
New  Orleans,  most  of  them  being  fire  brick  (Ref.  68,  p.  114). 
From  1856  to  1860  Mr.  Crary  made  both  mud  and  dry-pressed 
brick  in  Escambia  Bay  near  Pensacola,  these  being  the  brick  used 
in  the  construction  of  Fort  Jefferson  (Ref.  67,  pp.  13-14). 

Some  years  later,  in  1875,  Mr.  C.  S.  Edgar  having  heard  rumors 
of  kaolin  deposits  in  Florida  went  there  from  the  North,  but  was 
unable  to  find  any.  However,  in  1890,  in  mining  phosphates  in 
Florida  the  kaolin  was  found  and  sent  to  the  Trenton,  N.  J., 
potters  who  referred  it  to  Mr.  Edgar.  He  returned  to  Florida 
and  began  mining  the  white  clay  in  1892  under  the  name  of  the 
Edgar  Plastic  Kaolin  Company,  and  since  that  time  has  shipped 
great  quantities  of  the  clay  to  white-ware  factories  throughout  the 


GEORGIA. 


79 


United  States.  (Private  communications.)  Another  firm,  the 
International  Kaolin  Company,  began  mining  clay  in  1900,  at 
Oakahumpka.  In  1907  four  plants  were  engaged  in  the  mining  of 
ball  clay.  Two  of  these,  operated  by  the  Edgar  Plastic  Kaolin 
Company,  are  located  at  Edgar,  Putnam  County.  The  other  two 
are  the  Richmond  Kaolin  Company  of  Richmond  and  the  Florida 
Clay  Company  of  Yalaha,  both  in  Lake  County  (Ref.  146,  p.  33). 

These  Florida  white  clays  are  classed  by  some  potters  as  ball 
clays.  They  are  of  sedimentary  character,  and  of  intermediate 
plasticity  between  the  residual  kaolins  of  North  Carolina  and  the 
white  sedimentary  kaolins  of  Georgia. 

In  1895  there  were  a  number  of  small  yards  scattered  over  the 
State,  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  common  brick.  The 
largest  of  these  was  at  Jacksonville  (Ref.  125,  p.  871),  but  even  in 
1907  Florida  ranked  but  thirty-seventh  in  the  list  of  clay-working 
States,  her  production  being  only. 23  per  cent  of  the  country's  output. 

The  only  important  clay  resource  of  Florida  is  the  white  clay, 
which  is  shipped  to  white-ware  and  wall-tile  potteries  all  over  the 
United  States.  Good  brick  clays  are  not  abundant,  and  even  if 
they  were  the  local  demand  is  limited,  so  there  is  little  prospect  of 
the  development  of  an  important  clay  working  in  the  State. 

VALUE   OF   CLAY   PRODUCTS   OF   FLORIDA   FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Grand  total. 

1894  
189?.  . 

$82,387 

108,77=: 

$1,200 
s,24O 

$83,587 

I  I4.OI  C 

1896  
1807 

89,219 

8?   77C 

32,925 

i   IOO 

122,144 

80  4.3C 

1898 

112    ^87 

18,400 

I  3O  087 

i899  
1900  

IOOI 

132,123 

i36>779 

j8c    7CQ 

5,685 
3,825 

4OI  ^ 

138,808 
140,604 
IQO  674 

1902 

I  7O  8s2 

4?QO 

I7<  44° 

IQO3.  . 

218,086 

3.2OQ 

02I  20? 

1904  

IQOC 

248,579 

•?->(S  Q2Q 

4,285 
2  80O 

252,864 
32O  738 

1906    . 

28s   224. 

4*12O 

->So  644 

1907  

343'  7°4 

10,871 

354,575 

GEORGIA. 

The  Georgia  clays  were  known  in  England  as  early  as  1766,  and 
used  by  Wedgewood  in  his  pottery  (Ref.  57,  I,  p.  471),  but  aside 
from  this  few  early  records  have  been  found. 


8o 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


The  Stevens  Pottery  was  established  in  Baldwin  County  about 
1860  and  about  the  same  time  one  was  in  operation  in  Milled  ge- 
ville.  In  1870  one  of  the  first  terra-cotta  works  in  the  South  was 
established  in  Atlanta  (Ref.  66,  p.  382),  and  in  1883  the  Chatta- 
hoochee  Brick  Company  of  Atlanta  was  organized  (Ref.  66,  p.  382). 
Brick  yards  were,  however,  in  operation  there  before  that  date. 

The  residual  clays  derived  from  the  Paleozoic  shales  and  lime- 
stones, have  been  used  since  1892,  for  brick  manufacture  at  Car- 
tersville  (Ref.  123,  p.  283),  but  most  of  the  bricks  of  northwestern 
Georgia  were  at  that  time  made  from  alluvial  clays,  as  at  Carters- 
ville,  Rome,  etc.  (Ref.  123,  p.  287). 

Among  the  most  important  clay  resources  at  the  present  day  are 
the  Cretaceous  clays  of  central  Georgia  (Ref.  124,  p.  303),  which 
have  been  mined  at  a  number  of  points  for  some  years.  The 
product  is  a  white  refractory  clay  which  is  shipped  to  fire-brick 
and  terra-cotta  manufacturers,  to  Ohio  and  New  Jersey  potteries, 
and  to  northern  paper  mills,  about  25,000  tons  being  mined  and 
shipped  annually.1 

In  the  following  table  the  miscellaneous  column  includes  pav- 
ing brick,  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile,  sewer  pipe,  architectural 
terra  cotta,  roofing  tile,  fire  brick,  hollow  brick  and  stove  linings. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  GEORGIA  FROM  1894  TO  1897. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscel- 
laneous. 

Pottery. 

Grand  total. 

1804  . 

SqS^ocH 

$17,6^0 

$96,544 

$600,887 

1895  
1896  
1807 

655>275 
6i5>77i 
crno  ,  ic8 

$46,265 
21,678 
^,381 

29,950 
25,297 

I2.QO4 

129,865 
235,907 

3OO  87O 

6,000 
7,160 

14  2OO 

867,355 
905,8i3 

062   ?I3 

*rV»  ' 
1898  

1899  
1900  
1901  
1902  
IQO3 

530,346 
968,310 
982,083 
,182,553 

,H4,527 
,30^,806 

26,250 

78,175 
49,800 

55,7°° 
46,560 
2^,748 

25,650 
24,400 

35>502 
35,°°° 
(a) 
7-7,600 

252,662 
170,842 
I04,8OI 
254,600 

330,743 
303,636 

22,350 
22,268 
21,033 
17,230 
16,839 

22  14.2 

857,258 

I,263,995 
I,I93,2l8 

1,545,083 
1,508,669 
I  731  O2'> 

I  QO4 

,374,^18 

42,064 

28,100 

4^4,  3Q7 

22,O^7 

I  Q2O  Q36 

I9°5  
1906  

I9°7  

,444,479 
,783,988 
,807,148 

28,676 
20,747 
16,450 

73,05° 
S1^10 
82,391 

SS^S* 

524,322 
550,363 

22,390 

20,257 
33,885 

2,119,746 
2,400,624 
2,490>237 

1  These  are  discussed  in  great  detail  from  an  economic  but  not  historic  stand- 
point in  Bulletin  18,  issued  by  the  Georgia  Geological  Survey. 


ILLINOIS.  81 

ILLINOIS. 

Although  Illinois  is  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  manu- 
facture of  clay  products,  but  few  facts  relating  to  the  history  of 
these  appear  to  have  been  published.  Moreover  the  gathering 
of  data  through  various  channels  has  met  with  little  success, 
many  of  the  inquiries  sent  to  manufacturers  having  remained 
unanswered. 

Brick.  According  to  the  statement  of  one  correspondent, 
brick  were  made  in  Cook  County  as  early  as  1812,  but  another 
authority  (Ref.  4,  xvn,  p.  130)  sets  1833  as  the  initial  date,  and 
Mr.  D.  V.  Purington  informs  us  that  at  that  time  a  brick  yard 
was  in  operation  on  the  North  branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  Sta- 
tion. From  this  small  beginning  the  local  industry  has  expanded, 
as  records  published  from  time  to  time  show.  So  by  the  year 
1851  there  were  a  number  of  yards  at  which  brick  were  made,  all 
of  hand-molded  character,  while  the  burning  was  done  in  clamps 
(Ref.  4,  xvn,  p.  130).  Indeed  up  to  1880  nearly  all  of  the  brick 
.made  in  Chicago  were  molded  either  by  hand  or  in  horsepower 
soft-mud  machines.  About  this  date,  however,  the  use  of  stiff* 
mud  machines  and  artificial  dryers  was  introduced,  and  this 
change  can  be  truthfully  said  to  have  revolutionized  the  industry 
of  that  district.  In  1900  the  Illinois  Brick  Company  was  organ- 
ized and  took  in  thirty-six  different  firms  in  the  Chicago  district. 

\Yhile  Chicago  has  for  many  years  been  the  main  brick-manu- 
facturing center  of  Illinois,  the  industry  has  also  developed  at 
other  points,  perhaps  in  some  cases  as  early  as  it  did  at  Chicago, 
but  definite  data  are  lacking  on  this  point. 

By  1870  brick  clays  were  being  worked  all  over  the  State,  and 
the  Illinois  Geological  Survey  (Ref.  91)  records  the  manufacture 
of  common  brick  at  Dundee,  Quincy,  Woodstock,  and  Morris, 
the  surface  clays  being  presumably  the  raw  materials  used.  The 
industry  had  also  started  at  Gilbert  and  McHenry.1  About  the 
same  time  a  man  named  Gregg  started  a  yard  at  Gregg's  Station 
near  Hinsdale,  for  the  purpose  of  making  dry-pressed  brick,  but 

1  W.  D.  Gates,  private  correspondence. 


82  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

as  the  product  was  crumbly  the  venture  failed.1  The  making  of 
dry-pressed  brick  was  also  attempted  near  Rockford  in  1873,  and 
some  writers  have  referred  to  this  as  one  of  the  earlier  experiments 
with  this  process.  The  press  has  been  described  as  a  "powerful 
compressing  machine  called  the  'Little  Giant'  and  operated  by 
steam,  pressing  dry  dust  into  bricks"  (Ref.  92,  p.  91). 

Another  attempt  at  dry-pressed  brick  manufacture  is  said  to 
have  been  made  in  1880  by  the  Anderson  Pressed-Brick  Company, 
which  had  an  extensive  plant  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  producing  brick  of  many  colors.  This  attempt  also  appears 
to  have  been  a  failure.  Four  years  later,  or  in  1884,  the  production 
of  pressed  brick  was  begun  at  Momemce,  but  the  plant  was  altered 
into  an  enameled  brick  works  in  1893.  Still  later  in  1887  the 
La  Salle  Pressed-Brick  Company  of  La  Salle  started  the  production 
of  dry-pressed  brick  from  Carboniferous  shales,  employing  the 
same  clays  formerly  used  by  the  Anderson  Pressed-Brick  Company 
mentioned  above.2 

Dry-pressed  brick  from  under-coal  clay  are  also  made  at  Collins- 
ville.  Since  that  time  the  pressed-brick  business  has  developed  at 
several  points  within  the  State. 

Important  centers  of  brick  production  at  the  present  day  outside 
of  Chicago  are  Danville,  Springfield,  Peoria,  Bloomington,  etc. 

Terra  Cotta.  A  terra-cotta  company  known  as  the  Chicago 
Terra-Cotta  Company  was  established  as  early  as  1868  although 
one  reference  (Ref.  8,  p.  386)  gives  it  as  1857.  It  is  no  longer  in 
operation  and  we  are  in  doubt  as  to  the  exact  character  of  its  wares. 
The  Northwestern  Terra-Cotta  Company  of  Chicago,  now  one  of 
the  foremost  establishments  in  the  United  States,  was  started  early 
in  the  seventies  by  an  architect  named  Loring,  but  changed  to  the 
present  firm  name  in  1876.  The  main  sources  of  the  raw  materials 
are  the  Carboniferous  formations  of  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

The  American  Terra-Cotta  Company  of  Terra  Cotta,  referred  to 
especially  under  pottery,  is  likewise  a  producer  of  architectural 
terra  cotta. 

Paving  Brick.     According  to  Prof.  I.  O.  Baker,  the  first  brick 

1  W.  D.  Gates,  private  correspondence. 

2  Private  correspondence. 


ILLINOIS.  83 

used  for  paving  in  Illinois  were  made  by  a  Mr.  Hoefer  of  Bloom- 
ington  about  1875.  These  were  also  shipped  to  some  of  the 
smaller  cities  in  the  middle  eighties. 

In  1885  the  first  brick  pavement  was  laid  in  Chicago  and  the 
brick  for  it  were  made  in  Ottawa,  111.  (Ref.  xxxi,  p.  436),  from 
Carboniferous  clays.  Between  1885  and  1890,  pavers  were  also 
made  at  Decatur  by  a  Mr.  Shey,  and  about  the  same  time,  at 
Lincoln,  Carboniferous  clays  being  used.  Two  years  later,  or  in 
1892,  paving  brick  were  also  made  at  Danville,  and  since  1893  tnev 
have  been  manufactured  at  Alton. 

The  great  paving-brick  manufacturing  center  however  is  at 
Galesburg.  Here  a  small  brick  and  tile  plant,  the  Galesburg 
Brick  and  Tile  Company,  was  started  in  1892,  and  followed  soon 
after  by  the  Galesburg  Brick  and  Terra-Cotta  Company.  For 
several  years  the  brick  business  was  moderate,  the  brick  attracting 
attention  by  reason  of  their  strength  and  toughness.  In  1890  the 
Purington  Paving-Brick  Company  began  operations  and  has 
continued  up  to  the  present  time.  Its  product  is  made  from  the 
Carboniferous  shales  occurring  at  that  locality,  and  it  represents 
probably  the  largest  paving-brick  plant  in  the  United  States. 
According  to  Mr.  D.  V.  Purington  the  use  of  shale  for  paving 
brick  was  first  developed  at  Galesburg  by  a  man  named  Joseph 
Stafford. 

At  Streator,  111.,  the  use  of  shale  for  paving  brick  was  begun 
in  1898,  by  the  Streator  Paving-Brick  Company,  and  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  State  in  the  region  around  Glen  Carbon  the 
Carboniferous  shales  have  been  utilized  for  the  same  purpose,  since 
about  the  same  date. 

Fire  Brick.  Fire  clays  are  abundant  in  the  coal  measures  of 
Illinois,  and  fire  brick  have  been  manufactured  at  a  number  of 
points  for  some  years.  Just  how  early  the  refractory  ware  industry 
began  cannot  be  stated  with  exactness,  but  Mr.  Lines  informs  us 
that  it  probably  had  its  birth  at  Utica,  about  1859,  and  this  locality 
has  remained  an  important  center  of  production  up  to  the  present 
day.  Fire  brick  were  made  at  Ottawa  a  few  years  later  than  at 
Utica  and  the  industry  is  still  important  there  also.  The  fire-brick 
industry  is  mentioned  at  Salina  as  early  as  1875  (Ref.  93). 


84  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Other  important  centers  of  production  at  the  present  day  are 
Carbon  Cliff,  Rock  Island  County,  and  Golden  Eagle,  Calhoun 
County.  At  the  last-named  locality  fire  brick  have  been  made  for 
about  eight  years  (since  1901).  About  20  per  cent  of  the  clay  for 
fire  brick  is  obtained  from  drift  mines. 

Pottery.  While  the  manufacture  of  brick  has  been  noted  as 
having  been  carried  on  in  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
no  records  have  been  found  of  pottery  manufacture  in  that  period, 
although  small  plants  must  have  existed. 

It  is  definitely  known  that  stoneware 1  was  being  made  at  Ripley 
in  the  year  1836,  but  we  are  not  able  to  state  that  this  was  the 
first  pottery  made  in  Illinois.  This  locality  was  at  one  time  an 
important  potting  center,  but  has  since  declined  to  a  great  degree, 
although  some  potting  is  still  done  there. 

A  white-ware  pottery  is  reported  to  have  been  erected  by  Fenton 
&  Clark  at  Peoria,  in  1859,  but  after  three  unsuccessful  years  they 
ceased  operations,  and  the  factory  was  taken  over  by  others  for 
stoneware  manufacture.  No  further  mention  of  the  pottery  indus- 
try was  noted  until  1873,  when  the  Peoria  pottery  was  established 
for  making  stoneware,  but  this  was  changed  to  white  ware  in  1889. 
These  two  works  are  interesting  since  they  indicate  the  probable 
shipment  of  white  clays  into  the  State  at  an  early  date,  unless  they 
possibly  used  some  of  the  white  Cretaceous-Tertiary  clays  found 
in  the  southern  part  of  Illinois. 

The  earliest  mention  of  the  pottery  industry  in  the  Illinois  Geo- 
logical Survey  Reports  appears  to  be  in  the  one  for  1866  (Ref.  89, 
pp.  323  and  425)  which  refers  to  the  potteries  at  Upper  Alton  and 
Mound  City.  Two  years  later  important  potteries  were  stated  to 
be  in  operation  at  Anna  and  Fieldon  (Ref.  90),  but  there  were  also 
numerous  small  ones  running  at  other  localities.  In  the  same  year 
the  fire  clays  from  LaSalle  County  were  utilized  at  the  Lowell  pot- 
tery (Ref.  90,  p.  284). 

By  1870  the  pottery  industry  was  known  to  be  in  active  operation 
at  a  large  number  of  points,  but  few  have  received  specific  mention, 
only  Ripley  and  Jugtown  being  listed  in  the  Fourth  Report  of  the 
Illinois  Geological  Survey  (Ref.  91).  Three  years  later  or  in  1873 

1  Private  communication,  E.  F.  Lines. 


ILLINOIS.  85 

the  industry  is  also  mentioned  at  a  point  four  miles  south  of  Eliza- 
beth town  (Ref.  92,  p.  40).  Stoneware  was  produced  at  Saline  in 
1875  (Ref.  93). 

It  was  about  this  time  that  potting  was  begun  in  McDonough 
County  and  following  it  in  Green  County.1 

Between  1883  and  1888  the  Pauline  Pottery  was  in  operation  in 
Chicago  (Ref.  8,  p.  332)  making  decorated  art  wares  with  earthen- 
ware body  and  lead  glaze,  but  this  factory  was  later  moved  to 
Wisconsin. 

Previous  to  1883  the  Carboniferous  clays  near  Macomb  were 
used  for  stoneware  by  the  Eagle  Pottery  Company  and  the  Macomb 
Pottery  Company,  but  the  former  has  been  discontinued  while  the 
latter  was  taken  over  in  1906  by  the  Western  Stoneware  Company, 
which  also  assumed  control  of  two  plants  at  Monmouth  and  one 
at  Whitehall. 

The  Cretaceous-Tertiary  clays  of  southern  Illinois  have  attracted 
attention  from  time  to  time,  but  they  have  never  reached  an  im- 
portant stage  of  development.  Small  potteries  have  used  those 
near  Round  Knob  for  some  years,  and,  since  1886  at  least,  clays 
from  this  point  have  been  shipped  to  Paducah,  Ky.,  for  pottery 
manufacture.2 

A  most  important  development  in  the  pottery  industry  of  Illi- 
nois was  the  establishment  in  1886  of  the  American  Terra  Cotta 
and  Ceramic  Company,  for  the  manufacture  of  art  wares,  of  which 
the  Teco  Pottery  has  won  a  wide  and  enviable  reputation.  This 
industry  is  based  in  part  on  the  local  calcareous  clays,  others  being 
obtained  from  Brazil,  Ind. 

At  the  present  day,  the  stoneware  industry  of  Illinois  is  of  some 
importance,  and  practically  all  the  clay  which  is  used  for  that  pur- 
pose is  taken  from  the  vicinity  of  Colchester  in  McDonough 
County  and  from  \Vhitehall  and  Drake  in  Green  County.  It  is 
confined  to  a  single  horizon,  immediately  beneath  a  limestone  that 
lies  a  short  distance  below  what  is  at  present  termed  Coal  No.  2. 
(Upper  Pottsville.)  Mr.  E.  F.  Lines  of  the  Illinois  Geological 
Survey,  who  has  supplied  the  above  information,  estimates  that 
approximately  seventy  per  cent  of  the  clay  being  manufactured  into 

1  Private  communication,  E.  F.  Lines.  -  Private  correspondence. 


86  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

stoneware  in  Illinois  is  taken  from  drift  mines,  and  that  in  practi- 
cally every  case  the  clay  is  mined  independently  of  the  associated 
coal,  the  latter  where  associated  with  the  stoneware  clay  being  of 
secondary  importance. 

Miscellaneous.  The  clay  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sewer 
pipe  and  fireproofing  is  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  same  as  that 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  stoneware.  Sewer  pipe,  however,  are 
also  made  from  the  Pennsylvanian  and  Mississippian  shales. 

Sewer  pipe,  drain  tile  and  flue  linings  were  made  from  the  Car- 
boniferous clays  around  Macomb  as  early  as  1884,  the  clays  pre- 
vious to  that  date  having  been  used  only  for  stoneware.  A  second 
sewer-pipe  plant  sprang  into  existence  at  this  locality  in  1899, 
but  has  since  been  absorbed  by  the  Macomb  Sewer-Pipe  Com- 
pany, and  is  now  turning  out  clay  conduits  in  addition  to  sewer 
pipe. 

Important  sewer-pipe  plants  are  also  located  at  (i)  Columbia, 
(2)  Monmouth,  (3)  Griffin,  (4)  East  Alton,  (5)  Streator  and 
(6)  Whitehall.  Nos.  i,  3  and  5  use  shale,  while  Nos.  3,  4  and  6 
use  fire  clay.  The  Columbia  plant  has  been  running  since  1907, 
and  the  East  Alton  plant  but  a  few  years. 

The  foundation  of  a  works  in  1884  by  the  Illinois  Terra-Cotta 
Lumber  Company,  represents  perhaps  the  first  attempt  to  manu- 
facture terra-cotta  lumber  in  Illinois,  the  clay  used  at  present 
being  dredged  from  the  bottom  of  Lake  Calumet.  Since  its 
establishment  the  industry  has  expanded  and  has  been  started  at 
a  number  of  points. 

Among  the  later  developments  in  this  line  is  that  of  the 
Monmouth  Brick  and  Tile  Company  which  took  over  a  com- 
mon brick  .plant  and  is  making  hollow  bricks  and  blocks  from 
Carboniferous  clays. 

Another  important  development  in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago  was 
the  establishment  about  1892  of  a  roofing-tile  plant.  This  works 
used  the  local  clay  of  that  vicinity  for  the  manufacture  of  inter- 
locking tile  according  to  the  Ludovici  patterns.  They  were  of 
non-vitrified  character,  and  are  still  being  produced.1 

1  Some  were  made  by  the  American  Ceramic  Works  at  Eola  about  1893,  anc^ 
at  Ottawa  for  several  years  prior  to  1902. 


ILLINOIS. 


Illinois  in  1907  ranked  fourth  among  the  producing  States,  and 
contributed  8.32  per  cent  of  the  country's  total.  The  production 
since  1894  is  given  in  the  following  table. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  ILLINOIS  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Vitrified 
paving  brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Ornamen- 
tal brick. 

Drain  tile. 

Sewer 
pipe. 

1804 

$4,495,613 

$843,217 

$72,020 

$I,4l8  C72 

$308  06? 

yt 
1895 

3,786,747 

^^T^O'             / 

643,997 

S330,3l8 

v/    jy^^ 
19,500 

Sf.1.  ,f  A       1J  /  * 

1,028,581 

^o       ?  V    o 

389,680 

1896 

2,831,752 

486,519 

196,658 

52,624 

517,684 

l87,35° 

l897 

2,376,498 

719,371 

218,788 

61,067 

531,993 

165,071 

1898 

3,123,202 

639,153 

246,416 

30,453 

797,579 

200,312 

l899 

3,231,332 

700,524 

252,244 

27,868 

1,026,192 

229,040 

1900 

3>98i,577 

720,089 

240,989 

!5,7o5 

734,249 

271,035 

1901 

5,188,654 

899,454 

204,980 

13,1^5 

694,588 

348,716 

1902 

5,131,621 

839,784 

240,466 

11,893 

693,783 

360,149 

1903 

5,388,589 

1,015,710 

274,723 

12,927 

892,807 

532,858 

1904 

5,167,165 

I,234,703 

251,762 

n,733 

1,002,463 

550,344 

IQ°5 

6,259,232 

973,247 

348,354 

i3,567 

1,051,852 

580,538 

1906 

5,719,906 

1,306,476 

341,298 

11*635 

1,052,588 

587,805 

1907 

6,499,777 

1,405,821 

266,270 

(a) 

1,031,192 

662,487 

Year. 

Fire- 
proofing. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscellan- 
eous. 

Earthen- 
ware. 

Stone- 
ware. 

Other 
pottery. 

Grand 
total. 

1894 

$81,288 

$116,904 

$1,1^6,883 

$8,474  360 

180* 

7i,68? 

117,040 

f       2 

076,706 

$2CC   C4O 

qpW}C^y  *4.,^v_/v-* 
7,619,884 

vo 

1896 

/   ?o 

213,315 

125,408 

y  /  w,  /  y  w 
830,455 

$2,050 

v    J  J'  JT-W 
399,432 

$20,000 

5,938,247 

1897 

177,782 

106,377 

522,727 

498,900 

120,000 

5,498,574 

1898 

202,374 

109,465 

673,884 

5,725 

43I,8l2 

200,000 

6,866,715 

1899 

198,360 

132,759 

677,949 

52,600 

572,327 

138,630 

7  259,825 

1900 

76,347 

175,259 

716,836 

57,068 

578,405 

72,800 

7,708,859 

1901 

263,276 

212,510 

1,069,882 

6,600 

585,649 

83,900 

9,642,490 

1902 

358,015 

199,048 

1,280,217 

19,400 

582,708 

92,306 

9,881,840 

1903 

308,561 

233,106 

1,513,678 

27,685 

662,363 

208,685 

11,190,797 

1904 

324,264 

217,008 

1,188,309 

24,250 

777,696 

27,750 

10,777,447 

1905 

323,55o 

176,692 

1,691,747 

25,350 

864,507 

253,I5° 

12,361,786 

1906 

409,171 

236,032 

1,986,367 

37,543 

897,650 

47,7io 

12,634,181 

1907 

404,265 

241,008 

'.705,503 

37,045 

898,267 

68,854 

13,220,489 

(a)  Included  under  miscellaneous. 


88  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

INDIANA. 

The  first  brick  yard  in  Indianapolis  furnished  the  brick  for  the 
first  brick  house  in  1822  (Ref.  84,  p.  21).  The  first  pottery  noted 
was  established  at  Troy,  Perry  County,  in  1834,  by  a  man  named 
Clews  from  Liverpool,  Eng.  Clews,  after  a  visit  to  this  locality, 
conceived  the  idea  that  he  could  make  a  fortune  manufacturing 
white  ware  there.  He  accordingly  brought  over  600  people  from 
England,  but  after  several  attempts  found  that  his  schemes  were 
impracticable  and  turned  his  attention  to  making  fire  brick,  com- 
mon brick  and  yellow  ware  (Ref.  85,  p.  123).  In  1839  the  company 
induced  I.  Vodrey  to  assume  the  management  and  it  continued 
in  operation  until  1846  (Ref.  8,  p.  161).  The  next  year  (1840) 
the  mining  of  pottery  clay  began  at  Bloomingdale  (Ref.  85,  p.  47) 
and  has  continued  to  the  present  time. 

This  was  followed  in  1841  by  the  establishment  of  a  pottery 
by  H.  R.  Atcheson,  at  Annapolis,  Parke  County,  Indiana,  which 
W.  S.  Blatchley  mentions  as  the  oldest  one  in  the  State  (Ref. 
133).  The  plant,  which  is  still  running,  obtained  its  clay  from 
Coke-Oven  Hollow,  a  locality  long  known  for  its  variety  of  clays, 
which  occur  in  the  Coal  Measures. 

Another  pottery  established  in  1842  at  Loogootee,  ran  until  1892 
(Ref.  85,  p.  101),  and  in  1846,  one  was  started  at  Clay  City 
(Ref.  85,  p.  81).  B.  Griffith,  the  present  owner,  is  using  an  under 
clay  of  the  Coal  Measures  which  can  be  easily  secured. 

The  record  up  to  this  point  is  manifestly  incomplete,  and  with 
one  exception  makes  reference  only  to  potteries,  while  it  is  prob- 
able that  brick  yards  must  have  been  in  operation  in  different 
parts  of  the  State  using  the  Pleistocene  surface  clays. 

That  this  supposition  is  probably  correct  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  the  census  of  1860  (Ref.  25)  reports  for  Indiana,  56  brick 
yards,  and  32  potteries,  with  the  specific  mention  that  thriving 
potteries  were  found  in  Clay,  Martin  and  Perry  counties.  No 
reference  is  made  to  the  character  of  the  raw  materials  used,  but 
it  is  not  unlikely  that  some  of  them  at  least  made  their  product 
from  the  under  clays  of  the  Coal  Measures. 

The  industry  established  at  Troy  evidently  prospered,  for,  in 


INDIANA.  89 

1863,  a  second  pottery  was  established  there  and  continued  in 
operation  until  1892  (Ref.  85,  p.  123).  The  clays  of  this  local- 
ity also  seemed  to  have  been  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  yellow 
or  Rockingham  ware,  which  was  formerly  made  here  in  large 
quantities,  but  is  no  longer  produced  anywhere  in  Indiana 
(Ref.  133). 

The  utilization  of  the  Indiana  clays  for  sewer  pipe  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  undertaken  until  1862,  when  the  under 
clays  of  the  top  coal  near  Cannelton  were  used.  This  factory 
for  30  years  remained  the  only  sewer-pipe  works  in  the  State 
(Ref.  85,  p.  124),  and  even  after  this  the  expansion  of  the  sewer- 
pipe  industry  was  not  as  great  as  that  of  other  branches  of  the 
clay- work  ing  operations,  because  in  1904  there  were  only  five 
sewer-pipe  factories  in  the  State. 

There  was  continued  growth  in  the  pottery  industry  however, 
for  the  establishment  of  a  new  pottery  is  recorded  near  Bloom- 
ingdale  in  1866  (Ref.  85,  p.  49),  and  in  1869  the  Carboniferous 
clays  were  already  being  extensively  used  around  Brazil  (Ref.  86, 
p.  80)  for  stoneware.  In  addition,  however,  they  were  found 
adapted  to  making  fire  brick  and  terra  cotta. 

The  pottery  clays  at  Shoals  (Ref.  87)  were  developed,  and  in 
1872  fire  brick  were  being  made  at  Montezuma  (Ref.  85,  p.  67). 
This  plant  which  used  the  under  clay  of  coal  10,  is  said  by 
Blatchley  (Ref.  133),  to  be  the  oldest  fire-brick  factory  in  the  State. 

The  peculiar  type  of  clay  known  as  Indianaite  was  known  at 
this  time,  and  previous  to  1874  the  deposits  of  it  at  Huron  were 
called  "Taller  beds."  In  1874  they  were  exposed  in  digging  out 
under  a  blast  furnace,  and  the  material  sold  to  the  Cincinnati 
porcelain  manufacturers.  Later  it  was  used  by  the  Pennsylvania 
Salt  Company  for  making  "alum  cake,"  and  also  in  paper  manu- 
facture, while  in  1882  the  deposits  of  this  clay  in  Owen  and  Law- 
rence counties  were  worked  to  supply  the  United  States  Encaustic 
Tile  Works  with  clay  (Ref.  88,  p.  24).  The  use  of  this  material 
was  finally  abandoned  and  the  deposits  have  not  been  worked  since 
1891  (Ref.  85,  p.  104).  It  was  about  1872  that  the  first  use  of  clay 
for  hollow  brick  was  recorded  (Ref.  133),  the  manufacture  being 
established  by  the  Weaver  Clay  and  Coal  Company  of  Brazil. 


9o  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  United  States  Encaustic  Tile  Works  were  established  in 
Indianapolis  in  1876  although  not  under  that  name  until  1886 
(Ref.  41,  p.  231).  In  1882  A.  M.  Beck  built  a  pottery  in  Evansville 
and  made  majolica,  being  succeeded  in  1884  by  Bennighof,  Uhl 
and  Company,  and  then  in  1891  by  the  Crown  Pottery  Company 
(Ref.  6,  p.  40).  In  1884  the  Indianapolis  Terra-Cotta  Company 
was  established  at  Brightwood  (Ref.  8,  p.  397)  the  clay  used  being 
mainly  the  under  clay  of  coal  IV  from  Brazil,  Clay  County. 
The  North  Vernon  Tile  Company  began  at  North  Vernon  (Ref.  8, 
xxm,  p.  375)  in  1886. 

The  early  nineties  witnessed  the  recognition  and  development 
of  the  Coal  Measure  and  Sub-Carboniferous  (Knobstone)  shales, 
whose  value  had  hitherto  been  unknown  and  neglected. 

On  this  point  we  may  do  well  to  quote  from  the  1904  report 
(Ref.  133)  of  W.  S.  Blatchley,  who  writes  as  follows:  "A  dozen 
years  ago1  the  term  'shale'  was  unknown  among  the  natural 
resources  of  the  State.  These  materials,  which  covered  great 
areas  in  the  coal-bearing  counties,  were  looked  upon  as  a  nuisance 
which  had  to  be  removed  or  tunneled  through  before  the  underlying 
veins  of  coal  could  be  reached. 

"  These  Carboniferous  shales  have  since  1892  been  developed  into 
the  most  important  clay  resource  of  the  State,  being  now  used  for 
the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipe,  hollow  block,  conduits,  paving 
brick,  pressed,  front  and  ordinary  brick,  drain  tile,  etc.  Some  of 
these  deposits  have  been  developed  with  the  coal-seams,  the  two 
being  raised  through  one  shaft.  Indeed,  in  many  cases  it  might 
be  economically  impracticable  to  work  the  clay  alone. 

"  Of  more  recent  development  than  the  Carboniferous  are  the 
Knobstone  shales,  of  Lower  Carboniferous  age,  and  lying  to  the  east 
of  the  Carboniferous  ones.  These  are  now  worked  in  a  belt  extend- 
ing from  Jasper  County  to  the  Ohio  River,  and  their  employment 
for  common,  pressed  and  paving  brick  is  steadily  increasing." 

Mr.  Blatchley  in  referring  to  these  undeveloped  shales  says 
that  as  late  as  1890-96,  twenty-seven  towns  and  cities  expended 
$884,667  for  paving  brick  and  blocks,  most  of  these  being  brought 
from  Ohio  and  West  Virginia. 

1  This  would  be  about  1891  or  1892. 


INDIANA.  91 

As  evidence  of  the  above-mentioned  expansion,  it  may  be  well 
to  give  a  brief  list,  chronologically  arranged,  of  the  more  important 
works,  founded  on  these  Carboniferous  shales  between  1890  and 
1904  (Ref.  133). 

1890.  Evansville,    Vanderburgh    County.     The    Evansville    Pressed    Brick 

Company  established  here.  The  clays  first  used  came  from  Spencer 
County,  and  later  the  shales  near  Evansville  were  found  adapted  to 
its  uses. 

1891.  Brazil,  Clay  County.     The  plant  of  the  Indiana  Paving  Brick  and 

Block  Company  is  the  oldest  paving-brick  works  in  the  State.  The 
material  used  is  Carboniferous  shale. 

1892.  Veedersburg,  Fountain  County.     Manufacture  of  vitrified  blocks  from 

Carboniferous  shale. 

1893.  Clinton,    Vermilion    County.     Manufacture    of    vitrified    bricks    from 

Carboniferous  shale. 

1893.  Brazil,  Clay  County.  Carboniferous  shales  and  clays  for  sewer-pipe 
manufacture,  by  Chicago  Sewer  Pipe  Company. 

1893.  Terra  Haute,  Vigo  County.     Carboniferous  shales  selected  by  Terra 

Haute  Brick  and  Pipe  Company,  for  making  paving  brick,  hollow 
brick,  and  vitrified  ware. 

1894.  Mecca,  Park  County.     Carboniferous  shales  used  by  W.  C.  Dee  Clay 

Manufacturing  Company  for  sewer-pipe  manufacture.  This,  together 
with  a  second  factory  erected  in  1894,  constitutes  the  largest  clay- working 
plant  of  Indiana,  and  (in  1904  at  least)  the  biggest  sewer-pipe  factory 
west  of  Akron,  Ohio. 

1895.  Brazil,    Clay   County.     Carboniferous   shale   used   by   Excelsior   Clay 

Works  for  hollow  blocks. 

1895.  East  Montezuma,  Parke  County.  Carboniferous  shale  used  for  common 
brick  by  one  of  the  largest  brick  works  in  the  State. 

1895.  Brazil,  Clay  County.  McRoy  Clay  Works  began  manufacture  of  vitri- 
fied conduits,  and  now  one  of  the  largest  producers  in  United  States. 

1901.  Terra  Haute,  Vigo  County.  Hollow  block  manufacture  from  Carbon- 
iferous clay  shale  begun  by  Vigo  Clay  Company. 

1901.  Crawfordsville,  Montgomery  County.     Utilization  of  Knobstone  shales 

by  Paston  Paving  Brick  Company. 

1902.  Brazil,  Clay  County.     Hollow  block  manufacture  from  Carboniferous 

clay-shale  begun  by  Ayer-McCarel  Clay  Company. 

1902.  Montezuma,  Parke  County.      Fire  brick  manufacture  from  Carbon- 

iferous under  clay  by  Standard  Fire  Brick  Company. 

1903.  New  Albany,  Floyd  County.     Use  of  Knobstone  shales  for  dry  pressed 

brick  by  Goetz  Paving  Brick  Company. 

1904.  Evansville,   Vanderburg   County.     Manufacture  of  dry-pressed   brick 

from  Carboniferous  shale. 


92  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  use  of  surface  clays  for  common  brick  has  been  referred  to 
in  passing,  but  it  was  stated  that  little  mention  is  made  of  them  in 
published  accounts  of  the  clay-working  industry. 

The  most  important  development  of  these  Pleistocene  clays  has 
been  in  Northwestern  Indiana.  It  is  not  known  just  when  the 
development  of  these  clays  began,  but  the  surface  clays  have  been 
worked  around  Hebron,  Porter  County,  since  before  1874  (Ref.  133, 

P-  457)- 

Around  Hobart,  Lake  County,  common  brick  had  been  made 
for  a  number  of  years,  but  in  1887  W.  B.  Owen  began  the  manu- 
facture of  terra-cotta  lumber  and  fireproofing  from  the  Pleistocene 
clays,  and  this  has  developed  into  one  of  the  most  important 
industries  of  the  State,  the  Hobart  Terra-Cotta  Lumber  Company. 
Located  within  easy  reach  of  Chicago,  the  products  of  this  district 
find  a  ready  market  there. 

Since  1890  hydraulic  pressed  brick  have  also  been  made  from 
these  Pleistocene  clays  at  Porter,  Porter  County. 

The  Columbia  Encaustic  Tile  Company  began  operations  at 
Anderson  in  1891  using  gas  for  fuel  (Ref.  41,  p.  233),  and  a  year 
later  roofing  tile  were  being  made  at  Montezuma  (Ref.  4,  xvn, 
p.  241). 

Although  most  of  the  clay-working  plants  of  Indiana  are  sup- 
ported by  local  clays,  some  raw  materials,  such  as  ball  clays  and 
kaolins,  are  shipped  into  the  State  for  use  in  the  white-ware  potteries 
at  Evansville,  the  electrical-ware  factory  at  Pern,  and  the  sanitary- 
ware  works  at  Kokomo  and  Evansville. 

Indiana  is  one  of  the  leading  states  in  the  clay-working  industry. 
It  ranked  seventh  in  1907  and  supplied  4.32  per  cent  of  the  coun- 
try's output.  The  importance  of  the  industry  is  well  shown  in  the 
following  table. 

Mention  should  also  be  made  of  the  fact  that  raw  clay  is  pro- 
duced and  shipped  from  a  number  of  points  in  the  State,  some  of 
it  being  ground  before  shipment. 


INDIANA. 


93 


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CHAPTER  IV. 

IOWA. 

THE  Iowa  brick  clays  were  worked  by  LeRoy  Jackson  in 
Dubuque  in  the  summer  of  1837,  he  having  constructed  the  first 
brick  house  in  Dubuque  in  the  fall  of  that  year.  Mr.  Sylvanus 
Johnson  established  a  brick  yard  in  Iowa  City,  in  1840,  and  fur- 
nished the  brick  for  the  State  Capitol  there.  This  building  is 
now  in  use  by  the  State  University.  Brick  were  no  doubt 
made  in  the  river  cities  by  that  date  also.  (Private  correspond- 
ence.) The  Sargeants  Bluff  Pottery  at  Sargeants  Bluff  started  in 
1838  (Ref.  97,  v,  p.  225).  The  Iowa  Geological  Survey  report 
for  1903  states  that  potteries  have  been  in  operation  there  from 
time  to  time,  some  of  them  evidently  using  the  Cretaceous  clays, 
but  there  were  none  running  in  that  year.  Three  years  after  the 
Sargeants  Bluff  Pottery  was  started,  or  in  1841,  another  pottery 
was  in  operation  at  Vernon  (Ref.  97,  iv,  p.  246),  and  soon  after 
that  we  read  of  a  number  of  potteries  beginning  operations,  but 
nothing  is  known  regarding  the  character  of  the  clays  that  they 
were  using.  In  1858  there  were  two  in  operation  at  Danville 
(Ref.  98,  p.  207),  one  at  Red  Oak  in  1864  (Ref.  97,  iv,  p.  441), 
and  one  in  West  Boone  in  1865  (Ref.  97,  v,  p.  225).  The  firm  of 
C.  Holman  &  Bros.  Brick  &  Tile  Works  was  established  at 
Sargeants  Bluff  in  1867,  and  molded  bricks  by  hand  and  horse- 
power until  1879.  In  that  year  a  "Soft-mud"  machine  was 
introduced,  and  since  1886  stiff-mud  machines  have  been  used 
(Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  117). 

In  the  Iowa  Geological  Survey  for  1870  (Ref.  97,  n),  potteries 
were  mentioned  in  operation  at  Woodbury,  Eldora,  Fairport  and 
Boonsboro,  as  well  as  in  the  places  already  mentioned.  At  the 
same  time  cream-colored  brick  were  made  at  Clermont  (Ref.  97, 
ii,  p.  326). 

Brick  yards  were  started  in  Wilton,  Keosauqua,  Cantril  and 
Douds  between  the  years  1890  and  1894  (Ref.  97,  iv,  pp.  246-7), 

94 


IOWA. 


95 


while  in  1892  paving  brick  were  being  made  at  Sargeants  Bluff  by 
Holman  and  by  a  North  Riverside  firm  which  was  also  making  vitri- 
fied sewer  pipe  (Ref.  97,  I,  pp.  152-5),  all  from  Cretaceous  shales. 

By  1902  the  clay-working  industry  had  expanded  to  consider- 
able size,  Iowa  ranking  eighth  in  the  list  of  producing  States. 
The  product  included  common,  pressed  and  paving  brick,  fire 
brick,  drain  tile,  sewer  pipe,  red  earthenware  and  stoneware. 

Burned  clay  for  railroad  ballast  has  been  used  by  some  of  the 
Iowa  railroads  for  a  number  of  years,  the  practice  having  been 
followed  at  least  as  early  as  1892. 

The  foregoing  data  are  somewhat  fragmentary,  and  evidently 
do  not  chronicle  all  the  important  events  which  led  up  to  the 
present  development  of  the  Iowa  industry,  for  at  this  time 
a  wide  range  of  materials  is  used  obtained  from  many  differ- 
ent geologic  formations  ranging  from  the  Ordovician  to  the 
Pleistocene. 

As  can  be  seen  from  the  statistics  given  below,  a  variety  of  clay 
products  is  now  made  in  the  state,  with  one  important  exception, 
viz.,  white  ware.  The  miscellaneous  column  includes  ornamental 
brick,  sewer  pipe,  fireproofing,  fire  brick  and  terra  cotta,  while 
the  pottery  production  consists  mainly  of  red  earthenware  and 
stoneware. 


VALUE   OF   CLAY  PRODUCTS   OF  IOWA   FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Vitrified 
paving  brick. 

Front  brick. 

Drain  tile. 

1804 

$1,317,47'? 

$376,0?! 

$r  r  7  -5T2 

i8os 

I,OOC,O74 

243,028 

$87,130 

2OO  sl^ 

1896.  . 

1,003,624 

II2,98c 

47,386 

648  006 

1897.  . 

81:0,834 

426,056 

^7,2"?O 

372  O7O 

1898  

,l64,247 

289.963 

^4,7^2 

343,26^ 

I  Son 

,  328,  CKO 

225,044 

1  60  800 

3sO  s68 

IQOO 

,386,641 

151,286 

70,6^2 

377  ^86 

IQOI.  . 

,611,040 

241,108 

88,164 

^34  Q3^ 

I9O2.  . 

^7">iQsQ 

232,0^6 

80,711 

672  212 

IQO3-  • 

,3*^,  129 

232,510 

13^,840 

1,028,383 

I  OO4 

44O  7?8 

IOQ  ^28 

01  260 

IQOS 

366  6S3 

I  34,8O2 

60  660 

I  509  226 

y    J  
1906  ,  . 

,118,709 

185,990 

101,795 

I,72I,6l4 

I9O7.  . 

,08(1,383 

223,  IQ3 

06,316 

2,  Oil  703 

96  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  IOWA  — Continued. 


Year. 

Hollow 
brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Pottery. 

Grand  total. 

1804 

$27,77O 

$2,37o,<;o6 

i8oc 

128,045 

$25,600 

1,870,292 

1806    . 

88,722 

43>O3^ 

1,694,402 

1807  .  . 

76,041 

3Q,Ol6 

1,821,247 

1898  

264,170 

34,425 

2,183,022 

1800 

1  30,176 

30,080 

2,233,808 

IQOO 

2CQ,i:i7 

36,480 

2,2QI,2c;i 

IOOI     . 

236,0^8 

23,2QO 

2,737.82? 

IQO2  .  . 

237,011 

4^,787 

2,843,336 

I  QO3  .  . 

$131,191 

1^4,  ">79 

CC.762 

3,O93,4O3 

IQO4 

161  658 

2O?  372 

68  134 

3  460  8?  3 

IOO^ 

1  37  ^4 

112,  8?Q 

70,3^0 

3,302,122 

iQo6  

162,664. 

I2O,2  CJ^ 

58,000 

3,46o,O27 

IOO7  .  . 

176,  8s4 

"'    JJ 
146,364 

18,882 

3,728,78? 

KANSAS. 

The  earliest  record  of  a  clay-working  plant  in  Kansas  is  the 
establishment  in  1887  of  the  first  " glazed"  (probably  vitrified) 
paving-brick  plant  in  the  State.1  This  was  started  at  Atchison  by 
T.  Beattie.  The  brick  were  made  of  the  Coal  Measures  shale, 
and  have  been  used  on  pavements  in  various  cities  in  Kansas  and 
surrounding  States  (Ref.  109,  p.  55).  It  is  highly  probable  that 
both  brick  and  pottery  were  made  before  this,  but  we  have  no 
record  of  them.  The  clay  industry  by  1893  had  grown  to  be  of  great 
importance  in  the  State,  and  plants  were  making  paving  brick 
in  Leavenworth,  Atchison,  Topeka,  Osage  City,  Pittsburg  and 
Kansas  City  (formerly  Wyandot).  In  the  same  year  (1893)  com- 
mon brick  were  being  manufactured  practically  all  over  the  State, 
particularly  in  the  eastern  part,  although  this  product  antedated 
the  paving  brick.  Pressed  brick  were  being  made  in  1893  at 
Fort  Scott,  Leavenworth,  Junction  City,  Wichita,  and  Kansas 
City  (Ref.  109,  p.  55).  Clays  for  pottery  manufacture  are  not 
widely  distributed,  as  far  as  known,  and  the  competition  of  estab- 
lished potteries  in  other  States  has  hindered  the  development  of 
the  industry  in  Kansas.  In  1893  the  most  important  potteries 
were  at  Fort  Scott  and  Geneseo,  both  making  brown  ware  (Ref. 

1  The  first  street-paving  brick  used  in  the  United  States  were  made  at  Charleston, 
W.  Va.,  in  1872. 


KANSAS. 


97 


109,  p.  57).  By  the  year  1898  Kansas  City  industries  were  very 
prosperous  especially  in  the  line  of  paving  brick,  the  plants  at 
Pittsburg,  Coffeyville  and  Columbus  doing  a  large  business,  and 
also  manufacturing  some  drain  tile  (Ref.  no,  p.  61).  In  1899  new 
plants  were  erected  at  Cherryvale,  Tola  and  Lawrence  (Ref.  in). 
One  item  of  interest  in  1900  was  the  burning  of  clay  for  railroad 
ballast,  and  along  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  this  became  an 
important  material.  In  1901  a  sewer-pipe  plant  was  established 
at  Pittsburg,  and  brick  plants  started  at  Chanute  and  Neodesha 
(Ref.  112,  pp.  60  and  61),  and  the  production  of  roofing  tile  from 
Carboniferous  shales  was  started  at  Coffeyville,  in  1903.  The 
manufacture  of  terra  cotta  from  Missouri  and  Kansas  clays  was 
begun  in  Kansas  City  as  late  as  1906  by  the  Western  Terra  Cotta 
Company,  thus  adding  another  kind  of  clay  product  to  those 
already  made  here,  and  which  include  common  and  pressed  brick, 
paving  brick,  sewer  pipe  and  hollow  tile.  The  value  of  the  dif- 
ferent classes  of  products  since  1894  is  given  below.  It  is  not 
possible  to  give  the  production  of  each  kind  of  product  separately, 
partly  because  the  output  has  not  been  continuous,  and  partly 
to  prevent  disclosing  individual  statistics.  The  miscellaneous 
column,  therefore,  includes  sewer  pipe  since  1900;  fire  brick  since 
1894;  fireproofing,  hollow  brick  and  roofing  tile  in  occasional 
years,  and  stoneware  in  nearly  all  years. 

VALUE    OF    CLAY  PRODUCTS    OF    KANSAS    FROM    1894    TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Vitrified 
paving 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Miscellan- 
eous. 

Total. 

1894  
180;    . 

$141,042 
121,892 

$57>3io 
62,190 

$2-771; 

$8,048 
4,090 

$12,175 
32,700 

$218,575 
246,647 

1896  

1807 

110,254 
103,081 

125,293 
127,600 

9,440 
14,887 

4,400 
c  ,4^0 

10,700 
^,^00 

260,087 
2e6  si8 

1898  
1899  

1900 

221,481 
408,196 

482,  Q<2 

200,022 
278,164 
417,024 

13,209 
106,353 
5:7,764 

4,172 
6,55° 
6,0  so 

6,091 
40,504 
51,160 

444,975 
839,767 
i  016  7^0 

IQOI 

CCC.Q28 

312,994 

50,^40 

7,??O 

58,428 

981  020 

IOO2 

606,726 

28C,I^6 

229,990 

6,625 

93,091 

1,221,588 

1003.  . 

706,010 

430,744 

118,561 

24,265 

207,424 

1,487,004 

1904  

IQOC 

890,474 

Ql7,o8d 

621,424 

c8o,695 

129,576 
l8o,2OI 

10,883 

11,212 

191,273 
215,168 

1,843,630 
1,006,360 

1906  

1907  

I^T^.SS2 
1,189,263 

658,392 
727,979 

187,577 
236,876 

19,694 
15,320 

190,156 
200,620 

2,432,3/1 
2,370,058 

98  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

KENTUCKY. 

Very  little  has  been  written  concerning  Kentucky's  clay-working 
industries,  even  the  State  histories  giving  little  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject. The  first  establishment  noted  is  that  of  the  Lewis  Pottery 
Company,  which  was  started  in  Louisville  in  1829.  It,  however, 
only  continued  until  1836 l  when  Mr.  Clews  induced  the  owners  to 
move  to  Troy,  Ind.  (Ref.  8,  p.  157).  Again  in  1840,  another 
pottery  was  established,  by  a  Mr.  Hancock,  in  Louisville  (Ref.  8, 
p.  156).  In  the  Survey  Report  for  1856  a  Calloway  County  clay 
is  said  to  have  been  used  by  Captain  Bonner  in  the  county  for  mak- 
ing stoneware  (Ref.  61,  p.  124).  This  material  was  possibly  one 
of  the  Tertiary  clays  of  the  Jackson  Purchase  area,  some  of  which 
have  since  become  important  for  use  in  pottery  and  tile  manufac- 
ture. Of  the  fire  clays  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  those  in 
Lewis  County  are  said  to  have  been  worked  as  early  as  1871,  for 
fire-brick  manufacture  in  Cincinnati.  One  of  Kentucky's  oldest 
important  yards  is  the  Hydraulic-Press  Brick  Company's  plant  at 
Louisville.  This  was  established  in  1875  (Ref.  4,  xvm,  p.  541),  and 
in  the  same  year  a  third  pottery  was  established  in  Louisville.  It 
is  not  known  just  when  the  development  of  the  Carboniferous 
clays  began,  although  attention  must  have  been  attracted  to  them  for 
making  fire  brick  to  be  used  in  the  early  iron  furnaces  of  that  dis- 
trict. In  1884,  however,  mention  is  made  of  a  fire  clay  at  Amanda, 
used  at  Bellefont  Furnace  (Ref.  62,  p.  141),  while  in  1886  the  Ash- 
land Fire  Brick  Company  was  in  operation  at  Ashland  using  local 
clay.  (Private  communication.)  Pottery  works  were  started  at 
Paducah  in  1886,  but  the  clays  employed  came  from  Grand  Chain, 
111.;  Boaz,  Ky.;  and  Round  Knob,  111.,  and  for  the  past  several 
years  the  entire  supply  of  raw  material  has  been  shipped  from  the 
last-named  point.  In  1887  the  Cambridge  Tile  Manufacturing 
Company  began  the  manufacture  of  wall  tile  in  Covington,  the 
only  plant  of  the  kind  in  the  State  (Ref.  41,  p.  232).  The  clays 
in  the  last  six  or  seven  years  have  been  obtained  in  part  from  Ken- 
tucky, although  some  were  shipped  in  from  Whitlock,  Tenn.,  South 
Carolina,  and  Florida.  By  the  year  1888,  potteries  making  brown 

1  From  another  source  mentioned  under  Indiana  the  date  is  given  as  1834. 


KENTUCKY.  99 

jars  and  jugs  were  in  operation  at  Pottertown,  Bell  City,  Lynn- 
ville,  Paducah,  Columbus,  and  Hickman,  but  they  were  small 
plants,  built  to  supply  a  local  trade  (Ref.  63,  p.  96),  all  located  in 
the  Jackson  Purchase  region,  and  probably  established  on  Ter- 
tiary and  Cretaceous  clays. 

The  most  important  fire  clay  area  which  has  been  opened  up  in 
Kentucky  is  the  flint  clay  district  of  northeastern  Kentucky  extend- 
ing through  Greenup,  Carter,  Rowan,  and  Elliott  counties.  The 
clay  which  occurs  in  the  Pottsville  formation  is  regarded  as  the 
equivalent  of  the  famous  Sciotoville  clay  of  Ohio.  Olive  Hill  is 
the  most  important  locality  in  this  region  which  deserves  more  than 
passing  mention. 

It  was  some  time  prior  to  1883  that  a  large  tract  of  land  in  this 
district  was  purchased  by  the  Tygart  Valley  Iron  Company  *  who 
proposed  to  erect  furnaces  and  make  pig  iron  from  the  local  depos- 
its of  ore.  This  project  was  abandoned  and  the  land  divided  into 
three  parts,  each  of  the  three  members  of  the  iron  company  taking 
one  portion.  That  portion  taken  by  Sebastian  Eifort  is  now  owned 
and  operated  by  the  Olive  Hill  Fire  Brick  Company,  the  pioneer 
manufacturers  in  this  district.  The  fire  clay  was  discovered  by 
Mr.  Eifort,  who  in  1883  began  shipping  it  to  Portsmouth  and 
Iron  ton,  Ohio;  Ashland,  Ky.;  and  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  where  it  was 
used  for  making  fire  brick. 

Mr.  Eifort  finally  sold  the  land  to  the  Olive  Hill  Fire-Brick 
Company  which  in  1895  erected  its  plant  at  Olive  Hill.  The 
company  was  originally  formed  by  Messrs  A.  E.  and  O.  Hitchins, 
G.  H.  Parks,  and  J.  J.  Hoblitzell,  and  it  is  at  present  controlled 
by  descendants  of  these  first  owners.  The  clay  is  of  high  refrac- 
toriness and  some  of  the  flinty  phase  shows  an  extraordinarily  high 
alumina  content.  In  1897  the  company  made  its  first  blast-furnace 
lining  for  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  at  Joliet,  which  lining  was 
in  use  for  a  period  of  more  than  six  years.  The  factory  has  a 
daily  capacity  of  60,000  brick,  and  has  in  use  all  over  the  United 
States  between  45  and  50  blast-furnace  linings. 

Some  few  years  after  the  Olive  Hill  Fire-Brick  Company  started, 

1  The  data  on  this  district  have  been  kindly  supplied  by  E.  S.  Hitchins  of  the 
Olive  Hill  Fire  Brick  Company. 


100  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

a  Mr.  K.  B.  Grahn,  who  was  one  of  the  former  owners  of  the  Tygart 
Valley  Iron  Company,  organized  the  Louisville  Fire-Brick  Com- 
pany with  its  plant  located  at  Louisville,  Ky.  The  clay  for  this 
plant  is  mined  a  few  miles  east  of  Olive  Hill. 

The  next  operation  to  be  started  in  Carter  County  was  that  of 
the  Ironton  Fire-Brick  Company,  which  erected  a  factory  at 
Enterprise,  Ky.,  about  eight  miles  west  of  Olive  Hill.  This  com- 
pany has  since  been  absorbed  by  the  Ashland  Fire-Brick  Company. 

In  1901  the  Harbison  Walker  Refractories  Company  erected  a 
large  plant  at  Olive  Hill  on  property  adjoining  that  of  the  Olive 
Hill  Fire-Brick  Company.  This  plant,  with  a  daily  capacity  of 
40,000  brick,  has  been  in  operation  since  the  time  it  started.  At 
about  the  same  time,  or  possibly  a  little  earlier,  the  plant  of  the 
Kentucky  Fire-Brick  'Company  was  built  at  Soldier  about  nine 
miles  west  of  Olive  Hill,  and  this  also  is  still  running,  with  a 
capacity  of  about  15,000  brick  per  day. 

Common-brick  yards  are  scattered  all  over  the  State,  but  most 
of  these  are  founded  on  the  alluvial  surface  clays. 

The  more  extensive  formations,  such  as  the  Ordovician,  Silurian, 
Devonian  and  Lower  Carboniferous  shales  have  been  little  devel- 
oped, although  they,  contain  clays  of  promise  (Ref.  121,  p.  122). 
In  central  Kentucky,  the  Irvine  formation  (Tertiary)  has,  however, 
been  utilized  for  some  years  (exact  number  not  definitely  known) 
for  making  pottery  (Ref.  122). 

In  1902  the  Newport  Pressed  Brick  and  Stone  Company  began 
the  use  of  shale  at  its  works  and  made  fire  brick  (private  corre- 
spondence). 

At  the  present  time  potteries  are  in  operation  in  western  Ken- 
tucky, at  Paducah,  Potterstown,  Rock,  Tompkinsville  and  Wick- 
liffe  (136),  a  continuation  of  the  industry  established  for  many 
years  in  the  Jackson  Purchase  region. 

The  statistics  of  production  since  1894  are  given  below,  and 
from  these  it  will  be  seen  that  common  brick  and  fire  brick  are 
important  products.  The  refractory  industry  is  so  well  developed 
because  of  the  presence  of  high  grade  fire  clays.  Under  mis- 
cellaneous, the  most  important  wares  included  are  vitrified  paving 
brick,  sewer  pipe,  wall  tile,  and  roofing  tile  (Cloverport,  Ky.). 


LOUISIANA. 


101 


VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  KENTUCKY  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscellan- 
eous. 

1804. 

$418,886 

$31,400 

$87,800 

$221,:;  80 

'ry*  

180; 

4??,  927 

$14,240 

17,332 

126,  539 

19^,040 

1896 

31  7  74-0 

ir  ,cco 

24.7CO 

168,210 

208,800 

1807 

3?£,3I3 

I9,39O 

28,065 

1^7,400 

120,671 

A  v  /  
1808 

422,458 

27,004 

19,533 

2O2,O77 

227,632 

j.^ 
1800 

1^46,  ^3:; 

2O,275 

36,132 

334,630 

3l6,2Cl 

1900. 

608,334 

21,098 

26,727 

393,220 

300.498 

IQOI 

62I.7<6 

l6,s3s 

29,498 

377,741 

320  3l6 

IOO2 

6^0,612 

47,O27 

26,O39 

605,448 

307,874 

IQO3 

689,403 

^3,769 

2O,62I 

873,294 

414,045 

I9O4.                           

796,074 

20,571 

26,564 

680,084 

So6,37l 

JQQC 

862,330 

128,777 

28,865 

73Q  O^O 

4QO  236 

1006 

881,870 

IOO,77I 

27,3sQ 

/OV'^JV 
808,  S  2  7 

CO?  678 

1007.  . 

O32..1.6Q 

86.=:  68 

32.723 

04.0.4  Is 

452.:;  68 

Year. 

Total  brick 
and  tile. 

Red 
earthen- 
ware. 

Stone- 
ware. 

Total 
pottery. 

Grand  total. 

1804. 

$759,675 
809,078 

735>°59 
680,938 
898,704 
1,253,823 
1,349,827 
1,374,846 
1,736,000 
2,051,132 
1,929,664 
2,249,267 
2,425,214 
2,444,743 

$759,675 
839,198 
829,684 

806,368 
1,000,940 
1,358,428 
1,481,324 

1,514,543 
1,873,043 
2,190,959 
2,087,277 
2,406,350 

2,592,423 
2,611,364 

i895  

1896 

$30,120 
86,750 

$95»75° 

125,43° 
89,686 
104,605 
i3i,497 
135,697 
i37,043 
139,827 

157,613 
157,083 
167,209 
166,621 

$9,000 

1807 

119, 

I3,i65 
10,290 
21,202 
19,929 
16,221 
19,207 
20,171 
22,674 
26,637 
27,546 

93° 
76,521 

94,315 
110,295 
115,768 
120,822 
120,620 
137,442 
134,409 
140,572 

139,075 

1898 

1800   . 

IQOO.  . 

I9OI  .  . 

IQO2 

IQO3 

I  OO4 

IQO^  .  . 

1906 

IQO7 

LOUISIANA. 

The  only  items  obtainable  regarding  this  State  were  that  at 
St.  Tammany  there  are  evidences  of  ante-bellum  brick  yards 
(Ref.  99,  p.  209)  and  that  in  1895  brick  yards  were  in  operation  in 
the  Florida  parishes  of  eastern  Louisiana. 

As  pointed  out  elsewhere,  brick  were  made  in  large  numbers 
outside  the  State,  notably  in  Florida  and  Mississippi,  and  shipped 
into  New  Orleans  about  1850-1860,  and  it  is  probable  that  before 
the  war  very  little  clay  industry  was  carried  on.  Even  now  little 
is  manufactured  besides  common  brick  and  some  earthenware. 


102 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


No  account  of  the  history  of  clay  working  in  Louisiana  would 
be  complete,  however,  without  some  mention  of  the  Newcomb 
Pottery  at  New  Orleans,  an  institution  which  was  started  as  an 
experiment  in  the  practical  field  of  applied  art  in  1895.  As  Prof. 
Woodward,  the  director,  states,  "industrial  conditions  in  the  far 
South  did  not  give  much  encouragement  for  the  study  of  art  as 
a  profession,  owing  to  the  lack  of  manufacturers  who  might  call 
for  trained  designers,  etc.  To  give  an  object  lesson  in  the  value 
of  art  training,  we  introduced  pottery  manufacture  "  .  .  .  "  and 
we  now  have  a  business  of  some  magnitude."  The  school  is 
equipped  with  machinery,  work  rooms,  and  studios.  The  ware, 
which  is  a  warm  gray  in  color,  is  made  from  clay  obtained  from 
Biloxi,  Miss.,  and  luka,  Miss.,  together  with  some  kaolin  from 
Georgia.  So  successful  has  this  school  been,  that  the  ware  is 
known  throughout  the  country. 

The  statistics  of  production  since  1894  are  given  below.  The 
production  consists  mainly  of  common  brick,  while  under  "  mis- 
cellaneous "  there  is  included  a  scattering  of  front  brick,  vitrified 
paving  brick,  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile,  architectural  terra  cotta, 
stove  lining,  fire  brick,  tile  other  than  drain,  stoneware  and  red 
earthenware. 


VALUE    OF   CLAY   PRODUCTS   OF   LOUISIANA   FROM    1894 
TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous  . 

Total. 

1804    . 

$442,862 

$74,400 

$sl7,262 

180=;.  . 

378,4l8 

37,300 

415,718 

1896 

370,487 

-21,02? 

402,412 

1807 

322,328 

48,582 

370,910 

1898 

4^7,Ol8 

60,041 

517,059 

1800  . 

c;ic,C77 

39,Ii;2 

554,729 

1900  

IQOI 

463,613 
s  60,  37? 

44,081 
^,328 

5°7>694 
61^,703 

1902  

I9°3  
IOO4    .               

597>833 
689,187 
914,  585 

44,591 

124,200 
96,893 

642,424 

813,387 
1,011,478 

iQoe.  

738,220 

82,889 

821,109 

1006 

811,185 

89x12 

900,697 

i9°7  

839>236 

89>334 

928,570 

MAINE.  103 

MAINE. 

Maine  was  never  an  important  clay-working  State  and  even  up 
to  the  present  time  the  chief  clay  products  manufactured  are 
common  brick,  these  being  molded  mainly  from  the  marine  clays 
along  the  coast  and  the  banks  of  the  principal  rivers.  Owing  to 
this  fact  there  are  few  published  data  relating  to  the  history  of  its 
clay- working  industry. 

The  earliest  information  we  have  of  the  industry  in  the  State 
is  for  the  year  1675  or  previous  to  this  date,  when  brick  were  made 
on  the  Sabestacook  River  (Ref.  i,  p.  221).  The  earlier  settlers 
noticed  the  clay  banks  bordering  the  rivers  and  probably  soon  after 
locating  began  utilizing  the  material.  In  1760  land  was  granted 
in  Portland  to  Augustine  John  for  a  brick  yard  (Ref.  2,  i,  p.  244), 
and  in  1789  and  1790  brick  were  imported  from  Piscataqua,  but 
whether  made  in  Maine  or  New  Hampshire  could  not  be  ascertained 
(Ref.  i,  p.  222).  In  1796  common  brick  were  made  by  a  Mr. 
Gillet  in  Hallowell  (Ref.  2,  iv,  p.  355),  and  several  yards  were 
already  in  operation  (Ref.  3,  p.  57)  in  Castine  by  1814.  The  first 
mention  of  a  yard  in  Brewer  is  that  of  a  Mr.  Holyoke,  begun  in 
1830  (Ref.  4,  31,  1899,  P-  I^)J  but  in  1838  there  were  in  the.  same 
place  8  yards  making  3,000,000  brick  per  year  of  which  100,000 
were  made  by  machines  (Ref.  5,  n,  p.  26).  In  1832  Mr.  Bates 
made  brick  at  Leeds  Junction  (Ref.  4,  26,  p.  106),  and  in  1838 
brick  making  was  going  on  in  Bangor  and  Prospect  (Ref.  5,  n, 
26,  36). 

Farnham  and  Hopkins  established  a  yard  in  New  Castle  in  1845 
(Ref.  4,  26,  p.  106),  and  in  1846,  the  Portland  Stoneware  Com- 
pany, now  one  of  the  largest  clay-working  establishments  in  Maine, 
was  started  (Ref.  6,  464).  This  is  the  first  stoneware  plant  noted 
in  the  clay-working  industry  of  Maine,  but  most,  if  not  all,  of  its 
clay  is  obtained  from  New  Jersey  and  from  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 
In  the  United  States  Census  for  1860  there  are  reported  in  brick 
yards  in  Maine  and  16  potteries.  In  1873  additional  yards  were 
established  in  New  Castle  (Ref.  4,  26,  p.  106)  and  in  Wales.  In 
the  latter  place  machines  built  of  wood  were  used  until  1877  when 


104 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


iron  machines  were  installed  and  the  yard  now  has  a  number  of 
good  machines  (Ref.  4,  26,  pp.  106-7).  In  z^75  Mr.  J-  P-  Norton 
erected  a  brick  yard  in  Waterville  and  in  1883  built  one  in  York 
(Ref.  4,  19,  1893,  491)- 

Sewer  pipe  were  first  manufactured  in  Maine  by  the  Portland 
Stoneware  Company  in  1872  (?)  but  not  from  Maine  clays.  The 
production  of  these  has  been  discontinued. 

Since  then  there  appear  to  have  been  few  developments,  except 
the  starting  of  some  new  yards,  while  many  of  the  old  ones  have 
ceased  operations.  From  the  statistics  presented  in  the  following 
table  it  appears  that  clay  working  in  Maine  is  on  the  decline,  the 
value  of  the  products  in  1907  being  only  about  two-thirds  of  that 
of  1896.  There  has  been  a  small  but  continuous  production  of  fire 
brick,  but  these  are  not  made  from  Maine  clays,  and  there  has 
been  a  scattering  production  of  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile,  fire- 
proofing,  hollow  brick,  and  red  earthenware. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MAINE  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

1804.  . 

$401,982 

$429,800 

$831,782 

1801; 

4O  3  21  7 

333,887 

737,104 

Igf:::::::;:::: 

1807  . 

375>353 

27"?,  Q2O 

619,378 
526,810 

994,731 
8oo,730 

1898 

300  488 

2QO  ^4.1 

600  029 

1899  
1900  

1901  .  . 

399,110 

353.731 
407,3^4 

263,575 
37I,203 
327,324 

662,685 

724,934 
734,678 

1  002 

377,  OSQ 

27Q,  S8Q 

656,648 

IQO3 

407,214 

260,068 

677,182 

IOO4    . 

326,240 

232,121 

"^8,361 

I9°5  
IOo6    . 

341,466 

383,011 

277,828 
207,3">9 

619,294 
680,370 

I9°7  

394,003 

264,900 

658,913 

MARYLAND.  105 

MARYLAND. 

In  a  work  entitled  "  A  Relation  of  Maryland,"  published  in 
1635,  we  find  the  following  quaint  statement:  "  There  is  found 
good  loame  whereof  we  have  made  as  good  brick  as  any  in  England 
.  .  .  also  good  clay  for  pots  and  tyles."  (Ref.  47,  p.  47.) 
Brick  making  was  undoubtedly  an  important  industry  throughout 
this  period,  and  much  corroborative  evidence  has  been  found  in  the 
early  records  regarding  this  subject.  In  the  Maryland  archives 
for  1637-8  it  is  reported  that  a  brick  maker  sat  in  the  Assembly, 
and  a  letter  from  S.  Cornwalleys  (Calvert  Papers  I,  p.  174)  to  Lord 
Baltimore  in  1638  states  that  he  is  building  a  house  with  cellar  and 
chimney  of  brick  (Ref.  47,  p.  48). 

In  the  Provincial  court  records  1649-1657,  we  read  of  a  brick- 
maker's  agreement  to  make  "  36,000  Good  Sound  well  Burned 
Bricks  in  consideration  of  300  acres  of  land  on  the  Patuxent  River." 
(Ref.  47,  p.  48.)  Dr.  Wm.  B.  Clark,  State  Geologist  (Ref.  47,  p.  48), 
says  that  the  popular  belief  that  large  numbers  of  common  brick 
were  imported  from  England  in  the  early  days  seems  unfounded-, 
that  a  careful  search  of  ancient  records  and  bills  of  lading  has 
failed  to  disclose  a  single  authentic  case  of  importation,  and  that 
the  use  of  the  word  "  English  "  brick  referred  probably  to  the 
prevailing  shape  of  the  brick  rather  than  to  the  locality  from 
which  it  came  (Ref.  47,  p.  48).  There  seems  however  to 
be  a  difference  of  opinion  on  this  point,  as  indicated  by  the 
following : 

Bishop  relates  (Ref.  i,  I,  p.  229)  that  "  Charles  Carrol,  an  original  proprietor 
of  lands  now  covered  by  the  city,  in  1754  erected,  '  at  the  Mount/  buildings 
of  bricks  imported  for  the  purpose.  Two  years  before  it  had  but  four  brick 
houses,  and  only  twenty-five  in  all,  the  others  very  primitive  in  style.  A 
pottery  was  erected  in  the  town  ten  years  after,  by  John  Brown,  from  New 
Jersey,  who  had  learned  the  business  at  Wilmington,  Del.  The  town,  at  that 
date,  contained  about  fifty  houses.  Thirty-two  years  after,  it  contained  one 
thousand  nine  hundred,  and  was  the  fourth  in  the  Union,  having  more  than  half 
the  number  of  New  York.  This  unparalleled  increase  in  building,  the  ele- 
gance of  the  buildings  at  the  capital,  Annapolis,  and  of  Fredericktown,  which 
was  chiefly  built  of  brick  and  stone,  must  have  made  brick  making  a  consider- 
able manufacture." 


lo6  CLAY- WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  1829  it  is  said  that  good  enough  fire  brick  were  made  to 
stop  importation  (Ref.  i,  n,  p.  340),  assuming  that  importations 
were  going  on  at  that  period.  Baltimore  no  doubt  had  its  quota 
of  brick  yards,  supported  by  the  abundant  deposits  of  brick 
loams  existing  there,  and  which  at  the  present  day,  and  indeed 
for  a  great  many  years,  have  formed  the  basis  of  an  important 
industry. 

The  Mt.  Savage  fire  clay,  holding  such  a  good  reputation  at  the 
present  time,  was  discovered  in  1837  and  used  in  lining  blast  fur- 
naces in  operation  at  Mt.  Savage  by  the  Maryland  and  New  York 
Coal  and  Iron  Company.  Many  of  the  brick  were  also  shipped 
to  Ohio  in  the  fifties  and  sixties.  In  1841  the  Union  Mining 
Company  was  organized  and  has  been  in  continuous  operation  since 
then  as  one  of  the  largest  fire-brick  concerns  in  the  country  (Ref.  48, 
p.  479),  being  followed  at  a  later  date  by  the  Savage  Mountain 
Fire-Brick  Works  at  Frostburg.  One  of  the  early  dry-press  brick 
machines  was  in  operation  in  Baltimore  in  1846.  It  had  a  plunger 
exerting  200  tons  pressure  and  turned  out  30,000  brick  in  12  hours 
(Ref.  45,  n,  p.  28).  In  the  same  year  Mr.  E.  Bennett  left  his 
pottery  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  settled  in  Baltimore,  erecting  there 
what  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  pottery  south  of  the  Mason- 
Dixon  line  (Ref.  6,  p.  43).  Sewer  pipe  were  being  made  near 
Baltimore  in  1865  by  Linton  and  Rittenhouse,  from  local  clays,  and 
in  1868  the  Baltimore  Retort  and  Fire  Clay  Company  began  the 
manufacture  of  sewer  pipe  at  their  works  (McClave),  also  using 
the  local  Mesozoic  clays  in  part.  Only  the  former  continued  the 
production  of  these  to  recent  date,  and  it  is  surprising  to  have  seen 
such  a  small  industry  exist  in  a  region  unsuited  to  it. 

In  1876  Mr.  Bennett  was  making  roofing  tile  at  his  Baltimore 
works  (private  communication).  The  large  pottery  of  D.  F. 
Haynes  &  Son  was  established  in  Baltimore  in  1881  first  making 
majolica  ware,  then  Avalon,  in  1885  Parian,  and  later  white  ware 
(Ref.  6,  p.  280),  but  the  materials  used  came  almost  entirely  from 
other  States. 

Although  small  brick  yards,  scattered  over  the  State  and  work- 
ing surface  clays,  have  been  in  operation  for  a  considerable,  but 


MARYLAND. 


107 


unknown  period,  the  establishment  of  some  of  the  larger  ones  is 
very  recent,  considering  the  early  date  of  settlement  of  the  State. 
Thus  the  Queen  City  Brick  and  Tile  Company  of  Cumberland, 
using  Devonian  shales,  did  not  begin  operations  until  1888, 
but  this  is  not  surprising  as  the  use  of  shale  was  not  feasible 
until  sufficiently  strong  machinery  for  handling  it  had  been 
made. 

In  1896  one  of  the  few  enamelled  brick  plants  in  the  country 
was  established  at  Mt.  Savage  by  A.  Ramsay  (Ref.  48,  p.  481), 
the  product  being  made  from  the  Carboniferous  fire  clays.  One 
item  of  interest  was  the  consolidation  in  1899  of  fourteen  common- 
brick  yards  around  Baltimore  under  the  name  of  the  Baltimore 
Brick  Company,  which  still  continues. 

A  terra-cotta  works,  making  also  some  roofing  tile,  was  estab- 
lished at  Baltimore  before  1900,  and  at  present  terra-cotta  clay  is 
shipped  from  Maryland  to  Pennsylvania. 

Since  1900  there  have  been  practically  no  new  developments  in 
the  State. 

The  detailed  figures  of  production  since  1894  are  given  below. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MARYLAND    FROM  1894  TO   1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Stove 
lining. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscel- 
laneous.1 

Total. 

1894 

$974,669 

$3,050 

$164,848 

$1,142,567 

$1,344,865 

i8os 

743,023 

$3s,22Q 

3,O7Q 

232,270 

1,013,601       .066.08-7 

•*•    VD 

1896 

/  T°O,            O 

987,706 

voo,     v 
97,426 

o,    /  v 
i,945 

o   ,    / 
150,655 

1,237,723 

,450,055 

1807 

702,957 

92,344 

2^,524 

141,650 

962,475 

,30^,282 

*   y  / 

1898 

/  ^"~  ,VO  / 

716,674 

87,304 

jyj    T 
1,649 



77,672 

883,299 

,O     J, 

,542,853 

i899 

682,247 

I57,9i8 

3,673 

$32,457 

325,812 

1,202,107 

,679,641 

1900 

724,013 

60,729 

2,363 

36,049 

321,666 

,144,820 

,711,856 

1901 

676,708 

76,792 

2,402 

40,237 

342,055 

,138,194 

,605,655 

1902 

879,995 

45,375 

2,105 

21,540 

277,290 

,226,305 

,905,362 

1903 

976,969 

40,479 

i,355 

272,295 

,291,098 

,908,821 

1904 

1,048,850 

37,537 

2,848 

235>I36 

,324,371 

,872,059 

1905 

1,423,663 

24,118 

4,703 

32,890 

224,667 

,710,041 

2,249,367 

1906 

1,267,771 

31,968 

3,3i5 

32,200 

266,980 

,602,234 

2,136,539 

1907 

1,026,922 

19^54 

3,r9° 

31,048 

242,312 

>333,326 

1,886,362 

1  Includes  vitrified  brick,  ornamental  brick,  and  tile  (not  drain)  for  all  years, 
as  well  as  a  scattered  production  of  sewer  pipe,  architectural  terra  cotta,  red  earth- 
enware, yellow  ware,  C.  C.  ware,  white  granite  ware,  china,  and  sanitary  ware. 


Io8  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Previous  to  the  year  1629  all  of  the  brick  used  in  Massachu- 
setts and  throughout  New  England  were  imported,  but  in  1629 
importations  ceased  (Ref.  4,  xxxm,  p.  266)  and  the  first  brick 
kiln  in  New  England  was  started  at  Salem  (Ref.  i,  p.  217).  The 
records  show  a  grant  of  marsh  land  near  Boston,  in  1636,  to  a  Mr. 
Mount  for  brickmaking,  and  the  first  brick  house  in  Boston  was 
erected  in  1638  (Ref.  4,  xxxm,  p.  266).  That  the  industry  con- 
tinued is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  1643  tne  watch  house  at 
Plymouth  was  built  of  brick  (Ref.  4,  xxxm,  p.  266).  Land  in 
Maiden  was  sold  in  1651  to  a  brickmaker  named  Johnson  (Ref. 
16,  p.  433)  whose  operations  were  evidently  extensive,  because  in 
1669  laws  were  passed  to  keep  the  clay  pits  from  encroaching  on 
the  highways  (Ref.  16,  p.  433). 

In  1656  there  was  a  yard  at  North  Hampton  (Ref.  17,  p.  37), 
and  in  1660  brick  were  made  in  Cambridge  (Ref.  4,  xxvi, 
p.  106),, 

Boston,  about  1657,  is  described  as  having  "large  and  spacious 
houses,  some  fairly  set  forth  with  brick,  tile,  slate  and  stone  .  .  ." 
In  1667  the  Massachusetts  court  appointed  a  committee  to  frame 
a  law  to  regulate  the  size  and  manufacture  of  bricks  (Ref.  i,  i, 
p.  220). 

Haverhill's  brick  industry  began  in  1700  when  Hannah  Dun- 
ston's  husband  was  guarded  by  soldiers  as  he  carried  clay  from 
the  pit  to  the  yard  (Ref.  18). 

Probably  the  first  pottery  established  in  New  England  was  one 
at  Salem  which  began  operations  in  1641  (Ref.  15,  p.  133),  and 
another  pottery  was  established  in  1760  at  German  town,  now  a 
suburb  of  Quincy  (Ref.  8,  p.  90),  through  the  exertions  of  J.  C. 
Palmer  and  R.  Cranch,  two  progressive  land  owners,  who  were 
instrumental  in  establishing  manufacturing  enterprises  of  various 
kinds  at  that  point. 

Previous  to  1765  A.  Hews  started  the  manufacture  of  terra- 
cotta utensils  in  Weston,  bringing  the  clay  first  from  Watertown 
and  later  from  Cambridge  (Ref.  8,  p.  88),  but  in  1870  the  plant 


MASSACHUSETTS.  109 

was  moved  to  North  Cambridge,  where  it  has  continued  to  the 
present  day,  and  is  now  operated  under  the  name  of  A.  H.  Hews 
&  Co.  (Ref.  8,  p.  89).  The  Boston  Evening  Post  of  1769  had 
an  advertisement  of  a  Boston  pottery  (Ref.  8,  p.  101),  which 
indicated  the  establishment  of  a  china  works  there,  but  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  true  porcelain  was  to  be  manufactured.  Brick  were  being 
made  at  Andover  in  1793  by  Mr.  Mann  (Ref.  19,  p.  31),  and  by 
1811  there  were  three  yards  in  Beverly  (Ref.  20,  p.  202).  Berk- 
shire County  in  1829  had  a  large  output  of  brick  (Ref.  21,  p.  197), 
and  potteries  had  been  in  operation  in  Lee  and  Williamson  for 
many  years  (Ref.  21,  p.  587).  One  of  the  largest  brickyards  in 
the  region  was  established  in  1832  at  Cambridge,  and  another 
began  in  1845  (Rel-  4>  xxvi,  p.  106).  The  present  brickyard  at 
West  Barnstable,  the  only  yard  on  Cape  Cod,  was  established 
about  1845  (Ref.  136,  p.  441). 

With  the  growth  of  the  towns  the  brick  industry  naturally 
assumed  prominence,  so  that  in  1846  one  yard  in  Boston  was 
making  100,000  brick  a  day  with  20  machines  (Ref.  22,  n,  p.  359), 
and  in  1847  a  Charlestown  yard  was  turning  out  15  to  20  million 
brick  a  year  (Ref.  22,  in,  p.  145).  Frederick  Hancock  in  the 
year  1858  started  a  pottery  in  Worcester  (Ref.  8,  p.  157),  which 
he  operated  until  1877,  when  he  sold  his  interest  and  returned 
to  Bennington,  where  he  had  previously  been  in  the  same 
business. 

The  New  England  Pottery  was  established  in  Boston  by  F. 
Meagher  in  1854  and  made  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware,  draw- 
ing its  supply  of  clay  from  various  parts  of  New  England 
(Ref.  8,  p.  245),  but  the  product  was  later  changed  to  white  ware, 
necessitating  the  importation  of  clays  from  other  states  or 
countries. 

In  1860  the  Census  figures  show  70  brickyards  and  13  potteries 
in  Massachusetts.  About  this  time  several  more  yards  were 
started  around  Cambridge,  the  Bay  State  Company  in  1863,  and 
in  1869  the  New  England  Brick  Company  (Ref.  4,  pp.  106-107). 
The  latter  after  a  few  changes  in  1884  set  up  the  first  dryer  in 
Cambridge  (Ref.  4,  pp.  106-107). 


no  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  the  year  1866  A.  W.  Robertson  ran  a  small  plant  in  Chelsea, 
Mass.,  for  the  manufacture  of  brown  earthenware  such  as  was 
common  in  Great  Britain,  and  also  lava  ware  like  the  German 
goods. 

This  was  followed  by  the  production  of  flower  pots,  niters, 
etc.  Mr.  Robertson  took  his  brother  into  partnership  in  1868, 
and  his  father  in  1872,  at  which  time  the  works  was  enlarged 
and  named  the  Chelsea  Keramic  Art  Works.  A  red  bisque 
ware,  in  imitation  of  antique  Grecian  terra  cotta  and  Pom- 
peiian  bronzes,  was  made  quite  extensively.  In  1877  the  Chelsea 
faience  was  developed.  After  considerable  labor  they  were  suc- 
cessful not  only  in  producing  the  Chinese  ox-blood  color  but 
also  good  imitations  of  Japanese  and  Chinese  crackle  ware, 
which  has  not  been  duplicated  on  a  commercial  scale  by  any 
others  in  this  country.  Owing  to  lack  of  funds  the  plant  was 
closed  in  1888,  but  it  was  reopened  in  1891  under  the  name  of 
the  Chelsea  (U.  S.)  Pottery  Company,  and  the  works  moved  to 
Dedham.  The  products  of  this  works  rank  high  among  Ameri- 
can Art  Pottery  (Refs.  8,  pp.  260-261,  Ref.  154,  October,  1908, 
and  Ref.  156,  April,  1902). 

Sewer  pipe  were  made  by  Goodrich  of  Boston  in  1877  (Ref.  7), 
and  the  Low  Art  Tile  Works  were  established  in  Chelsea  in  1879 
(Ref.  6,  p.  356),  thus  adding  new  products  to  the  list  of  those 
already  made  in  the  State.  The  Low  Company  continued  in  busi- 
ness for  a  number  of  years.  Porous  terra  cotta  was  manufactured 
in  Boston  by  the  New  England  Terra  Cotta  Company  in  1885,  but 
in  1893  the  firm  name  was  changed  to  the  Boston  Fireproofing 
Company  (Ref.  4,  xix,  p.  265). 

Pressed  and  ornamental  brick  manufacture  was  begun  at  Boston 
in  1888  by  the  Philadelphia  and  Boston  Face  Brick  Company, 
using  red  burning  clays  from  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  but  bring- 
ing buff  and  cream  burning  clays  from  New  Jersey. 

In  1897  the  Grueby  Faience  Company  was  organized  in  Boston 
(Ref.  6,  p.  263),  but  is  dependent  upon  clays  obtained  outside  of 
New  England.  This  is  one  of  the  well-known  art  potteries,  and 
has  devoted  considerable  attention  to  the  development  of  matte 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


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112  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

glazed  wares  of  green  and  other  colors.  It  also  produces  architec- 
tural faience. 

A  more  recent  industry  started  in  1905  is  that  at  Marblehead, 
Massachusetts,  producing  decorative  faience  thrown  and  glazed 
at  low  temperatures,  but  made  only  in  part  from  Massachusetts 
clay. 

In  1900  many  of  the  brick  plants  of  Massachusetts,  as  well  as 
some  in  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  and  Maine,  were  combined 
to  form  the  New  England  Brick  Company,  which  was  reorganized 
in  December,  1900.  In  Massachusetts  it  includes  yards  located  at 
Cambridge,  Glenwood,  Belmont,  Bridgewater,  Middleboro,  Taun- 
ton,  Still  River,  Brookfield,  and  Turner's  Falls.  The  clay  in 
every  case  is  surface  material  obtained  near  the  yard.  The  com- 
pany's total  capacity  (including  all  plants)  is  about  180,000,000 
brick  per  annum. 

The  table  on  page  in  shows  the  value  of  clay  products  pro- 
duced annually  in  Massachusetts  from  1894  to  1907. 


MICHIGAN. 

There  seems  little  doubt  that  brick  were  employed  as  a 
structural  material  in  this  State  at  a  very  early  date,  for  a  man 
who  came  to  Detroit  in  the  year  1778  left  a  memoir  in  which 
he  stated  that  there  was  a  brick  building  in  the  village  at  that 
time.  It  belonged  to  King  George  III  and  was  used  as  an 
arsenal.1 

A  few  years  later,  in  1805,  a  list  of  the  losses  sustained  in  the 
fire  at  Detroit  in  that  year,  includes  112,000  brick.  These  were 
bought  up  by  Judge  James  May  and  used  for  constructing  a  hotel, 
the  Mansion  House. 

The  year  following  this,  or  in  1806,  brick  were  used  for  con- 
structing the  church  of  St.  Anne,  as  shown  by  the  following 
interesting  copy  of  a  contract,  kindly  supplied  the  authors  by 
Mr.  Burton. 

1  Private  communication  from  Hon.  C.  M.  Burton  of  the  Michigan  Pioneer 
and  Historical  Society. 


MICHIGAN. 


Propositions  de  Jacques  Lasselle  pour  la  Batisse  du  Mur  de  L'eglise 
Ste  Anne. 

Pour    chaque    Millier    de   Briques  livre  sur  la  \    0    , 

place  de  1'e-glise J    ' 

Pr  Employer  la  ditte  Brique  per  millier  ....  327 
2    Tours  de  nourriture  pour  le  macon  qui  em-  K 

ployera  la  ditte  Brique P    4/  P-  Jour. 

JS         Pr  chaque  millier  de  Briques (^ 

M    J  3  quarts  de  chaud  livre  sur  la  place f  *  »/  p.  quar*- 

:s         2  Voyages  de  Sable  pour  la  dte  chaud a    4/  p.  voyage. 

2  Journees  de  manoeuvre a     8/  p.  jour. 

2  Ditto  de  Nourriture  pour  Ditto a     3/  p.  jour. 

facon  du  mortier  d'avance i2/ 

^o         Pour  la  charpente  des  voutes  de  chacque  ouver-  J   , 
~             tures  y  compris  les  cadres  de  chacque  ditte  [      '  P-    cnacclue 
ouvertures  .    J        ouverture. 

Solage 

Fournissant  la  chaud  moime,  les  fondations  creu- ) 
sees  a  mes  frais;  en  un  mot,  le  tout  a  mes  frais,  \    l 
excepte  le  chavroyage  de  la  Pierre J 

Autrement 

pour  la  facon  seule  due  autrement  Solage,  les 

fondations  creusees  aux  frais  de  la  fabrique  &  la 

chaud  fournie  par  la  ditte  fabrique;  en  un  mot  \    587  par  Toise. 

tout  aux  frais  de  la  fabrique ;  excepte  les  macons 

les  manoeuvres  ainsi  que  leurs  vivres 

Pour  les  frais  desechafauds;  des  madriers  et 

planches,  casses  et  peraus  &  tout  autres  frais    £  100. 

necessaires  a  ce  sujet 

Le  tout  Exclusivement  du  Credit  en  dedans 
Detroit  20  Juin  1806. 
Messieurs: 
Tout  est  calcule  au  plus  bas   prix    &   suppo- 

sant  meme  qu'il  ne  m'arriva  aucun  accident 

dans  le  cours  de  ces  travaux  cy. 

N.B.  —  II  est  entendu  que  pour  1'une  ou  1'autre  proposition,  la  pierre  sera 
fournie  par  la  fabrique. 

A  brickyard  on  the  Raisin  River  in  Monroe  County  was  estab- 
lished between  1840  and  1850  (Ref.  79,  p.  423). 

Previous  to  1848  whatever  brick  were  made  in  the  State  were 
hand-molded,  but  in  that  year  the  Hall  soft-mud  machine  was 
introduced  (Ref.  4,  xxm,  p.  258),  and  in  1858  R.  H.  Hall  began  the 
manufacture  of  machine-made  brick  around  Detroit. 


114  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  first  hand-power  press  to  be  used  at  Detroit  was  introduced 
by  the  late  Senator  John  Greusel,  and  in  1850  a  power  press  known 
as  the  Verbalen  Machine  was  introduced,  and  regarded  by  many 
as  a  great  improvement  over  the  Hall  press,  because  it  was  capable 
of  molding  10,000  brick  in  a  half-day.  It  was  later  used  by  all  of 
the  two  or  three  plants  then  in  existence  at  Detroit.  Four  years 
later,  or  in  1854,  the  Sword  press,  a  steam-power  machine,  was  intro- 
duced. Mr.  John  Greusel  informs  us  that  this  was  employed  for 
many  years,  and  that  the  brick  made  by  it  were  eminently  satis- 
factory to  the  old  contractors,  but  owing  to  the  flinty  hardness  as 
well  as  the  smoothness  of  the  product  the  machine  was  discarded 
when  the  present  common  type  of  soft-mud  machine  operated  by 
steam  power  was  put  on  the  market.  Since  1850  the  industry 
around  Detroit  has  expanded  steadily  up  to  the  present  time,  there 
being  now  a  number  of  yards  engaged  in  the  making  of  brick  from 
the  Pleistocene  clays. 

The  clay-working  industry  seems  to  have  become  pretty  well 
established  by  1860  (Ref.  25),  for  the  Census  report  of  that  year 
states  that  there  were  fifty-six  brickyards  and  seven  potteries  in 
operation  throughout  the  State.  Sewer  pipe  were  being  made  in 
Jackson  in  1867  (McClave),  and  their  production  from  Carbon- 
iferous shales  has  continued  up  to  the  present. 

In  the  State  Survey  Report  for  1876  note  is  made  of  a  brickyard 
at  Cold  water  and  one  at  Union  City  (Ref.  80,  p.  88),  but  both  of 
these  have  been  discontinued. 

The  making  of  pottery  probably  began  also  at  an  early  date, 
but  accurate  records  are  lacking.  Senator  W.  Palmer  of  Detroit 
writes  that  his  father  operated  a  pottery  in  that  city  about  1820, 
but  he  doubts  if  it  was  a  very  profitable  operation,  from  the  fact 
that  wagons  loaded  with  crocks  and  pots  were  taken  to  the  country 
and  the  ware  exchanged  for  apples  and  other  farm  produce. 
Common  earthenware  has  been  produced  from  glacial  clays  at 
Ionia  since  at  least  1898  (Ref.  127).  The  Carboniferous  shales 
have  been  quarried  at  Flushing  south  of  Saginaw  for  paving-brick 
manufacture  for  about  the  same  period  of  time,  while  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Coal  measures  shale  and  clays  began  around  Bay  City 
about  1904.  Roofing  tile  are  made  at  Detroit. 


MINNESOTA. 


Michigan  has,  however,  never  assumed  great  prominence  as  a 
producer  of  clay  products,  partly  because  of  lack  of  variety  of 
raw  materials,  since  most  of  the  available  clays  are  adapted  only 
to  the  production  of  brick,  tile,  and  common  earthenware. 

The  following  table  gives  the  statistics  of  production  since 
1894,  and  indicates  the  predominating  importance  of  common 
brick.  The  miscellaneous  column  includes  a  production  of 
vitrified  brick  and  sewer  pipe  for  all  years,  and  a  scattered  pro- 
duction of  ornamental  brick,  terra-cotta,  fireproofing,  hollow 
brick,  stove  linings  and  fire  brick.  The  last  two  are  not  made 
of  Michigan  clays. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MICHIGAN   FROM   1894   TO   1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Miscella- 
neous . 

Pottery. 

Total. 

1804 

§024.  872 

$741,327 

$q88,iio 

$2,2^4,  ^2Q 

AWV*r 

1895 

*y**H"/* 

267,203 

$47,719 

v/  T"-1  JO        / 
200,893 

V0WW?  *O 

613,380 

?  OT'JO  v 

,129,195 

1896 

590,095 

13,827 

225,293 

156,040 

$20,150 

,005,405 

1897 

546,638 

10,515 

165,564 

46,853 

22,300 

791,870 

1898 

748,339 

15,500 

I46,8l6 

114,607 

17,900 

,043,362 

'1899 

933,176 

58,920 

140,171 

121,629 

29,741 

,283,997 

1900 

863,250 

48,411 

H4,747 

120,970 

34,3J7 

,181,695 

1901 

,095*254 

64,031 

98,972 

238,912 

44,865 

,542,034 

1902 

,331,752 

42,792 

96,645 

189,753 

83,098 

,744,040 

1903 

,251,572 

19,000 

129,028 

262,814 

48,007 

,710,421 

1904 

,116,714 

7,500 

208,088 

338,590 

43,621 

,714,513 

1905 

,i52,505 

5,995 

205,445 

355,801 

45,96i 

,765,707 

1906 

,178,202 

14,162 

314,098 

286,905 

51,110 

,844,477 

1907 

,181,015 

32,116 

289,868 

283,191 

6i,574 

,847,764 

MINNESOTA. 

The  clay-working  industry  seems  to  have  begun  in  the  State  in 
1844  when  brick  were  being  manufactured  at  Dodge  City  and 
drain  tile  at  Kasson  (Ref.  94,  p.  375). 

Common  brick  were  made  near  Dayton  in  Wright  County  in  1855 
(Ref.  95,  p.  260),  and  in  the  following  year,  1856,  the  manufacture 
of  red  brick  was  undertaken  at  Sunrise  (Ref.  95,  p.  424).  That 
these  represent  practically  all  the  firms  in  operation  at  that  time 
is  seen  by  the  fact  that  the  Census  of  1860  gives  returns  from  but 
two  brickyards  and  one  pottery. 

In  the  sixties,  several  firms  began  the  manufacture  of    brick, 


n6  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

all  using,  so  far  as  we  know,  surface  clays.  The  localities  and 
approximate  dates  of  establishment  are  as  follows:  La  Sueur,  1860; 
St.  Cloud,  Stearns  County,  1861;  Yellow  Medicine,  1862; 
Oshawa,  1862  (using  Minnesota  River  alluvium) ;  Shakopee,  1864; 
Chaska,  1864;  Baldwin,  1865;  Blue  Earth  County,  1867;  Shelby, 
1867;  and  Carver  County,  1869  (Refs.  94  and  95).  Of  these 
the  Yellow  Medicine  yard  was  in  operation  only  until  the  Indian 
outbreak  of  1862;  some  of  the  others  went  out  of  existence  later; 
but  works  at  St.  Cloud,  Shakopee,  and  Chaska  are  still  in  operation, 
the  industry  at  Chaska  having  developed  so  that  by  1884  there 
were  eight  yards  using  machinery  and  shipping  brick  to  St.  Paul 
and  Minneapolis  and  also  into  adjoining  States  (Ref.  95, 
p.  141). 

The  most  important  industry  developed  in  the  seventies  was 
the  establishment  of  a  pottery  at  Red  Wing.  The  original  owner 
of  the  land  was  Joseph  Pohl  who  manufactured  pottery  previous 
to  1870  (Ref.  95,  p.  55).  In  all  probability  his  pottery  is  the  one 
mentioned  in  the  Census  of  1860.  In  the  early  seventies  the  clay 
(Cretaceous)  was  being  worked  by  a  Mr.  Boynton  and  later  by  a 
Mr.  Philles  at  Red  Wing  for  pottery  manufacture.  From  this 
beginning  the  Red  Wing  Stoneware  Company  was  established  in 
1877.  At  this  date  a  somewhat  successful  business  of  the  same 
kind  was  being  conducted  by  David  Hallem,  who  sold  out  to  the 
new  company,  making  for  them  their  first  molds  and  kilns  (Ref.  95, 
p.  55).  Of  Mr.  Hallem,  Col.  Codvill  writes:  "Hallem  was  a  very 
ingenious  man,  and  an  enthusiast.  He  had  to  learn  kiln  burning 
and  making  by  his  own  experiments.  He  was  really  broken  down 
by  the  Akron  folks,  who,  after  he  had  succeeded  in  making  good 
ware,  put  the  price  of  their  ware  down  one  half  to  our  dealers  who 
were  fools  enough  to  buy,  thus  destroying  his  market  and  their 
own  local  enterprise"  (Ref.  95,  p.  55).  The  Minnesota  Survey 
Report  (Ref.  95,  p.  56)  says,  "The  Red  Wing  Stoneware  Company 
carry  on  the  largest  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States, 
producing  in  1885  the  enormous  amount  of  more  than  1,500,000 
gallons  besides  a  large  quantity  of  flower  pots."  Their  glaze  came 
from  Albany,  N.Y.  (Ref.  95,  p.  56).  This  pottery  is  still  in  opera- 
tion, and  the  company  is  also  starting  a  plant  at  Hopkins,  which 


MINNESOTA.  117 

will  be  supplied  by  clay  from  Red  Wing,  Minn.,  and  Fort  Dodge, 
la.  Two  miles  north  of  Minneapolis  brickmaking  began  in 
1871  (Ref.  95,  p.  423),  and  the  following  year,  1872,  yards  were 
established  at  Fergus  Falls  in  Otter  Tail  County,  and  at  Henderson, 
the  latter  yard  using  Minnesota  River  alluvium  (Ref.  95,  p.  177 
and  p.  558). 

During  the  next  eight  years  brickmaking  was  begun  in  different 
places  as  follows:  in  Clay  County,  1874;  New  London,  1875, 
using  lake  clay;  Princeton,  1876;  Glen  wood,  1876;  and  Alexandria, 
1877,  using  surface  clays;  Fish  Lake,  and  in  McLeod  County, 
in  1878;  and  in  1879  at  Litchfield,  Kingston,  DeGraff,  Montevideo, 
Beaver  Falls,  Brainerd,  and  points  in  Waldema  and  Rood  counties 
(Ref.  95).  During  the  period  1875-80  potteries  were  established 
at  Mankato  and  New  Ulm  (Ref.  94),  and  brickyards  were  estab- 
lished at  Caledonia,  Jonesville,  Jackson,  and  New  Ulm. 

Red-pressed  brick  were  made  at  Red  Wing  in  1882,  and  the 
Capitol  at  St.  Paul  is  constructed  from  them  (Refs.  94  and  95,  p.  55). 
At  the  same  time  common  brick  were  made  extensively  at  Red 
Wing,  there  being  five  yards  in  operation  (Ref.  95,  p.  55). 

The  pottery  at  Mankato  began  the  manufacture  of  drain  tile 
in  1884,  while  a  pottery  at  Owatonna  in  the  same  year  was  making 
pottery  and  fire  brick,  using,  in  part  at  least,  a  clay  from  Eldora, 
Iowa  (Ref.  94,  p.  402).  The  Mankato  pottery  discontinued  a 
number  of  years  ago,  and  the  New  Ulm  works  has  been  shut 
down  for  several  years. 

A  review  of  the  Minnesota  geological  reports  of  the  early 
eighties  shows  that  the  brickmaking  industries  were  firmly  estab- 
lished, and  mention  is  made  of  yards,  in  addition  to  those  noted 
above,  as  established  at  Farmington,  Dakota  County,  in  Grant 
and  Stevens  counties,  in  Hennepin  County,  Detroit  in  Becker 
County,  and  at  a  number  of  localities  in  Wabasha  County  (Ref. 
95).  Mention  is  also  made  of  a  porcelain  clay  said  to  occur  in 
the  northern  part  of  Chester  and  Guilford  counties,  but  it  is  not 
worked  (Ref.  95,  p.  19).  At  the  present  time  brickyards  are 
in  operation  at  a  number  of  points  in  the  State,  but  the  most 
important  markets  being  at  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  the  indus- 
try is  naturally  stimulated  in  that  region.  These  markets  also 


n8 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


attract  bricks  from  northwestern  Wisconsin,  especially  from  the 
Menomonie  district. 

Hollow  brick  are  produced  in  large  quantities  at  Zumbota  and 
Brickton,  while  the  only  important  pottery  is  at  Red  Wing.1 

The  figures  of  production  from  1894  to  1907  are  given  in  the 
following  table.  Common  brick,  front  brick,  and  drain  tile  are 
the  only  ones  showing  a  steady  annua)  production  by  three  or 
more  firms,  and  hence  capable  of  being  listed  separately.  The 
miscellaneous  column,  includes  sewer  pipe  and  fireproofing  for 
all  years  between  1894  and  1907,  and  a  scattered  production  of 
vitrified  brick,  ornamental  brick,  architectural  terra  cotta,  hollow 
brick,  fire  brick,  red  earthenware  and  stoneware. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MINNESOTA  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front  brick. 

Drain  tile. 

Miscellane- 
ous. 

Total. 

1804 

$473,904 

$77,^00 

$703,105 

$1,245,309 

x^y-4- 

i895 
1896 

Nf't  /  ^),ywti- 
578,329 
398,872 

$30,635 
21,368 

™f  /  *O 

2,775 
5,240 

488,396 
271,221 

1,100,135 
696,701 

1897 

366,734 

31,750 

3,810 

479,775 

882,069 

1898 

6ll,357 

22,370 

5,J7o 

492,687 

1,132,584 

1899 

754,499 

41,230 

11,400 

411,568 

1,218,697 

1900 

8n,457 

46,830 

2,745 

535,665 

1,396,697 

1901 

852,303 

55>oi6 

6,739 

634,589 

1,548,647 

1902 

1,103,515 

75,85° 

2,219 

720,147 

1,901,731 

1903 

982,728 

78,93° 

10,087 

455,253 

1,527,008 

1904 

970,247 

113,260 

11,100 

225,400 

1,319,907 

1905 

977,837 

85,300 

15,770 

420,479 

1,499,386 

1906 

986,982 

98,170 

4i,779 

476,348 

1,603,279 

1907 

1,045,874 

(a) 

49,622 

594,437 

1,689,933 

(a)  Included  under  miscellaneous. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  first  we  know  of  clay-working  in  Mississippi  is  the  state- 
ment by  a  Mr.  Crary  (Ref.  67)  that  in  1850  he  was  manufactur- 
ing dry-pressed  brick  at  Biloxi  Bay  and  supplying  them  for  a  large 
custom-house  building  at  New  Orleans.  Potteries  were  in  oper- 
ation at  Natchez,  Marshall,  and  Brandon  in  1854  (Ref.  100, 
p.  226),  and  at  Hartford  and  in  Tippah  County  in  1857  (Ref.  100, 

1  F.  F.  Grout,  private  correspondence. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


119 


p.  244).  No  further  developments  are  noted  until  1880  when  the 
Tanner  Brick-Manufacturing  Company  was  established  at  Vicks- 
burg.  The  molding  was  done  by  hand,  and  this  method  was 
still  employed  in  1902  (Ref.  102,  p.  240).  In  1881  the  Taylor 
yard  was  established  at  Jackson  (Ref.  102,  p.  191),  and  in  1882 
fire  brick  were  made  at  Holly  Springs  and  used  in  the  Pottery 
kilns  (Ref.  102,  p.  209).  This  industry  was  based  on  the  white 
Tertiary  clays,  which  at  the  present  time  represent  the  most 
important  clay  resource  of  the  State.  Their  exploitation  has  been 
considerably  developed,  and  they  are  now  worked  at  a  num- 
ber of  other  points,  for  the  manufacture  of  stoneware  and  fire 
brick.  In  1893  a  brickyard  was  begun  at  Durant  (Ref.  102, 
p.  196),  and  one  in  Armory  in  1894  (Ref.  102,  p.  213). 

A  number  of  yards  have  been  established  since  1900,  but  at 
the  present  time  brick,  tile,  and  stoneware  are  the  only  products 
made  in  the  State.  The  pottery  of  George  Ohr  at  Biloxi  pro- 
duces a  ware  which  has  won  not  a  little  reputation  because  of  its 
unique  character. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MISSISSIPPI  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

1894  

1895  
1896  

i897  
1898  

1899  
1900  
1901  
1902  
IQO3 

$134,930 
1  74,800 
208,109 
236,650 

277.953 
510,600 

552>°61 
443.939 
496,735 
6c8  401 

$7.77° 
i9»95o 
16,700 

38,950 
43.830 
36.i4i 
21,307 
12,534 
19,469 

l8  SAT 

$142,700 

194,75° 
224,809 
275.600 
32l.783 
546,741 
573.368 

456,473 
516,209 

677  O32 

I9°4  
1905  

IQO6.  . 

710,878 

782.549 
801,420  ' 

64,616 

36,348 

4O,66O 

775.494 
818,897 
851,080 

IQO7 

783  780 

62  74O 

8d6  ?2Q 

120  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

MISSOURI. 

The  fire  clays  of  St.  Louis  County,  the  potter's  clay  of  Henry 
County,  and  the  kaolins  of  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  make 
Missouri  of  especial  interest  in  the  clay- working  industry,  although, 
as  compared  with  the  eastern  clay-working  centers,  its  develop- 
ment has  been  recent,  in  fact  the  greater  part  of  it  since  1850. 
Little  is  known  regarding  any  operations  in  the  State  prior  to 
that  time.  A  stoneware  pottery  was  in  operation  in  C  aid  well, 
Callaway  County,  in  1827,  and  was  still  running  in  1891  (Ref. 
134,  p.  356).  In  1840  the  Boonville  pottery  at  Boonville,  Cooper 
County,  was  established  (Ref.  134,  p.  356),  and  the  Scientific 
American  for  1847-8  (Ref.  45,  in,  p.  145)  states  that  a  Mr.  Wai- 
ford  in  Washington  was  making  granite  ware  and  china. 

The  source  of  the  material  or  further  history  regarding  this 
venture  are  not  known.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that  this  is 
the  same  occurrence  as  Barber  mentions  (Ref.  8,  p.  453),  namely, 
that  kaolin  was  discovered  in  1848,  thirteen  miles  from  Iron 
Mountain,  in  the  present  Washington  County,  and  that  Mr. 
E.  H.  Shepard  built  there  a  pottery  in  1851  and  made  cream- 
colored  ware  till  1861  when  the  war  broke  out  and  the  plant  was 
abandoned.  This  is  the  earliest  record  of  the  kaolin  industry  in 
the  State. 

It  is  said  that  the  fire-brick  industry  in  St.  Louis  began  about 
j846  when  a  small  plant  was  erected  on  the  Gravois  road  near 
Meramec  Street,  but  no  data  regarding  this  plant  are  obtainable 
(Ref.  134,  p.  288).  The  oldest  of  the  present  plants  in  St.  Louis 
is  the  Evens  and  Howard,  which  was  established  by  Richard 
Howe  in  1855.  In  the  same  year,  1855,  a  Mr.  Hamilton  started 
making  fire  brick.  He  was  succeeded  by  James  Green  who 
organized  and  became  president  of  the  Laclede  Fire  Brick  Com- 
pany (Ref.  134,  p.  289).  These  factories,  as  well  as  all  other 
fire-brick  concerns  in  operation  in  and  around  St.  Louis,  depend 
for  their  material  on  a  fire  clay  of  the  Lower  Coal  measures  known 
as  the  Cheltenham  seam. 

The  Christy  Fire  Clay  Mine  of  St.  Louis,  which  is  such  an  im- 
portant producer  of  glass-pot  clay  at  the  present  time,  was  opened 


MISSOURI.  121 

in  1857.  The  deposit  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  an  English 
laborer  who,  while  boring  a  well  near  the  lot  now  numbered  4373 
Morganford  Road,  penetrated  some  clay  which  to  him  appeared 
to  resemble  the  famous  Stourbridge  fire  clay  of  England.  It  was 
brought  to  the  attention  of  Mr.  W.  T.  Christy,  Sr.,  who  had  it 
tested  in  a  glass-pot  works  of  Philadelphia.  The  tests  proved  sat- 
isfactory, and  he  began  shipping  crude  pot  clay.1  With  this  estab- 
lishment of  the  fire-clay  industry,  there  came  simultaneously  the 
mining  of  the  first  kaolin  in  Bellinger  County  in  1857,  by  Mr.  Dallas 
who  was  running  a  pottery,  later  known  as  the  Brockman  works, 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  mined  this  clay  and  shipped  it  to  his 
pottery  for  five  years  (Ref.  134,  p.  173).  Another  pit  five  miles 
east  of  Beesvillewas  shipping  kaolin  to  St.  Louis  potteries  in  1862. 

In  1863  the  firm  of  Mathieson  &  Hegeler,  who  operate  a  large 
zinc  smelter  at  La  Salle,  111.,  began  mining  the  Cheltenham  clay  of 
St.  Louis  for  making  zinc  retorts,  and  even  to  this  day  the  clay  is 
much  used  for  that  purpose.  Probably  the  first  roofing  tile  made 
in  the  State  were  produced  by  the  Mitchell  Clay  Company  of  St. 
Louis  in  1866.  After  five  years'  effort  the  management  found  the 
enterprise  was  ahead  of  the  times,  stopped  the  manufacture  of  roof- 
ing tile  and  began  making  fire  brick  instead.  The  Parker-Russell 
Mining  and  Manufacturing  Company,  at  present  one  of  the  impor- 
tant manufacturers  of  refractory  ware  in  St.  Louis,  began  mining 
clay  in  1866.  As  early  as  1820  James  Russell  was  mining  coal  on 
the  property,  and  for  many  years  his  mine  was  one  of  the  large  coal 
mines  of  the  district.  Experiments  were  made  on  the  clay  in  1866, 
and  in  1869  a  plant  was  erected.  In  1887  the  mining  of  coal  was 
discontinued  entirely  (private  communication)  (Ref.  134,  pp.  254 
and  292). 

In  the  seventies  development  was  being  carried  on  along  all 
lines.  A  number  of  new  pits  were  opened  up  in  the  southeastern 
kaolin  district.  At  Lutesville  in  Bollinger  County  several  shafts 
were  sunk  into  the  kaolin  beds  in  1872  to  test  them,  but  were  not 
reopened  till  1886.  The  citizens  of  Glen  Allen,  Bollinger  County, 
also  began  active  prospecting  in  1872,  opening  up  fifty  pits  and 
shipping  clay  to  Cincinnati,  East  Liverpool,  and  Eastern  markets. 

1  L.  Parker,  private  correspondence. 


122  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Proper  care  was,  however,  not  exercised  in  the  sorting  of  the  kaolins, 
and  the  industry  suffered  accordingly.  This  was  felt  as  early  as 
1874,  and  although  in  1884,  five  hundred  tons  a  year  were  sent  out, 
the  production  has  steadily  diminished  (Ref.  134,  p.  174). 

The  kaolin  pits  near  Jackson,  Cape  Girardeau  County,  were  the 
next  to  be  opened,  being  first  worked  in  1874,  both  at  Jackson  and 
at  the  English  clay  pits,  two  miles  from  Jackson.  The  latter  pits 
were  at  that  time  leased  by  the  Cincinnati  Pottery  Company  (Ref. 
134,  p.  169).  The  Brown  pit  north  of  Jackson  was  opened  in  1877, 
but  is  now  exhausted  (Ref.  134,  p.  170). 

The  mining  of  flint  clays  in  the  State,  so  far  as  we  know,  began 
in  1871  at  High  Hill,  Montgomery  County,  when  the  Big  Miller  pit 
was  opened  (Ref.  134,  p.  218).  In  1872,  the  Rolla,  Phelps  County, 
flint  clay  deposits  were  discovered  while  prospecting  for  iron,  but 
these  were  not  opened  till  1883  when  the  Kelly  pit  was  started 
(Ref.  134,  p.  233).  Extensive  shipments  have  been  made  of  flint 
clay  from  Crawford  County  since  1879,  and  in  1898  it  was  one  of 
the  largest  producers  in  the  State  (Ref.  134,  p.  227).  The  first 
pit  was  at  Leasburg,  leased  by  George  McClintick,  and  some  of 
the  clay  was  shipped  as  far  east  as  Pittsburg,  Pa.  (Ref.  134,  p.  229). 

But  one  new  clay  mine  was  opened  during  the  seventies  in 
St.  Louis,  that  of  George  Jamieson  in  1878,  known  as  the  Coffin 
Mine  (Ref.  134,  p.  261). 

During  this  period  the  foundation  for  the  paving-brick  industry 
in  the  country  was  established.  In  the  early  seventies  George 
Sattler  was  investigating  various  clay  deposits  in  north  St.  Louis, 
and  in  1873,  while  operating  a  coal  seam  near  Chain  of  Rocks, 
found  a  good  clay  which  he  shipped  to  the  St.  Louis  Zinc  Works 
for  testing.  It  proved  unsatisfactory.  Soon  after  a  well  dug 
near  by  disclosed  a  good  fire  clay  with  some  beds  of  glass-pot  clay. 
The  less  pure  clay  was  a  great  hindrance  in  working  the  pot  clay, 
and  Mr.  Sattler  decided  to  utilize  the  impure  clay  in  paving-brick 
manufacture,  being  inspired  by  the  success  of  brick  pavements  in 
Holland  (Ref.  134,  p.  469).  Owing  to  his  inexperience  and  the 
quality  of  the  clay,  the  brick  made  at  first  were  of  little  value,  but 
by  1878  he  made  some  of  which  the  tests  were  encouraging,  and 
they  were  laid  on  the  Eads  bridge  in  1880,  with  funds  raised  by 


MISSOURI.  123 

citizens.  Their  softness,  the  poor  foundation,  and  the  heavy  traf- 
fic to  which  they  were  subjected,  caused  this  pavement  to  be  short 
lived.  Two  other  varieties  of  brick  were  tried  the  same  year 
(1880)  and  met  with  little  success.  They  were  a  Ladede  Company 
brick,  a  salt-glazed  mixture  of  shale  and  fire  clay,  and  a  common 
brick  boiled  in  tar.  In  1881  some  of  Mr.  Sattler's  brick  were  used 
throughout  St.  Louis  with  good  success,  and  he  established  a  regu- 
lar plant.  Working  with  such  a  refractory  clay  was  unsatisfactory, 
and  the  percentage  of  good  brick  was  low.  He  died  in  1890,  and 
no  paving  brick  have  been  made  from  that  clay  since  (Ref.  134, 

P-  47°)- 

A  number  of  common  local  stoneware  plants  were  established 
during  the  seventies,  some  of  which  were  Huggins  and  Company, 
Lakenan,  Shelby  County,  1870;  Glassir  and  Son,  Washington, 
Franklin  County,  1872;  Mrs.  Robins  &  Son,  Calhoun,  Henry 
County,  1873;  R.  Winfell,  Perry,  Rails  County,  1876;  the  Wash- 
ington Clay  Company,  Washington,  Franklin  County,  1877;  and 
H.  A.  Smith,  Gainesville,  Ozark  County,  1879  (Ref.  134,  p.  356). 
It  is  not  known  how  many  of  these  are  still  in  operation. 

.Between  1880  and  1890  the  kaolin  industry  was  probably  at  its 
height.  In  1881  a  young  potter  named  James  Post  successfully 
made  Rockingham  ware  of  Cape  Girardeau  clays  in  that  town. 
The  following  year  he  induced  local  capital  to  form  a  company, 
and  C.  C.  ware  was  made  for  several  years,  using  local  materials. 
After  several  failures  the  kilns  were  finally  torn  down  and  the 
plant  converted  into  a  grinding  mill.  This  experiment  so  dis- 
gusted capitalists  in  Missouri  that  it  has  been  a  great  setback  to 
pottery  manufacture  ever  since  (Ref.  134,  pp.  167-168). 

In  Morgan  County  twelve  miles  south  of  Versailles  there  is  in 
the  old  Buffalo  lead  mines  a  pocket  of  kaolin  which  was  worked 
from  1880  up  to  at  least  1897  by  George  Clark,  and  the  product 
shipped  to  the  St.  Louis  Stamping  Works  for  enameled-ware  manu- 
facture (Ref.  134,  p.  186).  Various  other  pits  were  in  operation 
in  Cape  Girardeau  and  Bellinger  counties  in  the  eighties,  some  of 
which  are  still  shipping  clay,  but  many  have  become  exhausted  or 
have  failed  because  of  careless  sorting  of  the  material. 

The  first  mention  we  find  of  ball  clays  or  plastic  china  clays  in 


124  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Missouri  is  in  1880  when  the  Mandel  ball-clay  pit  was  opened  at 
Regina,  Jefferson  County.  It  is  the  largest  and  most  important 
deposit  of  ball  clay  in  the  State,  and  met  with  a  ready  market  at 
East  Liverpool  and  other  centers  (Ref.  134,  p.  189).  These  clays 
are  now  controlled  by  the  Mandel-Sant  Company. 

The  development  of  numerous  deposits  of  flint  clays  also  took 
place  in  the  eighties.  Of  these  the  deposits  at  Truesdale  in  Warren 
County  have  been  the  most  irnportant. 

The  Big  Kelly  pit,  as  it  was  called,  was  discovered  in  1886, 
leased  in  1888,  and  has  been  in  operation  ever  since,  most  of  the 
clay  being  shipped  to  St.  Louis  (Ref.  134,  p.  212).  The  Mexico 
Fire  Brick  Company  of  Mexico,  Mo.,  began  working  the  Truesdale 
flint  clays  in  1880  when  they  shipped  1500  tons  to  their  Mexico 
plant  for  fire-brick  manufacture  (Ref.  134,  p.  214).  Numerous 
other  pits  were  opened  in  Warren,  Phelps,  Crawford,  Franklin 
counties  and  other  portions  of  central  Missouri,  and  the  product 
was  shipped  to  Chicago,  111.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  to  the  fire-brick 
works  in  Fulton  and  Mexico,  Mo. 

The  progress  of  the  fire-clay  industry  during  this  period  was 
marked  by  the  opening  up  of  Tole  and  Thorp's  mine  in  St.  Louis 
in  1880,  Jameson's  mine  at  Bartholds,  and  other  smaller  ones 
throughout  the  district  (Ref.  134).  In  1881  the  Missouri  Fire- 
Brick  Company  began  the  manufacture  of  terra-cotta  lumber,  but 
went  back  to  fire-brick  manufacture  very  soon  after  (Ref.  139, 
p.  289).  Coffin  &  Co.,  owners  of  a  large  glass-pot  works  in 
Pittsburg,  established  a  plant  in  St.  Louis  in  1884,  and  made  fire 
brick  and  glass  pots  (Ref.  134,  p.  289).  In  1896  this  plant  was 
owned  by  the  Mississippi  Glass  Company.  The  clay  used  for 
the  glass  pots  is  obtained  at  the  company's  mine  at  Gratiot  Station, 
St.  Louis,  and  mixed  with  German  pot  clay.  The  Fulton  Fire- 
Brick  and  Mining  Company  was  established  in  1885  in  Fulton, 
and  uses  mainly  local  clay  (Ref.  134,  p.  295). 

The  present  Salamander  Fire  Brick  Company,  Vandalia, 
Audrain  County,  was  established  as  the  Audrain  Manufacturing 
and  Coal  Mining  Company  in  1883.  It  uses  local  clay  (Ref.  134, 
p.  295),  and  in  1889  the  Mexico  Fire-Brick  Company  was  put  in 
operation  at  Mexico  (Ref.  134,  p.  295). 


MISSOURI.  125 

But  few  data  are  obtainable  concerning  the  stoneware  industry 
of  Missouri.  In  the  eighties  this  branch  of  the  clay-working 
industry  was  augmented  by  the  opening  up  of  a  number  of  coal- 
measure  clay  banks,  especially  in  Henry  County  at  Clinton  and 
Calhoun  which  are  the  only  extensive  centers  of  stoneware  industry 
in  the  State.  The  clay  from  the  Jegglin  Clay  Pit  near  Calhoun 
was  first  used  in  1884  by  the  Boonville  and  Calhoun  potteries, 
while  other  banks  were  opened  in  1889-1890.  In  1887  a  clay  bank 
of  Coal-Measure  clay  was  opened  up  at  Knobnoster  in  Johnson 
County  and  since  then  has  supplied  clay  to  the  Kansas  City  Sewer 
Pipe  Company,  Kansas  City  (Ref.  134,  p.  333).  Potteries  were 
established  at  numerous  points  in  the  State,  and  by  1891  there 
were  nine  in  operation  in  Henry  County  alone,  with  forty-two  in 
the  State  in  the  year  1892  (Ref.  134,  p.  356). 

One  of  the  first  successful  terra-cotta  manufacturers  was  the 
Winkle  Terra  Cotta  Company  established  in  St.  Louis  in  1883. 
This  company  employed  shales,  fire  clays,  and  loess  from  Chelten- 
ham, and  a  bluff  clay  from  Glencoe  (Ref.  134,  p.  435).  A  second 
firm,  the  Kansas  City  Terra  Cotta  Lumber  Company,  was  estab- 
lished at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  in  1886,  and  for  a  while  made 
terra-cotta  lumber,  but  in  1896  were  making  simply  brick  (Ref.  134, 
p.  436). 

The  development  of  the  sewer-pipe  industry  forms  a  most  inter- 
esting chapter,  of  which  many  details  have  been  supplied  by  Mr. 
L.  R.  Blackmer.  According  to  Mr.  Blackmer  there  were  in  1867 
three  firms  engaged  in  the  making  of  sewer  pipe,  viz. :  the  St.  Louis 
Stoneware  Company,  at  7th  and  Russell  Avenue;  H.  M.  Thompson 
&  Co.,  at  1 8th  St.  and  Missouri  Pacific  Railway;  and  the  Evens 
and  Howard  Firebrick  Company,  at  Cheltenham. 

The  first  mentioned  employed  Cheltenham  clay  for  their  pipe, 
but  the  product  was  so  rough  that  a  large  amount  supplied  to  the 
city  of  Chicago  in  1868  failed  to  pass  inspection,  and  it  was  neces- 
sary to  change  the  clay.  This  was  subsequently  brought  from 
Alton,  111.,  and  mixed  with  loam  from  the  bottoms  of  the  Des  Perces 
River  below  Carondelet.  This  likewise  gave  dissatisfaction,  so 
clay  was  then  tried  from  Washington,  Mo.  This  last,  mixed  with 
a  newly  discovered  local  fire  clay  and  loam,  gave  good  results. 


126  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Mr.  Blackmer  left  the  St.  Louis  Stoneware  Company  in  1877, 
and  two  years  later  joined  with  Mr.  Post  to  build  a  small  factory 
at  Ewing  Avenue,  in  the  Mill  Creek  Valley,  and  another  on  Papon 
Street.  The  entire  plants  were  later  concentrated  at  Reber  Place 
station  on  the  Oak  Hill  railroad  in  1887.  The  factory  was 
rebuilt  in  1893.  The  product  is  now  made  of  Coal  Measures  and 
surface  clays  (Ref.  134,  p.  441). 

Two  other  firms,  the  Kansas  City  Sewer-pipe  works  and  the 
Dickey  Sewer-pipe  works  of  Deep  water  were  also  established 
about  the  same  time  (Ref.  134,  pp.  442-443).  The  latter  firm 
has  also  made  conduits  since  1902.  Then,  of  course,  other  plants, 
such  as  the  Evens  and  Howard  and  the  Laclede  Works,  made  a 
quantity  of  sewer  pipe  as  a  side  line.  The  former  began  in  1858 
or  1859. 

Before  1890  or  1891  brick  as  a  paving  material  had  taken  a 
firm  hold  on  the  people,  and  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph,  Spring- 
field, Sedalia,  and  Hannibal  as  well  as  St.  Louis  had  brick  pave- 
ments. Plants  for  paving-brick  manufacture  were  in  operation 
at  Montserrat,  Johnson  County,  Billings,  Christian  County, 
St.  Joseph,  Kansas  City,  Tarkio,  Atchison  County,  Moberly, 
Knobnoster,  Deep  water,  and  other  localities  (Ref.  134,  p.  477). 

The  use  of  burnt-clay  ballast  for  railroad  construction  was 
introduced  into  this  country  in  1884  by  William  Davey,  and  was 
soon  after  taken  up  in  Missouri,  and  by  1892  many  extensive  pits 
were  opened  in  the  counties  bordering  the  Missouri  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers  (Ref.  134,  p.  545). 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States  for  1907  shows  that 
Missouri  then  ranked  sixth  in  the  production  of  all  clay  ware,  with 
a  production  valued  at  $6,898,871,  ranking  even  higher  in  the 
production  of  sewer  pipe  and  fire  brick. 


MISSOURI.  127 

The  production  since  1894  is  given  below. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MISSOURI  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Vitrified 
paving 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Orna- 
mental 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Sewer 
pipe. 

Fire 
brick. 

1894 
l8QS 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 

1905 
1906 
1907 

$1,541,553 
1,251,200 

1,317.916 

999»352 
1,046,669 

1,345,792 
i»o57,497 
L595.03I 
1,832,118 

i.725.253 
1,690,460 
2,028,957 
1,810,304 
1,844,255 

$190,220 
54,640 
61,500 
182,625 
264,092 
188,787 

252,783 
225,247 
194,250 

307,237 
480,671 

470,935 
539,700 
462,341 

$47,933 
1,500 
136,964 
86,723 
65,581 
49,219 
42,096 
62,108 
49,411 
39,756 
32,967 
44,632 
30,689 
33,638 

$172,200 
15,820 

23,383 
25,800 
85,748 

53,575 
57,9oo 
45,JI4 
35,887 
45,363 
80,479 
59,858 
64,063 
72,316 

$150,000 
212,000 
171,652 
458,368 
403,075 
436,624 
624,932 
788,513 

903,279 
1,050,794 
1,176,679 
1,101,938 
1,208,236 
1,332,080 

$202,722 
484,415 
328,148 
157.502 
268,173 

375,023 
510,166 
620,116 
739,385 
925,915 
925,520 
1,117,209 
1,324,895 
1,634,209 

$2/5,725 
293,193 
224,016 
258,786 
281,797 
228,070 
298,158 
358,089 
333,965 
322,445 
362,996 

394,563 
387,455 

Year. 

Miscella- 
neous.1 

Total 
brick  & 
tile. 

Red 

earthen- 
ware. 

Stone- 
ware. 

Other 
pottery. 

Total 
pottery. 

Grand 
total. 

.1894 

i895 
1896 

1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 

1905 
1906 
1907 

$310,950 
207,753 
296,556 
349,683 
604,824 
857,002 
89L549 
775,619 
990,482 
1,181,923 
791,465 
973,5l8 
1,254,325 
1,054,390 

$2,615,578 
2,790,818 
2,629,312 

2,484,069 
2,996,948 

3,587,819 
3,665,093 
4,409,906 
5,112,901 
5,610,206 
5,410,686 
6,160,043 
6,626,775 
6,820,684 

$2,615,578 
2,799,218 
2,810,245 

2,536,528 
3,112,716 
3,666,616 
3,736,567 
4,474,553 
5,166,414 
5,661,607 
5,481,504 
6,203,411 
6,696,275 
6,898,871 

$8,400 

$8,400 
50,933 

52,459 
58,258 

78,797 
71,474 
62,627 
49,420 
50,6oi 
70,818 
43,368 
69,500 
78,187 

§50,933 

52, 
3,880 

6,379 
10,865 
13,800 
6,401 
6,697 
7,749 
4,054 
4,429 
3.289 

459 
49.378 
63,790 
58,509 
48,827 

39.419 
43,304 
6i,578 
39,314 
65,071 
69,323 

$5,000 
8,628 
2,IOO 

3,600 
600 
1,491 

.  .  .%  

5,575 

1  Includes  architectural  terra  cotta,  hollow  brick,  fireproonng,  tile  (not  drain), 
and  stove  linings. 

The  quantity  and  value  of  raw  clays  mined  and  sold  during 
1907  was  as  follows: 


Quantity, 
short  tons. 

Value. 

Kaolin                                      

3O7 

$2,194 

Fire  clav                                  

167,043 

428,749 

2,?IO 

I  673 

Miscellaneous  

425 

*>Wd 

10,625 

128  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

MONTANA. 

The  Census  for  1870  (Ref.  115)  shows  but  two  brickyards  in 
operation  in  Montana  producing  225,000  brick,  and  in- 1880  there 
were  five  producing  3,650,000  common  and  200,000  pressed  brick. 
Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States  for  1883  speaks  of  the 
industry  around  Helena,  where  fire  brick  and  crucibles  were  being 
manufactured  from  a  local  clay  for  use  in  smelters  at  Helena  and 
Butte. 

While  fire  clays  are  known  to  exist  in  Montana  they  have  never 
been  developed  to  any  extent,  the  large  smelters  obtaining  most 
of  their  brick  from  other  States.  Small  yards  for  supplying  local 
demand  for  common  brick  are  scattered  over  the  State,  their  raw 
material  consisting  mainly  of  surface  clays.  In  recent  years  the 
Cretaceous  clays  have  been  worked  at  Belt  and  Armington  in 
Cascade  County,  for  fire-brick  manufacture.  Much  of  this  clay 
is  used  by  the  Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Company  at  Butte. 

J.  P.  Rowe  (Ref.  171,  p.  53)  states  that  the  clay- working  indus- 
try is  still  in  its  infancy,  and  some  of  the  best  clay  beds  are  yet 
totally  undeveloped.  He  describes  a  number  of  plants,  but  gives 
few  historic  data.  According  to  him  the  works  of  the  Western 
Clay  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Helena,  were  started  in  the 
early  seventies,  and  are  still  in  operation,  although  in  greatly 
improved  form. 

Silver  Bow  County  has  one  of  the  best  plants  in  the  State,  that 
of  the  Butte  Sewer  Pipe  and  Tile  Company,  located  at  Butte. 

When  this  company  was  organized,  in  1889,  only  common  brick 
were  made,  but  about  1903  a  fire-brick  department  was  added 
and  has  since  done  a  large  business,  the  product  being  shipped  as 
far  west  as  Seattle  and  northward  into  Canada. 

The  Amalgamated  Copper  Company  has  for  several  years 
operated  a  common  and  fire  brick  plant  at  Anaconda,  but  draws 
its  clays  from  near  Armington. 

The  following  table  gives  the  statistics  of  production  since 
1894.  The  "Miscellaneous"  column  consists  mainly  of  sewer 
pipe,  front  and  ornamental  brick. 


NEBRASKA.  129 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  MONTANA  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Fire  brick. 

Miscella- 
neous. 

Total. 

1894  
1895 

$80,629 
112,083 

$545,70° 
69,03^ 

$17,700 
23,O7? 

$644,029 
204,193 

1806 

204,366 

54,s;2O 

17,425 

276,311 

1807 

122,494 

79,486 

29,669 

i 
231,649 

1808    . 

178,728 

65,164 

29,734 

273,626 

1800 

188,330 

(a) 

I2?,OsI 

313,390 

1900  

I  no  I 

219,465 

3s7,2IO 

117,566 

152,  6?O 

13,458 
29,361 

350,489 
539,221 

IQO2     .                                    

130,339 

•  113,112 

35,276 

278,727 

1903  

1904 

197,604 
145,642 

101,700 
102,611 

3°>OI3 
^1,178 

329,3i7 
279,431 

IQOs 

IC7.C7C 

115,431 

40,000 

313,006 

y  2  
1906  

IQO7.  . 

203,365 
188,819 

45,034 
35,553 

48,900 
48,500 

297,299 
272,872 

(a)  Included  under  "Miscellaneous." 

NEBRASKA. 

The  brick  and  tile  industry  was  well  established  in  Nebraska 
in  1870,  and  the  clays  were  no  doubt  worked  before  that  time. 
In  that  year  (1870)  there  were  17  yards  producing  over  6,000,000 
brick  (Ref.  115).  It  was  a  growing  industry,  and  by  1880  there 
were  87  yards  producing  common,  pressed,  and  fire  brick  (Ref. 
116).  The  principal  brickmaking  centers  in  1887  were  Lincoln 
and  Omaha,  five  new  yards  having  been  established  in  Omaha  in 
that  one  year  (Ref.  117).  In  1888  more  yards  were  established  in 
Omaha,  and  brick  were  being  made  at  Elkhorn  and  Grand  Island 
(Ref.  118).  In  the  same  year  the  sewer-pipe  works  at  Beatrice 
were  in  operation,  and  brick  were  being  manufactured  there  for 
paving  the  Beatrice  streets  (Ref.  4,  xxi,  p.  156).  Vitrified -brick 
production  had  begun  in  1889.  Most  of  the  important  plants 
are  based  on  the  Cretaceous  clays. 

The  industry  has  increased  slowly  but  steadily,  but  it  has  not 
assumed  large  proportions,  since  by  1907  Nebraska  had  only 
attained  twenty-seventh  rank  among  the  clay-producing  States. 

The  western  part  of  Nebraska  is  sparsely  settled,  and  most  of 
the  development,  for  some  time  at  least,  will  be  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State,  where  the  Dakota  clays  will  serve  as  the  basis  of 


130 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


a  flourishing  clay  industry,  and  indeed  they  have  already  been  the 
means  of  forming  a  strong  nucleus. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS   OF  NEBRASKA  FROM   1894  TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Vitrified 
paving  brick. 

Front  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

l8o  A. 

$?2  800 

$ec,c7C 

$519,784 

jgoc 

17^,480 

7,800 

$29,659 

5,602 

214,541 

1896  

1897  
1898  

1899  

1900  
1901  .  . 

124,746 
288,980 
446,126 
781,246 

553,905 
668,863 

800 
26,169 

26,315 
15,090 
28,055 

28,150 

9>512 
31,706 
29,921 
23,653 
95,528 
85,260 

9,315 
4,53° 
11,203 
21,836 
6,470 
24,200 

!44,373 
35I,385 
513,565 
841,825 
683,958 
806,473 

1902  

I  GO"? 

638,901 
7IO,7QQ 

25,150 

7?,  700 

87,415 
111,403 

6,202 
10,526 

757,668 
868,028 

I  QO4 

004,7^0 

455,063 

106,572 

11,022 

1,067,387 

1905  
1906  

1907  

874,695 

SSS,?02 
789,170 

(a) 
(a) 
24,600 

(a) 
.       (a) 
100,654 

132,048 
155,006 
39,008 

1,006,743 
990,708 
953,432 

(a)  Included  under  "Miscellaneous." 

NEVADA. 

In  1870,  Nevada,  according  to  the  Census,  had  but  one  yard 
producing  350,000  common  brick  (Ref.  115),  and  ten  years  later 
but  two  yards  are  recorded  producing  both  common  and  fire 
brick  (Ref.  115).  Since  then  small  yards  have  started  up  here 
and  there  to  supply  a  local  demand,  but  the  industry  is  nowhere 
largely  developed. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  IDAHO  AND  NEVADA. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

I8041 

$30,268 

IQOI  .  . 

$85,953 

iScK1 

18,790 

I9O2.  . 

138,648 

1896* 

1  6  ooo 

IQO7 

264,012 

iSo?1 

I  5  QI4. 

IQO4 

100,417 

iSgS1 

27   76< 

JQOC 

27O,78o 

1800 

tJ2  4.7O 

1906 

282,889 

1900 

58  962 

IOO7 

727,078 

Idaho  alone.     From  1900  on,  Idaho  and  Nevada  combined. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  131 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

The  earliest  record  in  regard  to  brickmaking  in  New  Hamp- 
shire is  the  statement  (Ref.  i,  I,  p.  231)  that  brick  to  the  value  of 
$129,000  were  exported  to  the  West  Indies  from  the  State  in  1789. 
Pottery  was  being  manufactured  as  early  as  1817  in  Jaffrey,  the 
clay  being  obtained  at  Moncton,  Vt.  (Ref.  8,  p.  438).  We  first  hear 
of  brick  manufacture  in  Keene  in  1840,  when  a  Mr.  Edwards 
began  making  "water-struck"  brick  (Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  106).  In 
1841  a  potter's  clay  in  Alstead  was  utilized  for  brick  manufacture 
(Ref.  9,  p.  65),  and  brick  clay  was  said  to  be  abundant  in  Bath, 
brick  being  manufactured  at  many  yards.  According  to  the  United 
States  Census  for  1860,  New  Hampshire  had  at  that  time  fifty-six 
brickyards  and  three  potteries.  Another  yard  was  started  in  Keene 
in  1865  by  a  Mr.  Ball,  and  in  1872  he  began  making  "sand-struck" 
brick  (Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  106).  The  first  pottery  in  Keene  was 
established  in  1871  by  Taft  &  Co.,  who  began  then  the  manufac- 
ture of  red  ware,  later  making  stoneware  and  majolica  (Ref.  8, 
p.  271),  and  at  the  present  time  are  turning  out  semi-vitreous  art 
.  pottery,  most  of  it  with  a  matte  glaze.  The  ware  is  made  largely 
from  clays  obtained  outside  of  New  Hampshire.  In  1878  a  firm 
in  Hooksett  turned  out  five  million  brick  a  year,  and  employed 
sixty  hands,  while  throughout  the  State  forty-one  towns  are  men- 
tioned as  contributing  to  the  brick  industry  (Ref.  10,  p.  86).  At 
present  the  New  England  Brick  Company  obtains  raw  materials 
from  Exeter,  East  Kingston,  Epping,  Rochester,  Gonic,  Barrington, 
and  Hooksett,  and  states  that  these  have  been  worked  for  fifteen 
to  twenty  years. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  record,  even  though  it  is  some- 
what imperfect,  that  New  Hampshire  is  not  an  important  producer 
of  clay  products,  this  fact  being  emphasized  by  the  following 
statistics. 


132 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE   FROM   1894  TO 

1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

1804. 

$4.82,  33O 

$2l,l7';1 

$ro3,Co^ 

i8oc 

^4"       '>5v? 

460,^67 

52,000 

C2I.C67 

1806 

t;  ^0,789 

30,380 

<;8i,i6o 

1897  
1898  -.  .  . 

417,272 

T.6<,tiII 

47,900 
46,478 

465,172 
401,980 

1800 

roC.QCl 

46,801 

~^2   7C2 

IOOO 

423,  713 

61,300 

48^,01  3 

IQOI  .  . 

741,^89 

24,771; 

76^,064 

IQO2     . 

861,97^ 

2(C,I4Q 

887,124 

I9O3     . 

546,172 

22,449 

568,621 

I9OA.  . 

446,603 

33,?82 

479,  98? 

IQO^ 

C2Q.734 

25,OOO 

C  CA     774. 

IQO6 

7  16,0  Si 

IO,OOO 

726  o^  i 

I  OO7.  . 

tJOOXOO 

IO,OOO 

CIO.^QO 

1  Mostly  front  brick  and  fire  brick. 


CHAPTER  V. 
NEW  JERSEY. 

Brick.  Brick  clays  were  no  doubt  worked  at  a  very  early  period, 
but  little  mention  was  found  of  them.  According  to  Mr.  George  E. 
Fell  (Ref.  129,  p.  243),  Trenton  was  but  a  small  village  at  the  time 
of  the  Revolution,  and  the  few  brick  buildings  then  erected  were 
Constructed  chiefly  of  brick  brought  from  England.  About  the 
time  of  the  Revolution,  however,  a  few  bricks  were  made  on  the 
north  bank  of  Assanpink  Creek,  between  Broad  and  Montgomery 
streets,  although  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  these  were  the  first 
bricks  made  in  the  State.  Between  1780  and  1800,  brick  were  also 
made  between  White  Horse  Tavern  and  Hamilton  Square,  and 
still  a  little  later  at  Maiden  Head,  now  Lawrenceville.  They  were 
still  being  made  in  1814  (Ref.  37,  p.  244). 

About '1826  a  man  named  Embly  came  to  Trenton  from  Con- 
necticut and  began  making  brick  in  the  square  bounded  by  Prince- 
ton and  Brunswick  avenues  and  Sandford  and  Bond  streets. 
Later,  in  1831,  Joseph  Himcr  and  Peter  Grim  of  Philadelphia 
established  a  yard  on  the  Hedden  Farm  now  (1904)  owned  by  the 
S.  K.  Wilson  estate,  about  half-way  between  the  two  city  reser- 
voirs, the  brick  used  in  the  original  part  of  the  present  State  Prison 
being  made  by  them.  This  yard  was  abandoned  by  Grim  in  1839, 
and  another  started  on  the  present  site  of  the  Fell  and  Roberts 
yard,  while  a  yard  was  established  in  1845  by  James  Taylor  on  the 
site  abandoned  by  Grim.  Between  this  year  and  1856  a  number 
of  yards  were  started  around  Trenton  and  served  as  the  nucleus  of 
a  thriving  brick  industry,  which  has  continued  up  to  the  present. 

All  of  these  yards  used  the  surface  loams  which  form  an  exten- 
sive sheet  immediately  underlying  the  surface  in  the  region  about 
Trenton. 

The  pressed-brick  business  of  Trenton  commenced  about  1865, 
and  increased  steadily  up  to  1894,  since  which  time  it  has  declined. 

133 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


NEW   JERSEY.  135 

The  explanation  of  this  decline  is  to  be  found  chiefly  in  the  fact 
that  the  demand  for  red  pressed  brick  has  greatly  decreased  in  late 
years,  owing  to  the  introduction  of  buff,  mottled,  speckled,  and 
other  types  of  fancy  front  brick.  Since  the  clay  found  at  Trenton 
burns  red,  it  cannot  be  utilized  for  these  newer  styles. 

Outside  of  Trenton  it  is  known  that  brick  were  first  made  in 
Middlesex  County  in  1851  at  Roundabout  (now  Sayreville)  by 
James  Wood,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  Peter  Fisher  and  James 
Sayre  purchased  a  small  property  of  twenty- three  acres  and  com- 
menced the  manufacture  of  common  brick,  but  gradually  branched 
out  into  the  manufacture  of  other  grades.  In  1887  this  copart- 
nership merged  into  a  corporation  known  as  the  Sayre  &  Fisher 
Company,  which  is  now  by  far  the  largest  individual  brickmaking 
concern  in  the  State.  The  inexhaustible  supplies  of  brick  clays 
(of  Cretaceous  age)  in  this  region  early  led  to  the  establishment  of 
other  yards,  so  that  now  there  are  at  least  ten  large  brickyards  at 
South  River  and  Sayreville.  Common  brick  made  from  red-burn- 
ing clays  were  the  first  product,  but  with  the  growing  demand 
for  pressed  brick,  especially  the  buff  ones,  the  fire  clays  were 
drawn  upon  for  this  purpose,  and  enameled  brick  were  also 
manufactured. 

Raw  materials  have  not  been  the  only  factor  responsible  for 
the  successful  development  of  the  brickmaking  industry  around 
Sayreville  and  South  River,  for  proximity  to  water  routes,  and 
large  cities  have  also  contributed  to  the  success. 

In  the  Hackensack  region,  brick  have  also  been  made  for  many 
years,  but  although  the  New  York  market  is  only  seven  miles 
distant  in  a  straight  line,  yet  the  water  route  via  Newark  Bay  is 
thirty-one  miles  long.  As  the  Hackensack  River  is  obstructed 
by  numerous  low  drawbridges,  shipping  is  done  almost  entirely 
by  barges,  and  as  the  cost  of  towage  is  high,  the  otherwise  cheap 
facilities  for  shipping  are  minimized  and  the  nearness  to  the  New 
York  market  is  more  apparent  than  real. 

Some  of  the  smaller  yards  scattered  over  the  State,  and  using 
local  clays,  have  been  in  operation  for  a  long  time  as  indicated  by 
the  list  below.  Thus:  Lambertville,  1816;  Flemington,  1840; 
Yorktown,  1866;  Millville,  1869;  Rosenhayn,  1887;  Petersburg 


136  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

and   Marshallville,    1857    (no   longer  running).     The  hydraulic- 
press  brick  works  at  Winslow  Junction  were  started  in  1890. 

Terra  Cotta.  The  terra-cotta  industry  was,  so  far  as  known, 
first  established  at  Perth  Amboy  in  1849  (Ref.  129,  p.  274),*  the 
first  works  being  known  as  the  Hall  Terra-Cotta  Works,  which 
in  1879  changed  to  the  Perth  Amboy  Terra-Cotta  Company.  It 
is  also  said  that  in  1855  a  Mr.  Davies  made  terra  cotta  in  Tren- 
ton (Ref.  36,  p.  246),  but  the  works  are  no  longer  in  operation. 
In  1888  the  New  Jersey  Terra  Cotta  Works  was  established  at 
Perth  Amboy.  The  present  Standard  Terra-Cotta  Works  was 
organized  in  1890,  under  the  name  of  the  Architectural  Terra- 
Cotta  Works.  Other  plants  are  located  at  Rocky  Hill,  South 
Amboy,  and  Moorestown. 

In  1907,  the  Standard,  Perth  Amboy,  Excelsior  (Rocky  Hill, 
N.  J.)  and  Atlantic  Terra-Cotta  Company  (Tottenville,  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.)  were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  Atlantic 
Terra-Cotta  Company. 

All  of  these  industries  are  based  on  the  Cretaceous  clays,  mostly 
of  semi-refractory  character,  and  improvements  in  the  character  of 
the  wares  or  new  designs  are  due,  not  to  the  discovery  of  new 
deposits  of  clay,  but  improvements  in  the  technology  of  the 
manufacture. 

Fireproqfing.  One  of  the  most  interesting  statements  to  be 
found  in  the  New  Jersey  Clay  Report  of  1878,  and  one  which 
serves  well  by  comparison  to  show  the  great  strides  that  have 
been  made  in  the  clay  industry  of  New  Jersey,  is  the  following: 
"They  (the  hollow  brick)  have  not  been  much  used  in  this 
country.  Henry  Maurer  of  Perth  Amboy  has  begun  their  manu- 
facture, and  there  is  now  an  opportunity  to  make  a  trial  of  this 
promising  improvement  in  building  materials. ' ' 

According  to  Mr.  Pfeiffer,  of  Henry  Maurer  &  Son  (private 
communication),  they  were  first  made  in  1875.  In  1902  there 
were  nine  factories  in  New  Jersey  whose  product  consisted  largely 
or  entirely  of  fireproofing  and  hollow  bricks,  with  an  output  in 
that  year  valued  at  $965,047.  By  1907  this  had  increased  to 

1  Mr.  G.  P.  Putnam,  of  the  Atlantic  Terra-Cotta  Company,  gives  the  date  as  1846, 
and  the  firm  name  as  A.  Hall  &  Sons. 


NEW   JERSEY.  137 

$4,250,638.  The  oldest  of  these  was  that  of  Henry  Maurer  & 
Son.  Four  of  the  others  were  operated  by  the  National  Fire- 
proofing  Company,  which  has  its  headquarters  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
and  whose  original  plant  (now  inactive)  in  New  Jersey  was  the 
factory  at  Port  Murray,  Warren  County,  which  used  Hudson 
shale.  In  1900  this  company  acquired  the  Perth  Amboy  Works, 
known  as  the  Old  Pardee  WTorks;  in  January,  1901,  the  fire- 
proofing  factory  at  Lorillard  was  taken  over,  and  in  July,  1901, 
the  Raritan  Hollow  and  Porous  Brick  Company  at  Keasbey. 

Other  factories  are  at  Sewaren,  Spa  Springs  (begun  in  1869  and 
passed  through  many  hands)  Piscataway  and  South  River.  As 
late  as  1902  a  plant  was  established  at  Woodbridge. 

The  rapid  growth  of  this  industry  in  New  Jersey  is  due  to 
several  causes.  It  is  based  on  an  almost  inexhaustible  supply  of 
clay,  which  in  former  years  had  little  or  no  value,  and  even  at 
this  day  would  probably  not  be  put  to  any  use  other  than  that  for 
which  it  is  now  dug.  Furthermore,  these  clay  deposits  are  in 
general  close  to  tide  water,  so  that  the  product  can  be  shipped 
either  by  boat  or  rail  to  the  large  eastern  markets. 

Floor  and  Wall  Tile.  The  manufacture  of  floor  and  wall  tile 
seems  to  have  begun  in  New  Jersey  about  1882  when  the  Harris 
Manufacturing  Company  was  established  in  Trenton.  It  was 
soon  after  changed  to  the  Trent  Tile  Company,  and  is  still  in 
operation  (Ref.  8,  p.  362).  In  1885  the  Providential  Tile  Works  was 
established  in  the  same  city  (Ref.  8,  p.  367),  and  this  was  followed 
four  years  later  by  the  establishment  of  the  Old  Bridge  Enameled 
Brick  and  Tile  Company  at  Old  Bridge  (Ref.  41,  p.  23)  and  the 
Elterich  Art  Tile  Works  at  Maywood.  This  latter  in  1892  became 
the  Maywood  Art  Tile  Company  (Ref.  41,  p.  231).  Another  works, 
the  Pardee  Tile  Works,  has  also  been  in  operation  for  some  years 
at  Perth  Amboy. 

Except  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  buff  and  red  floor  tile,  all  the 
raw  materials  used  are  obtained  from  other  States,  so  that  the 
tile  industry  cannot  be  regarded  as  founded  on  the  New  Jersey 
clays.  The  clays  mostly  used  come  from  Florida,  North  Carolina, 
and  England,  while  the  product  itself  is  shipped  not  only  to  various 
States  but  also  to  foreign  countries. 


138  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Roofing  Tile.  Some  roofing  tile  have  been  made  by  Henry 
Maurer  &  Son,  at  Maurer,  but  the  production  has  not  been 
important  or  regularly  kept  up.1 

Conduits.  Conduits  form  a  line  of  clay  products  the  use  of 
which  has  greatly  increased  in  the  last  few  years  because  of  the 
increased  use  of  electrical  power  transmission  and  the  necessity 
of  placing  many  of  the  cables  underground.  The  occurrence  of 
suitable  clays  in  New  Jersey  and  the  proximity  of  the  deposits  to 
the  large  eastern  cities  to  which  shipments  could  be  conveniently 
made  by  water,  have  served  to  encourage  the  industry. 

According  to  Mr.  J.  C.  Rossi,  the  manufacture  of  conduits  was 
begun  about  1898.  The  clays  used  were  in  general  a  mixture  of 
red-burning  plastic  clay  and  a  low-grade  fire  clay,  all  obtained 
from  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  Middlesex  County. 

In  1904  there  were  three  plants  located  at  Perth  Amboy,  South 
River  and  Clayville,  running  exclusively  on  this  product.  Con- 
duits are  also  occasionally  made  at  the  fireproofing  factories. 

New  Jersey  was  not  the  first  State  to  produce  this  line  of  wares, 
the  oldest  works  being  in  Ohio. 

Fire  Brick.  The  manufacture  of  fire  brick  represents  one  of  the 
oldest  branches  of  the  clay-working  industry  in  New  Jersey,  and 
is  of  more  importance  than  is  commonly  imagined.  The  New 
Jersey  clays  were  first  used  for  fire  brick  after  the  War  of  1812 
(Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  363),  and  one  of  the  earliest  records,  according  to 
Dr.  Cook  (Ref.  36,  p.  i),  shows  that  clay  was  taken  from  Wood- 
bridge  to  Boston  in  1816,  and  used  for  manufacturing  fire  brick. 
The  quantity  or  price  was  not  given,  but  four  years  later  there  is 
a  record  of  a  Boston  party  who  received  50  tons  of  New  Jersey 
clay,  paying  25  cents  per  ton  for  it  (Ref.  36,  p.  i). 

The  value  of  the  clays  of  the  Woodbridge  district  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  widely  recognized  for  some  years,  however,  although 
in  1855  the  statistics  given  in  the  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey 
Report  on  Clays,  in  1878,  show  that  clay  for  making  50,000,000 
bricks  was  then  being  taken  annually  from  the  pits  at  Wood- 
bridge,  Perth  Amboy  and  South  Amboy. 

Perhaps  the  oldest  factory  in  the  State  was  that  known  as  the 

1  Pan  tiles  associated  with  common  brick  have  been  found  on  site  of  a  house 
built  by  the  Dutch  in  1668. 


NEW   JERSEY.  139 

Salamander  Works  (no  longer  in  existence),  where  brick  were 
made  as  early  as  1825,  and  in  1833  tnev  were  being  manufactured 
at  Perth  Amboy  by  John  Watson  (Ref.  36,  p.  i).  Trenton  was 
added  to  the  list  in  1845,  tne  vard  being  owned  by  Davies  until 
1867;  at  first  horse  power  was  used  and  600  to  800  bricks  made 
daily,  but  later  steam  power  was  installed  and  the  output  increased 
to  2500  per  day  (Ref.  37,  p.  246).  The  works  of  W.  H.  Berry  at 
Woodbridge  began  operations  in  1845,  and  have  continued  up  to 
the  present  day,  changing  the  name  to  J.  E.  Berry  in  1896.  This 
was  followed  by  the  establishment  of  works  of  Henry  Maurer  & 
Son  at  Maurer  in  1856,  of  M.  D.  Valentine  &  Bro.  at  Wood- 
bridge,  in  1865,  and  Sayre  &  Fisher  at  Sayreville  in  1868.  Others 
were  later  started  at  Woodbridge,  Trenton,  South  River,  Keasbey, 
Ostrander,  Spa  Springs  and  Jersey  City. 

All  obtained  their  supply  of  clays  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  of 
Middlesex  County. 

Pottery.  The  State  of  New  Jersey  can  probably  lay  claim  to 
having  one  of  the  oldest  potteries  in  the  country,  for  E.  A.  Barber, 
in  his  work  on  the  Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  the  United  States, 
,  notes  that  the  remains  of  an  old  kiln  fire  hole  were  found  a  mile 
or  two  below  South  Amboy,  and  that  it  is  probably  a  relic  of  the 
earlier  pottery  ware  made  on  this  continent,  "and  most  probably 
built  by  the  Dutch.  .  .  :" 

As  early  as  1685,  pottery,  now  such  an  important  product  of 
the  New  Jersey  clay-working  industry,  was  manufactured  by 
Dr.  Daniel  Coxe,  a  former  Governor  of  West  New  Jersey.  He  was 
probably  the  first  to  make  white  ware  in  the  Colonies,  erecting  a 
pottery  at  Burlington,  and  it  is  presumed  that  he  used  South 
Amboy  clay  (Ref.  8,  p.  54). 

Barber  gives  the  following  "quaint  and  interesting  reference  to  it 
as  copied  from  an  inventory  of  property  offered  for  sale  in  1688." 

"I  have  erected  a  pottery  at  Burlington  for  white  and  chiney 
ware  a  greate  quantity  to  ye  value  of  1200  li  have  already  been 
made  and  vended  in  ye  Country,  neighbour  Colonies  and  ye 
Islands  of  Barbadoes  and  Jamaica,  where  they  are  in  great 
request.  I  have  two  houses  and  kills  with  all  necessary  imple- 
ments, diverse  workmen,  and  other  servants.  Have  expended 
thereon  about  2ooo£." 


140  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Later,  about  1800,  a  stoneware  potter,  by  the  name  of  Van 
Wickle,  established  a  pottery  at  Old  Bridge,  now  Herbertsville 
(Ref.  36,  p.  i),  using  some  of  the  Cretaceous  clay  from  Morgan's 
bank  at  South  Amboy.  In  the  same  year  stoneware  was  made 
from  local  clays  at  Perth  Amboy  (Ref.  6,  p.  115),  and  a  man  named 
Price  was  making  stoneware  from  South  Amboy  clay  at  Rounde- 
bout  (now  Sayreville)  in  1802  (Ref.  36,  p.  i). 

Three  years  later  (1805)  an  earthenware  pottery  was  established 
at  Flemington  by  Mr.  Fulper  (Ref.  4,  xxxi,  p.  365),  and  this  is 
still  in  operation  making  stoneware. 

Another  stoneware  pottery  was  started  at  Elizabeth  (Ref.  8, 
p.  117)  in  1816,  but  changed  later  to  a  yellow  and  Rockingham 
ware  works.  Still  later  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  L.  B.  Beer- 
bauer  &  Co.,  and  was  used  for  making  ironstone  china,  which 
necessitated  the  importation  of  clays  from  other  States. 

In  1825  the  Jersey  Porcelain  and  Earthenware  Company  was 
incorporated  in  the  town  of  Jersey,  Bergen  County,  and  in  1829 
became  the  American  Pottery  Company  (Ref.  12,  p.  404). 

A  few  years  later,  or  in  1833,  David  Henderson  organized  the 
American  Pottery  Manufacturing  Company,  and  this  factory, 
during  the  next  seven  years,  produced  ware  with  a  buff  or  cream 
colored  body,  which  was  much  used.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  these  works  were  the  first  in  America  to  use  the  English 
method  of  transfer  printing  in  decoration. 

About  1843  the  name  of  the  factory  was  changed  to  the  Jersey 
City  Pottery  Company,  and  it  is  stated  by  Barber  (Ref.  8,  p.  117) 
that  many  of  "the  best  potters  of  the  old  school  in  the  United 
States  learned  their  trade  at  this  factory."  The  pottery  sub- 
sequently passed  into  other  hands,  and  in  1892  the  old  buildings, 
which  had  stood  for  65  years,  and  from  which  many  fine  pieces  of 
work  had  been  turned  out,  were  finally  demolished. 

Looking  back  over  the  period  described  above,  it  will  be  seen 
that  all  of  the  wares  made  could  have  been  wrought  from  New 
Jersey  clays,  except  the  white  wares,  which  required  kaolin.  But 
whether  this  was  obtained  from  Pennsylvania  or  England  the 
records  do,  not  inform  us. 

Trenton,  now  the  most  important  potting  center,  was  the  site  of 


NEW   JERSEY.  141 

a  pottery  at  an  early  date.  An  old  history  of  Trenton,1  now  in 
the  hands  of  the  State  Gazette  of  that  city,  states  that  the  first 
pottery  in  Trenton  was  built  by  John  McCulley,  in  1779,  on 
North  Warren  Street,  about  where  St.  Mary's  Cathedral  now 
stands.  It  remained  there  until  1816,  when  it  was  removed  a 
little  further  west  to  Bank  Street,  continuing  there  until  Mr. 
McCulley's  retirement  in  1852.  He  died  in  1858.  The  product 
consisted  of  red  flowerpots  and  pie  dishes. 

From  1850  to  1860  Trenton  began  to  assume  its  importance  as 
a  pottery  center  of  the  United  States.  Beginning  with  a  few 
small  potteries,  which  made  the  lower  grades  of  pottery,  and 
were  able  to  use  New  Jersey  clays  exclusively,  it  has  rapidly 
developed  into  one  of  the  two  great  pottery  centers  of  the  country, 
manufacturing  the  higher  grades  of  ware,  whose  composition  calls 
for  the  almost  exclusive  use  of  plastic  and  other  raw  materials, 
obtainable  only  outside  of  the  State  or  country. 

The  Trenton  industry  appears  to  have  had  its  birth  probably 
about  1852,  at  which  time  Hattersly's  Pottery  was  in  operation, 
with  one  small  kiln  six  feet  in  diameter.  The  developments  since 
that  time  can,  perhaps,  be  best  listed  chronologically  as  follows 
(Ref.  129,  p.  305): 

1852.  Taylor  and  Speeler  began  manufacture  of  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware, 

adding  white  granite  in  1856  (Ref.  36,  p.  254). 

1853.  R.  Millington  and  J.  Astbury  organized  first  sanitary-ware  pottery  in 

America. 
1853.  Wm.  Young's  Sons  began  manufacture  of  C.  C.  ware,  the  first  in 

Trenton  (Ref.  8,  p.    454).      This  was  a  leased   pottery  located  on 

the  present  site  of  the  City  Pottery  Works.    The  firm  was  succeeded 

by  the  Willetts  Manufacturing  Company. 
1857.  Wm.  Young  leased  Hattersly  Pottery  for  a  term  of  five  years,  but  later 

built  his  own  pottery. 
1859.  Rhodes  and  Yates.     First  pottery  to  make  white  granite  and  C.  C. 

wrare  exclusively. 
1859.  The  Trenton  China  Company  began  operations  (Ref.  8,  p.  238),  and 

F.  Frey  of  Switzerland  introduced  the  art  of  decorating  china  with 

gold  and  colors  (Ref.  36,  p.  256). 
1859.  Glasgow  Pottery  established  by  John  Moses  in  1859.     This  was  run  by 

Mr.  Moses  and  his  sons  until  a  few  years  ago  when  it  was  bought  out 

by  Thos.  Maddock  and  Sons  Company.     Most  of  the  old  plant  has 
'     been  torn  down,  giving  way  to  the  new  buildings  of  the  latter  concern. 

1  E.  C.  Stover,  private  correspondence. 


142  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

1862.  Greenwood  Pottery  Company  organized,  started  by  W.  Tarns  and  W. 

Barnard,  and  operated  in  turn   under  name  of  Stephens,  Tarns  & 
Co.  and  Breasley  &  Co.,  the  present  name  being  adopted  in  1868. 

1863.  Etruria  Pottery  built  by  Bloor,  Ott  and  Booth;  succeeded  by  Bloor, 

Ott  and  Brewer  in  1864.     Shortly  after  changed  to  Ott  and  Brown. 
Later  it  became  the  Cook  Pottery. 
1865.  Union  Electrical  Porcelain  Company. 

1868.  Coxon  and  Thompson  started  a  pottery,  which  has  since  become  Empire 

Plant  of  Trenton  Potteries  Company. 

1869.  James  Moses  bought  the  Mercer  Pottery  from  Mr.  Thompson. 
1869-1889.  Union  Pottery  Company. 

1869.  James  Mayer  founded  the  Arsenal  Pottery. 

1870.  Maddock  began  manufacture  of  sanitary  or  plumbers'  ware    (Ref.   8, 

p.  228). 

1873.  East  Trenton  Pottery  Company. 
1879.  International  Pottery  Company  began  operations  on  site  of  Speeler's 

old  pottery. 
1879.  New  Jersey  Pottery  organized,  but  reorganized  in  1883  under  name  of 

Union  Pottery  Company. 
1879.  Burroughs  and  Mountford  Pottery  established  in  what  was  formerly 

the  Eagle  Pottery. 

1879.  The  Willets  Manufacturing  Company  bought  the  Wm.  Young's  Sons' 

Pottery. 

1880.  Prospect  Hill  Pottery  started  by  Dale  &  Davis. 

1881.  Trenton  China  Company  established. 
1881.  Enterprise  Pottery  Company  established. 

1881.  Crescent  Pottery  established. 

1882.  Thos.  Maddock  and  Sons  took  the  old  Millington  and  Astbury  Pottery. 
1884.  Delaware  Pottery  started. 

1889.  Ceramic  Art  Company  organized. 

1890.  Greenwood  China  Company  started. 

1891.  Imperial  Porcelain  Company  organized. 

1892.  Keystone  Pottery  Company  began  operations. 

1892.  Trenton  Potteries  Company  began  operations  and  purchased  the  Crescent, 

Delaware,  Empire  and  Equitable  potteries.     Also  built  the  Ideal. 

1893.  Maddock  Pottery  Company  organized  and  purchased  plant  formerly 

owned  by  the  Trenton  China  Company. 

1893.  Economy  Pottery  Company. 

1894.  Bellmark  Pottery  Company. 
1894.  American  Porcelain  Works. 

1894.  Hart  Brewer  Pottery  Company,  started  originally  as  Isaac  Davis  Pottery, 
and  passed  in  turn  into  the  hands  of  Fell  and  Throp  and  then  of  the 
present  owners. 

1894.  Trenton  Fire  Clay  and  Porcelain  Company.     Succeeded  Trenton  Terra 

Cotta  Company. 

1895.  Economy  Pottery  Company. 


NEW  JERSEY.  143 

1895.  John  Maddock  and  Sons. 

1896.  Monument  Pottery  Company. 

1896.  Artistic  Porcelain  Company. 

1897.  Cook  Pottery  Company. 

1897.  Sanitary  Earthenware  Specialty  Company. 
1899.  Star  Porcelain  Company. 
1000.  Diamond  Porcelain  Company. 
1901.  Elite  Pottery  Company. 

1901.  Acme  Sanitary  Pottery  Company. 

1002.  Fidelity  Pottery  Company,  successors  to  the  Egyptian  Pottery. 

1902.  Hudson  Porcelain  Company. 

1903.  Duncan  MacKenzie  Sons'  Company,  successors  to  Union  Electric  Porce- 

lain Company. 

1903.  Morris  and  Wilmore  Company. 

1003.  Electrical  Porcelain  and  Manufacturing  Company. 

1904.  C.  B.  Walton  Company. 
1005.  National  Porcelain  Company. 
1005.  Resolute  Porcelain  Company. 

1905.  Sun  Porcelain  Company. 
1908.  Standard  China  Works. 

A  more  striking  evidence  of  their  growth  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that:  In  1852  there  was  one  pottery  with  one  kiln;  in  1874  there 
were  12  potteries  with  a  large  "ironstone"  china  production 
(Ref.  40,  pp.  42-3);  in  1879  there  were  19  potteries  with  57  kilns, 
producing  about  $2,000,000  worth  of  wares  annually;  in  1883  the 
number  of  potteries  had  increased  to  23  with  no  kilns,  and  in 
1903  there  were  41  potteries  with  258  kilns. 

Up  to  1863  the  products  included  white,  sanitary,  yellow,  and 
Rockingham  ware;  in  1903  they  included  china,  C.  C.  ware, 
white  granite  ware,  sanitary  ware,  belleek,  and  electrical  porcelain. 

The  technical  advances  that  have  taken  place  in  the  pottery 
industry  at  Trenton  have  been  well  summarized  by  E.  C.  Stover 
(Ref.  137,  ii,  p.  147),  who  states  that  one  of  the  early  improve- 
ments was  the  production  of  a  ware  that  would  not  craze, 
following  which  came  the  introduction  of  belleek.  Later  a  superior 
quality  of  hotel  china  was  introduced,  which  has  secured  a  wide 
and  enviable  reputation.  The  production  of  a  good  quality  of  sani- 
tary ware  was  another  important  development,  and  the  manufacture 
has  grown,  so  that  at  the  present  day  Trenton  is,  without  question, 


144  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

at,  the  head  of  this  branch  of  the  pottery  industry  in  the  United 
States.  The  Trenton  potter  has  not  stopped,  however,  at  a 
satisfactory  body,  but  makes  successfully  the  most  complicated 
forms  of  sanitary  appliances,  much  of  this  ware  being  exported. 

Electrical  porcelain  was  first  made  in  1891. 

Still  another  important  advance  has  been  made  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  fire-clay  bath  tubs  and  sinks  which  are  made  in  one  firing. 

The  first  solid  porcelain  lavatory  made  in  one  piece  was  pro- 
duced by  the  Trenton  Potteries  Company  in  1896,  while  the 
first  solid  porcelain  bath  tub  was  made  by  O.  O.  Bowman  &  Son 
in  June,  1894.  In  these  lines  of  work  Trenton  also  leads,  having 
the  largest  single  pottery  in  the  world  devoted  exclusively  to  the 
manufacture  of  these  articles.  The  product  comes  into  success- 
ful competition  with  the  foreign  wares. 

Trenton  has  assumed  its  importance  as  a  pottery  center,  not 
because  of  the  wealth  of  raw  materials  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood, but  rather  because  of  its  central  location  as  regards 
transportation  facilities,  for  probably  the  only  New  Jersey  mate- 
rials used  by  the  majority  of  the  Trenton  potters  are  sagger  and 
wad  clays.  It  owes  its  initial  growth,  however,  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  few  small  potteries,  which  served  as  a  nucleus  and  used 
local  clays.  As  these  grew,  they  branched  out  into  other  and 
better  grades,  and  hence  had  to  look  elsewhere  for  raw  materials. 

Outside  of  Trenton  the  manufacture  of  pottery  has  been  devel- 
oped at  a  number  of  scattered  localities,  most  of  these  making 
either  earthenware  or  stoneware.  For  the  former  the  local  clays 
are  commonly  employed,  while  for  the  latter  the  Cretaceous  stone- 
ware clays  of  the  Middlesex  district  form  the  main  source  of  supply. 

Clay-Mining  Industry.  Although  an  enormous  quantity  of  clay 
is  dug  annually  to  supply  factories  located  within  the  State,  an 
additional  large  tonnage  is  mined  each  year  to  supply  factories 
located  in  other  States,  many  of  the  largest  firms  in  New  York, 
Pennsylvania  and  adjoining  States  drawing  on  the  New  Jersey  pits 
for  their  supply  of  raw  materials. 

New  Jersey  is  the  largest  producer  of  clay  in  the  country,  and 
the  clays  shipped  away  are  used  in  the  making  of  stoneware,  sewer 
pipe,  terra  cotta,  pressed  brick,  fire  brick,  stove  linings,  saggers, 


NEW   JERSEY. 


'45 


abrasive  wheels,  tiles,  crucibles,  zinc  retorts,  hollow  ware,  elec- 
trical porcelain,  etc. 

The  clay-mining  industry  is  by  no  means  a  recent  development, 
having  already  assumed  considerable  proportions  in  1878,  when 
Dr.  Cook  wrote  his  classic  work  on  the  New  Jersey  clays. 

References  to  the  mining  of  clay  are  found  at  a  still  earlier  date, 
however. 

Clay  called  "fuller's  earth"  was  used  by  the  soldiers  in  1776 
for  cleaning  their  belts  (Ref.  36),  and  in  1816  fire  clay  was  shipped 
from  Woodbridge  to  Boston  (Ref.  36,  p.  i).  A  few  years  later,  viz., 
1835,  the  New  Jersey  clays  were  being  shipped  to  Philadelphia  for 
satining  wall  paper  (Ref.  36,  p.  i),  and  in  1854  their  use  for  alum 
manufacture  is  noted. 

The  statistics  printed  annually  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  do  not  give  the  quantity  of  clay  shipped  from  New  Jersey 
to  other  States,  but  in  1902  the  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey Report  (Ref.  129,  p.  34)  states  that  the  quantity  amounted 
to  152,013  long  tons.  This  represented  about  thirty  per  cent  of 
the  clay  mined  in  New  Jersey  which  was  sold  raw.  The  States 
taking  these  shipments  included  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Ohio, 
Maine,  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  New  Hampshire, 
West  Virginia,  Rhode  Island,  and  Wisconsin.  Some  was  even 
shipped  to  Canada. 

The  quantity  of  clay  mined  and  sold  raw  in  1907  is  given  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  as  follows: 


Kind. 

Quantity,  short  tons. 

Value. 

Ball  clay 

3,666 

$16,918 

Fire  clay                                     

318,603 

48=;,  613 

Stoneware  clay  .        

21,108 

44,704 

Brick  clay 

18,876 

j6,  ci7 

Miscellaneous                                .... 

7q,88<; 

103,406 

Total                                             .    .    . 

440,138 

$67<,248 

The  value  of  clay  products  manufactured  in  New  Jersey  since 
1894  is  given  below. 


146 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


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ONNO   toco  NO    n   t^  T}-     CN  to 

to  M    CN     CO  CO  COCO     ON      CO  ON 
t^  CN    ON    00     <N 


t^vO    ONNO  00    CONO 
GO    ^  ^  T}-  ro  CN    C-i 


o-oo 

to  O 


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M    M    CN    ro  co  ro  ro  to    r**- 


r}-   M    M       to  to 
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Mr}-     M    CN    ON  ro  CO  rJ-NO    CN      O  NO 


t^  O 

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WCNCNCNCNCO     roro 


•S] 


O      O      MOOOO      MT}-t^ 

NO  1>-  M  r^-O  ON  ON  M 
q_00  M  ON  CONO  00  ON 
T?  rf  to  to  <S  to  r^NO" 
O  ON  TfNO  CO  O  to  M 
Tf  rf  rONO  NO  00  roco 


CN     J>-  to  tO  CN  OO     •""*     0s 

ro  ^?OO"NO"  M"  to  rfoo" 
CN    M   CN    Tt  co  r~-.oO  GO 

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to  to 

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ON  t^O  M  LO 


t^.    Tt    M      CO    O 
Tt    IO  tO   tONO     t'**   r^    O 


ON  O- 

t^.  M 

O  O 

o"  & 


NEW  MEXICO.  147 


NEW  MEXICO. 

With  the  exception  of  the  adobe  clays  for  brickmaking  and 
smooth  alluvial  clays  for  making  pottery  by  Mexicans  and 
Indians,  the  plastic  materials  of  New  Mexico  have  been  little 
developed. 

The  fire  and  semi-fire  clays  around  Socorro  were  worked  in  1894 
by  the  Socorro  Fire  Clay  Company  for  making  building  brick 
and  fire  brick  (Ref.  4,  xxi,  p.  30),  but  the  plant  is  said  to  be  idle 
at  the  present  time. 

At  about  the  same  time  (1894)  the  penitentiary  authorities  at 
Santa  Fe  were  working  the  local  clays  for  making  brick  and  earth- 
enware. Somewhat  later  the  Cretaceous  shales  near  Las  Vegas 
were  developed  for  dry-press  brick.  The  mining  of  semi-refrac- 
tory clays  in  the  Gallup  district  began  in  1898  at  the  Clark  Coal 
Mine  at  Clarkville,  four  miles  west  of  Gallup,  the  production 
amounting  to  about  12,000  tons  annually.  It  was  shipped  to  the 
United  Verde  Copper  Company  at  Jerome,  Ariz.,  to  be  used  in 
fining  copper  converters  (Ref.  114,  p.  299).  Four  years  later,  or 
in  1902,  the  Rocky-Cliff  Coal-Mining  Company  also  began  mining 
the  clay  near  Gallup  for  the  same  purpose,  and  at  present  it  is  the 
chief  clay  industry  of  the  district,  the  only  other  being  a  local  plant 
near  Gallup  (Ref.  114,  p.  300).  The  industry,  however,  probably 
owes  its  start  to  the  coal-mining  work,  the  clays  being  a  side  devel- 
opment. In  the  San  Juan  district  brick  have  been  made  since 
1900  when  a  small  brick  plant  was  put  in  operation  at  Farming- 
ton.  In  1901  building  brick  in  small  amount  were  made  at  Fruit- 
land,  and  in  1903  red  building  brick  were  being  manufactured  at 
Flora  Vista,  Aztec,  Jewett  and  Shiprock,  all  simply  to  supply  a 
local  demand. 

With  only  a  small  local  demand,  and  with  long  hauls  to  impor- 
tant markets,  it  is  understandable  that  up  to  the  present  time 
there  should  have  been  but  little  development  of  the  clays  of  this 
territory. 

The  statistics  of  production  since  1894,  given  below,  show  the 
low  rank  of  New  Mexico. 


148  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  NEW  MEXICO  FROM  1895  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

i895  
1806.  . 

$18,325 
(a) 

1902  
1903  

$68,879 
142,039 

1807 

33,27O 

1904  

108,764 

1898 

4.1  OdO 

IQOC 

141,722 

1800 

1  08  OOO 

1906. 

IZ2.ZQQ 

IQOO.  . 

41,898 

1907  

180,284 

IQOI 

8i,34< 

(a)  Figures  for  this  year  not  given  separately  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey. 

NEW  YORK. 

It  is  only  natural  that  somewhat  complete  records  should  be 
found  of  the  early  clay-working  industry  of  New  York,  since  every 
phase  of  its  commercial  activities  has  been  chronicled  by  numerous 
historians.  Indeed,  the  early  records  are  better  than  the  later 
ones.  As  has  been  done  in  the  case  of  several  other  States,  an 
attempt  will  be  made  to  classify  the  facts  according  to  products. 

Bricks.  Clay  working  appears  to  have  been  under  way  early 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  we  are  told  that  Governor  Stuyve- 
sant  had  introduced  brickmaking  in  New  York  City  between  1630 
and  1646  (Ref.  4,  xxxm,  p.  266),  while  a  large  yard  was  also 
located  at  Fort  Orange  (Ref.  i,  i,  p.  222). 

It  is  also  recorded  that  Wouter  Van  Twiller  of  Amsterdam,  a 
governor  appointed  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  proceeded, 
on  his  arrival  at  Manhattan  Island,  to  erect  for  his  own  use  a  sub- 
stantial brick  house,  and  several  smaller  dwellings  for  the  officers, 
but  the  bricks  used  in  these  buildings  were  brought  from  Amster- 
dam and  were  of  such  good  quality  that  few  were  broken  on  the 
long  and  rough  voyage  (Ref.  141,  p.  30).  Some  of  these  early 
importations  still  exist  in  some  of  the  old  Dutch  houses.  The 
importation  of  bricks  either  did  not  continue,  or  was  too  expensive 
or  insufficient  to  meet  the  demand,  for  between  1647  and  1664  the 
establishment  of  another  brickyard  on  Manhattan  Island  is  re- 
corded (Ref.  27,  p.  80).  Moreover  Stone  (Ref.  26,  p.  56)  notes 
that  in  1661  "breweries,  brick-kilns,  and  other  manufactories 
carried  on  a  successful  business." 


NEW   YORK.  149 

The  next  date  recorded  is  1742,  when  the  establishment  of  a 
brickyard  on  the  site  of  the  present  City  Hall  Park  is  noted  (Ref. 
i,  i,  p.  226). 

That  brickmaking  continued  in  New  York  City  for  some  time 
after  this  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  1822  the  New  York  City  yards 
were  still  running  and  equipped  with  machines  turning  out  25,000 
brick  per  day  of  12  hours  with  a  selling  value  of  $5  to  $8  per  1000 
(Ref.  i,  n,  p.  340).  All  of  these  yards  used  the  surface  loams 
which  were  to  be  had  at  many  points.  As  the  city  grew,  these  yards 
were  gradually  crowded  out,  although  it  is  not  known  at  just  what 
date  they  were  discontinued. 

But  there  was  an  abundance  of  brick  clays  to  be  had  at  other 
points  not  far  distant,  for  the  Hudson  River  between  New  York 
and  Albany  is  bordered  at  many  points  with  deposits  of  excellent 
brick  clay,  easily  accessible  for  working,  and  the  product  from 
which  could  be  sent  by  water  to  New  York  City. 

These  plastic  resources  were  taken  advantage  of  at  an  early  date, 
and  even  before  the  Revolution  some  slight  attempts  at  the  manu- 
facture of  brick  were  tried  in  Rockland  County  where  the  clay  was 
'found,  but  the  product  was  only  for  local  use  (Ref.  30,  p.  171). 
One  yard  was  certainly  in  operation  at  Haverstraw  in  1792,  and  the 
brick  from  it  were  used  in  the  chimney  of  the  old  Treason  House 
(Ref.  30,  p.  171).  Another  one  was  running  at  Tarrytown  in 
1799  (Ref.  147,  p.  78). 

Green  (Ref.  30)  gives  the  following  interesting  account  of  the 
Rockland  County  industry. 

"  The  first  kiln  of  bricks  for  a  regular  market  ever  prepared  in 
this  County,  was  baked  about  1810,  under  the  management  of  a 
company  from  Philadelphia,  and  the  yard  then  opened  was  on  the 
bank  of  the  Minisceongo.  The  enterprise  ended  in  failure  and  the 
work  was  abandoned.  In  that  year  the  total  number  of  bricks 
made  in  this  county  was  only  94,3  7 1 ,646.  -Five  years  elapsed  before 
a  second  attempt  was  made.  Then  in  1817,  James  Wood,  a  native 
of  England,  who  had  learned  the  trade  of  a  brick  maker  in  his 
native  land,  and  who  had  been  in  the  brick-making  business  in 
Sing  Sing  and  at  Verplanck's  Point,  attracted  to  Haverstraw  by 
the  vast  quantities  of  brick  clay  and  the  apparently  unlimited 


150  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

supply  of  wood,  leased  from  the  DeNoyelles  a  piece  of  land  on  the 
river  shore,  directly  opposite  their  family  burying  ground,  and 
started  the  first  successful  brick  yard  in  the  county." 

The  use  of  coal  dust  for  burning  bricks  was  accidentally  dis- 
covered. An  English  friend  of  Wood  sent  him  a  small  quantity 
of  anthracite  coal,  which  was  then  being  developed  in  Pennsylvania 
as  a  curiosity.  "  On  burning  it  he  found  that  while  the  com- 
bustion gave  forth  intense  heat,  there  was  little  smoke." 

Attempts  were  then  made  to  mix  coal  dust  with  the  bricks  in  the 
upper  layers  of  the  kiln,  where  the  heat  had  been  insufficient, 
with  the  result  that  they  were  burned  as  hard  as  those  in  the  lower 
layers,  a  condition  never  before  attained.  This  discovery  is  said 
to  have  revolutionized  the  industry  along  the  Hudson  Valley. 
Wood  also  invented  a  machine  for  mixing  coal  dust,  clay  and 
sand. 

The  next  yard  after  Wood's  was  established  by  the  Allison  family 
a  short  distance  north  of  the  foot  of  the  present  Main  Street  in 
Haverstraw,  and  in  a  brief  time  several  yards  were  opened  at  Grassy 
Point,  and  below  CaldwelPs  Landing. 

By  1834  these  yards  were  in  a  somewhat  precarious  condition, 
but  in  that  year  David  Munn  took  hold  of  the  business  at  Grassy 
Point  and  made  a  success  of  it.  In  1838  six  yards  at  Grassy  Point 
and  Haverstraw  were  turning  out  12,000,000  brick  annually  (Ref. 
30,  p.  173).  In  1852,  an  impetus  was  given  to  the  brickmaking 
industry  of  Rockland  County  by  the  invention  of  the  Automatic 
Brick  Machine  of  R.  A.  Ver  Valen.  For  some  time  previous, 
Hall's  Improved  Machine  had  been  in  use,  and  the  introduction  of 
the  new  machine  of  superior  efficiency  started  litigation  which 
resulted  in  Ver  Valen's  favor. 

From  the  small  beginning  around  Haverstraw  the  industry 
gradually  spread  to  Newburg  (where  brick  had  been  made  at  least 
as  early  as  1822)  (Ref.  32,  p.  272),  Fishkill,  Rondout,  Hudson, 
Coeymans,  etc.,  until  now  the  Hudson  Valley  belt  represents  the 
largest  brickmaking  district  in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the 
world. 

It  seems  from  the  available  data  that  brickmaking  began  in 
Albany,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Hudson  Valley  district,  almost  as 


NEW  YORK.  151 

soon  as  it  did  in  New  York  City,  for  a  tile  kiln  existed  there  in 

1653  (Ref-  i,  i>  P-  224)« 

Howell  and  Tenney  relate  that  in  1656-1657  Johan  de  Hulter 
came  over  from  Amsterdam  and  made  brick  in  Albany,  being  one 
of  the  first  to  ply  his  trade  in  this  part  of  the  New  World.  In  1657 
his  wife  sold  the  kiln  to  A.  J.  Ilpendam  (Ref.  170,  pp.  582-584). 
Other  plants  are  referred  to  in  the  years  of  1656,  1662  (Ref.  29, 
p.  582),  and  in  the  period  from  1708  to  1746  (Ref.  29,  p.  582,  and 
Ref.  i,  vol.  I,  p.  225).  In  1708  John  Bryant  began  making  brick 
in  Albany  County,  and  sold  them  by  the  pound  (Ref.  170,  pp.  582- 
584).  This  business  grew  until  he  employed  100  men  and  had  the 
largest  plant  in  the  State.  It  was  sold  in  1743  to  Angus  McDuffie 
(Ref.  170,  pp.  582-584). 

The  Albany  industry  was  still  prospering  in  1799  (Ref.  29, 
p.  587).  It  was  in  this  year  that  John  Stanwix  began  molding 
brick,  and  the  yard  has  been  continued  by  his  heirs  for  many  years 
(Ref.  170,  pp.  582-584). 

Since  then,  while  the  industry  has  continued,  it  has  never  expanded 
to  great  proportions,  there  being  even  now  only  five  or  six  yards 
located  at  Albany. 

The  brickmaking  industry  spread  north  and  west  from  Albany, 
operations  beginning  at  a  number  of  localities.  It  is  definitely  known 
that  yards  were  in  operation  in  Cohoes  in  1832  (Ref.  35,  p.  61). 

By  1837  yards  were  described  as  being  in  operation  near 
Huntington,  Long  Island  (Ref.  148,  p.  91),  Jamaica,  Long  Island 
(Ref.  148,  p.  136),  Stuyvesant,  Stockport,  Hudson,  New  Lebanon, 
Staatsburg,  and  Poughkeepsie  (Ref.  148);  Lyons,  Lockville,  Wai- 
worth  Corners,  Rochester,  North  Penfield,  Fairport,  Mendon, 
Pittsford,  and  Albion  (Ref.  148). 

By  1842  the  industry  around  Buffalo,  now  of  such  importance, 
had  also  become  well  established  (Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  199),  although 
it  is  not  known  in  just  what  year  it  began.  By  1845  there  were 
yards  also  in  operation  at  Watertown,  Half  Moon,  Horseheads,  and 
Glens  Falls.  All  of  these  were  producing  hand-molded  bricks 
made  from  surface  clays. 

The  Hudson  Valley  industry  had  in  the  meantime  expanded  so 
that  by  1843  brickyards  had  become  established  at  practically  all 
of  the  localities  where  they  are  now  in  operation  (Ref.  149),  and 


152  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

even  at  this  early  date  improvements  had  been  made  in  the  methods 
of  grinding  and  molding  by  machinery.  That  the  brickmaking 
industry  was  growing  rapidly  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  1860 
Census  gives  205  yards  for  this  State. 

Prior  to  1880  all  of  the  brick  made  in  the  State  were  from  the 
soft  surface  clays  of  Pleistocene  Age,  but  in  1888  .the  Horseheads 
Brick  Company  at  Horseheads  and  the  Elmira  Shale  Brick  Com- 
pany at  Elmira  began  the  use  of  shale  for  brick  manufacture,1 
using  the  Devonian  shales  so  widely  distributed  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State.  The  use  of  these  deposits  has  never  expanded 
much,  however.  Since  that  time  they  have  been  developed  at 
Hornell  for  common  and  paving  brick,  at  Jewettville  for  dry-pressed 
brick,  and  at  Cairo  for  paving  brick  (made  at  Catskill).  The 
Salina  shales  near  Syracuse  have  also  been  worked  for  brick. 
The  Devonian  shales  have  been  utilized  for  other  types  of  ware,  as 
will  be  mentioned  later. 

At  the  present  day  the  Hudson  Valley  and  Buffalo  are  the  two 
prominent  brickmaking  districts,  but  others  have  been  in  opera- 
tion for  a  number  of  years,  as  around  Rochester,  Syracuse,  Rome, 
Utica,  etc.  Pressed  brick  and  paving  brick,  although  manufactured 
to  some  extent  for  at  least  twenty  years,  have  never  attained  much 
prominence  in  New  York. 

A  word  more  should  be  said  about  the  pressed-brick  industry, 
which,  as  stated  above,  has  never  reached  great  prominence  in  New 
York  State.  For  many  years  a  number  of  the  common  brick 
works  have  repressed  a  few  brick  on  hand-power  represses,  but 
factories  devoted  exclusively  to  the  manufacture  of  pressed  brick 
have  been  few.  This  has  been  due  largely  to  the  lack  of  raw 
materials,  and  not  absence  of  markets.  Some  years  ago  a  factory 
was  in  operation  on  Staten  Island,  and  a  dry-press  brick  works 
was  running  at  Canandaigua,  but  is  now  idle. 

As  a  result  of  these  conditions,  the  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  New 
Jersey  factories  find  the  markets  of  New  York  State  wide  open  to 
them. 

Architectural  Terra  Cotta.  The  manufacture  of  this  ware  was 
established  by  the  New  York  Architectural  Terra  Cotta  Company 
a.t  Long  Island  City  in  1885.  This  was  accomplished  only  after 

1  Private  communication  from  R.  G.  Eisenhardt. 


NEW  YORK.  153 

several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  gain  a  foothold,  as  architects 
showed  considerable  prejudice  to  the  use  of  these  products  (Ref. 
8,  p.  388),  but  the  industry  is  now  on  a  firm  basis.  In  the  early 
years  of  its  history,  the  works  tried  some  clay  from  Long  Island  and 
Staten  Island,  but  at  the  present  time  relies  almost  exclusively  on 
New  Jersey  for  its  raw  material.  Terra  cotta  has  been  manu- 
factured also  at  Tottenville,  Staten  Island,  Corning,  N.Y.  (since 
1896),  and  Glens  Falls,  N.Y.  (as  early  as  1893),  Dut  the  works,  with 
the  exception  of  the  last,  are  dependent  upon  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  for  their  clays. 

Roofing  Tile  have  been  made  only  at  Alfred  Center  and  Alfred 
Station,  from  the  Devonian  shales,  since  1891. l 

Sewer  Pipe.  The  manufacture  of  these  has  never  reached  large 
proportions.  They  were  made  in  Rochester  as  early  as  1879,  and 
have  also  been  produced  at  Buffalo  and  Angola.  The  first  two 
works  used  New  Jersey  clays  in  part,  and  the  third,  which  has  been 
discontinued,  employed  Devonian  shale. 

Fire  Brick.  Although  New  York  possesses  few  fire  clays,  it  is 
probable  that  the  State  was  not  far  behind  New  Jersey  in  the  manu- 
facture of  fire  brick,  since  the  clays  could  be  so  easily  obtained  from 
the  neighboring  State.  The  industry  probably  began  on  Staten 
Island  partly  because  Cretaceous  fire  clays  occur  there  in  limited 
quantities.  It  is  known  definitely  that  gas-retorts,  probably  the 
first  in  America,  were  made  in  Brooklyn  in  1854,  and  that  in  1828 
fire  brick  were  manufactured  in  Utica  (Ref.  34,  p.  277)  and  in  1829 
in  Albany  (Ref.  i,  n,  p.  240). 

Other  works  have  since  been  started  at  several  localities  in  the 
State,  notably  at  Troy,  but,  as  can  be  readily  understood,  the  fire- 
brick industry  can  never  become  of  great  importance,  since  all  the 
raw  materials  must  be  transported  a  greater  or  less  distance  to  the 
factory. 

Pottery.  Stone  states  (Ref.  26,  p.  59)  that  a  pottery  was  estab- 
lished on  Long  Island  in  1661,  and  engaged  in  making  a  ware 
thought  by  historians  to  be  equal  to  Delft.  Since  the  true  Delft 
has  a  white-ware  body,  the  Long  Island  material  must  have  been 
made  either  from  some  local  pocket  of  white-burning  clay  or  from 
New  Jersey  materials,  which  seems  to  the  authors  doubtful. 

1  Two  factories  have  been  started  at  Maiden  in  the  last  four  years. 


154  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Nothing  more  is  heard  of  the  pottery  industry  until  1735  when 
a  pottery  was  established  by  John  Remmey,  a  German,  in  New 
York  City.  This  was  located  on  "  Potters  Hill,"  near  the  old 
City  Hall  (Ref.  150,  also  Ref.  6,  p.  63).  The  firm  was  later  known 
as  Remmey  &  Crolius  and  the  Crolius  Pottery. 

From  other  sources  we  are  informed  that  in  1742  the  J.  Crolius 
pottery  stood  at  the  end  of  "  i8th  "  Street,  in  the  middle  of  the 
street  where  the  Hall  of  Records  now  stands,  and  the  directory  of 
1791  mentions  two  potteries,  known  respectively  as  Crolius'  Son, 
and  Remmey 's,  the  location  of  both  being  given  as  Potters  Hill. 

On  a  map  published  in  1813,  showing  New  York  City  in  1742-4, 
there  are  several  potteries  shown  at  the  intersection  of  what  are  now 
Reade  and  Cross  streets.  After  the  Revolution,  Reade  Street  was 
extended  east  to  Broadway  and  Potters  Hill  was  leveled;  Crolius 
moved  to  Bayard  Street  and  continued  in  operation  there  until  1848 
(Ref.  6,  p.  131). 

The  development  of  the  pottery  industry  around  New  York 
City  was  rapidly  followed  by  that  at  other  points.  Indeed,  it  was 
to  be  expected  that  when  communities  developed,  small  potteries 
might  spring  into  being  to  supply  a  local  demand,  and  so  as  early 
as  1809  stoneware  was  being  made  by  Paul  Cushman  of  Albany. 
His  wares  bore  the  interesting  inscription  "Paul  Cushman 
Sto(n)eware  Factory,  1809,  one  half  mile  west  of  the  Albany  Gaol." 

Two  years  before  this,  or  in  1807,  an  important  development 
began  at  Athens,  in  the  starting  of  a  pottery  by  Nathan  Clark. 
Mr.  Clark  was  born  at  Cornwall  in  1787,  and  learned  the  busi- 
ness of  potting  at  some  factory,  not  positively  known,  but  thought 
possibly  to  be  that  of  Crolius  in  New  York  City.  The  business 
which  he  founded  at  Athens,  soon  after  the  birth  of  that  town, 
was  highly  successful,  and  was  continued  by  his  successors  up  to 
1890  (Ref.  150). 

Clark's  early  productions  were  made  of  local  clays,  but  these 
proving  unsatisfactory,  the  raw  materials  were  obtained  from 
New  Jersey.  The  product  was  largely  salt-glazed  earthenware, 
but  some  of  the  earlier  productions  were  also  slip  glazed.  About 
1840  the  firm  was  changed  to  Clark  &  Fox,  Clark  retiring  a  little 
later,  but  subsequently  buying  the  works  back  from  Fox.  Mr. 


NEW  YORK.  155 

Clark's  energies  were  not  confined  to  Athens,  for  he  established 
branch  potteries  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  one  of  these 
being  at  Mount  Morris  and  another  at  Lyons.  Moreover,  several 
of  his  apprentices  left  his  employ  and  set  up  independent  works  at 
points  farther  west  in  the  State  (Ref.  150). 

There  seems  to  have  been  considerable  activity  in  the  pottery 
industry  in  the  early  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Thus  a  man 
named  Seymour  operated  a  stoneware  plant  in  Troy  from  1809 
to  1865,  and  in  Albany  from  1800  to  1810.  Paul  Cushman,  as 
already  mentioned,  was  producing  salt-glazed  stoneware.  Fen- 
ton's  pottery  was  established  at  Ellicott,  and  a  kiln  of  ware  valued 
at  $200  to  $500  was  burned  every  two  weeks.  In  1826  Whitte- 
more  came  into  partnership  with  him  (Ref.  33,  pp.  119-120). 

The  first  porcelain  made  in  this  State  is  said  to  have  been  that 
made  by  Dr.  H.  Mead  of  New  York  City  in  1816  (Ref.  8,  p.  115). 
One  of  the  early  potteries  in  the  interior  of  the  State  was  the 
Central  New  York  Pottery,  established  at  Utica  in  1819,  and 
making  earthenware  (Ref.  8,  p.  114).  A  few  years  later,  in  1831, 
the  present  Shepley  &  Smith  pottery  at  West  Troy  was  estab- 
lished by  Perry  (Ref.  8,  p.  178),  and  in  the  following  ten  or  twelve 
years  a  number  of  stoneware  potteries  were  running  in  Albany. 
No  mention  is  made  of  the  character  or  source  of  their  raw 
materials,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  some  of  their  clays  were 
brought  in  from  New  Jersey.  Potteries  continued  to  be  estab- 
lished in  this  region,  another  one  starting  at  West  Troy  in  1850. 

There  were  a  number  of  stoneware  works  in  operation  in  other 
parts  of  the  State  between  1830  and  1850,  the  localities  including 
Rochester,  Penn  Yan,  Lyons,  etc.,  but  the  sources  of  their  raw 
materials  are  not  in  all  cases  known.  The  factory  at  Penn  Yan 
drew  its  supply  from  New  Jersey,  and  that  at  Lyons,  run  by 
J.  Fisher  &  Co.,  but  later  changed  to  the  Lyons  Stoneware  Com- 
pany, drew  a  part  of  its  clay  at  least  from  the  Perth  Amboy  dis- 
trict (Ref.  150). 

Additional  stoneware  and  red  earthenware  potteries  recorded 
as  running  about  1850  were  at  Albany,  West  Troy,  Sherburne, 
Poughkeepsie,  Brooklyn,  Greenpoint,  Volney,  Stillwater,  Hunt- 
ington,  Greenport,  Ellenville,  and  Dundee.  One  of  these,  the 


156  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Porter  and  Frazer  Pottery  of  West  Troy,  is  that  established  by 
Perry  in  1831  (Ref.  150).' 

No  doubt  some  of  these  obtained  their  clays  from  New  Jersey, 
and  in  the  case  of  some  located  at  Canterbury,  Ellenville,  and 
Poughkeepsie,  this  information  is  so  given  (Ref.  149,  p.  145), 
but  it  is  possible  that  the  Long  Island  pits  supplied  some  of  the 
material,  for  the  existence  of  stoneware  clays  in  that  region  had 
been  pointed  out  as  early  as  1837  (Ref.  147).  In  fact,  the  clays 
at  Mosquito  Cove,  Long  Island,  had  been  worked  for  tobacco 
pipes  in  1801  (Ref.  1.50,  p.  260,  and  Ref.  151,  p.  200). 

Of  some  importance  to  the  pottery  industry  was  the  develop- 
ment of  the  natural  glaze  clay  found  at  Albany,  and  known  as 
the  Albany  slip.  It  is  not  known  just  what  date  its  use  was  dis- 
covered or  begun,  but  in  the  State  Geological  Report  for  1843 
(Ref.  149,  p.  141)  it  is  stated  that  the  Albany  clay  had  long  been 
used  in  the  glazing  of  stoneware  and  shipped  all  over  the  country. 

Mr.  M.  V.  B.  Wagoner,  of  the  Empire  Clay  Mining  Company 
of  Albany,  the  firm  now  supplying  this  clay,  informs  us  that  it 
was  mined  in  1846  by  a  man  named  Orcutt,  who  owned  a  pottery 
in  Albany. 

The  Greenpoint  Pottery,  of  such  historic  interest  to  porcelain 
collectors,  was  established  by  Cartlidge  and  Ridgeway  in  1848,  and 
made  porcelain  hardware,  buttons,  etc.  (Ref.  4,  xxiv,  p.  24),  and 
in  1850  in  their  factory  there  was  done  some  beautiful  transfer 
work  equal  to  the  Trenton  or  East  Liverpool  work  of  to-day  (Ref.  4, 
xxm,  p.  123).  Soon  after  this  pottery  was  established  a  number 
of  others  were  running  in  New  York  City.  The  Bochs  in  1850 
began  making  porcelain  hardware  in  the  city  (Ref.  8,  p.  162),  while 
Morrison  and  Carr  in  '1853  made  china,  majolica,  bone  china  and 
parian  ware  (Ref.  8,  p.  179).  In  the  case  of  all  of  these  nothing 
is  said  regarding  the  source  of  the  raw  materials,  although  they 
certainly  did  not  come  from  New  York  State.  They  may  have 
been  obtained  from  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

In  1860  Thomas  C.  Smith  bought  a  pottery  from  a  company 
of  Germans,  who  had  been  making  the  English  bone  china  for 
three  years.  When  Mr.  Smith  purchased  this  factory  he  had  no 

1  Comparison  of  this  statement  with  one  by  Barber  given  above  shows  that  two 
different  potteries  appear  to  have  been  started  by  Perry. 


NEW  YORK.  157 

intention  of  continuing  the  business,  but  during  a  journey  abroad 
shortly  afterwards  he  became  interested  in  the  large  factories  he 
visited,  and  on  his  return  decided  to  utilize  the  knowledge  he 
had  acquired  in  endeavoring  to  manufacture  true  porcelain  in 
America.  The  result  was  that  in  1864  the  bone  china  was 
abandoned  and  the  true  hard  porcelain  substituted,  and  then  the 
name  Union  Porcelain  Works  was  adopted. 

Mr.  Smith  was  the  first  to  establish  the  industry  in  this  coun- 
try upon  a  successful  basis,  and  succeeded  in  turning  out  and 
placing  upon  the  market  a  true  porcelain  of  recognized  commer- 
cial value.  The  product  of  the  Union  Porcelain  Works  is  table- 
ware, electrical  insulators,  hardware  trimmings,  and  some  objects 
of  art.  The  tableware  and  hardware  trimmings  were  manufac- 
tured at  the  beginning,  but  the  insulators  not  until  about  1890. 

Since  that  time  the  pottery  industry  has  developed  at  several 
other  points,  the  year  1861  seeing  the  establishment  of  another 
pottery  at  Albany  (Ref.  29,  p.  587),  and  1871  the  beginning  of  an 
important  white-granite  industry  at  Syracuse,  viz.,  the  Onondaga 
•  Pottery.  This  works  has  continued  to  the  present  day,  having 
added  bone  china  to  its  wares  (Ref.  6,  p.  422),  but  does  not  use  any 
New  York  clays. 

Other  white-ware  potteries  have  been  established  in  New  York 
City,  Buffalo,  and  Syracuse,  but  they  bear  no  relation  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  New  York  clays. 

Of  equal  importance  is  the  establishment  of  a  pottery  at  Syra- 
cuse by  Mrs.  A.  A.  Robineau,  at  which  true  hard  porcelain  of 
highly  artistic  character  is  being  produced. 

There  are  probably  few  educated  persons  in  this  country  who  are 
not  familiar  with  the  Rogers  groups  of  statuary,  which  have  done 
so  much  to  encourage  a  taste  for  sculpture  in  American  house- 
holds, and  the  story  of  whose  development  by  the  late  John  Rogers 
is  of  considerable  interest.1  Mr.  Rogers  became  interested  in 
making  clay  statuettes  when  a  boy  of  about  sixteen  years,  through 
seeing  a  friend  in  Boston,  Mass.,  modeling  clay  figures.  He  at 
once  procured  some  clay  for  himself  from  a  Charlestown,  Mass., 
pottery,  whittled  some  modeling  sticks  and  made  his  first  figure. 

1  The  authors  are  indebted  to  Mrs.  John  Rogers  and  Dr.  George  F.  Kunz  for 
this  information. 


158  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

He  would  have  been  glad  to  have  made  this  his  business  at  once, 
but  his  family  were  unwilling,  as  they  had  no  faith  in  his  being 
able  to  earn  a  living  from  such  work,  and  moreover  it  was  necessary 
that  he  should  support  himself  at  once.  So  at  their  urgent  desire 
he  went  West  and  worked  at  various  occupations  for  many 
years,  but  not  finding  any  of  these  congenial,  he  returned  to  the 
East  in  the  spring  of  1860,  after  having  lived  in  the  West  for  some 
years,  and  came  to  New  York.  In  his  trunk  he  carried  "  The 
Slave  Auction,"  and  with  this  subject  he  started  his  regular  business 
of  making  his  "  Rogers  Groups  of  Statuary."  The  factory  was 
located  in  Center  Street,  New  York  City,  and  the  clay  obtained 
from  several  sources,  mainly  from  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Rogers  con- 
tinued in  business  until  1895,  when  his  health  failed,  but  during 
the  thirty-five  years  of  his  business  he  modeled  a  number  of  sub- 
jects which  are  widely  known.  His  best-known  groups  included : 
" Coming  of  the  Parson,"  "The  Returned  Volunteer,"  "Taking  the 
Oath,"  "The  Wounded  Scout,"  "Weighing  the  Baby,  "etc.  Healso 
modeled  an  equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  J.  F.  Reynolds  for  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  which  now  stands  at  the  entrance  to  the  City  Hall. 

Electrical  Porcelain.  New  York  is  one  of  the  few  States  in  which 
electrical  porcelain  is  manufactured.  This  appears  to  have  been 
started  in  1890  by  the  firm  of  Pass  &  Seymour  at  Syracuse.  At 
that  time  the  business  was  confined  principally  to  the  manufacture 
of  parts  for  insulation  purposes,  as  sockets,  etc.,  to  which  the  manu- 
facture of  insulating  tubes  was  added  a  little  later.  This  same 
firm  also  produced  porcelain  high-tension  insulators  in  1903. 

Electrical  porcelain  insulators  have  also  been  made  at  Victor 
since  at  least  1900,  and  for  several  years  the  General  Electric 
Company  of  Schenectady  has  produced  the  same  line  of  wares. 
They  have  also  been  manufactured  by  the  Union  Porcelain  Works 
of  Brooklyn.  With  few  exceptions  the  clays  used  have  all  been 
obtained  outside  of  New  York  State. 

New  York  is  among  the  leading  States  in  the  clay-working 
industry,  ranking  fifth  in  1907.  Its  high  standing  is  due  largely 
to  the  enormous  output  of  the  Hudson  Valley  brick  region.  The 
variety  of  clay  products  manufactured  in  the  State  of  New  York 
is  shown  in  the  statistics  presented  in  the  following  table. 


NEW  YORK. 


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160  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

NORTH    CAROLINA. 

The  early  clay  industry  of  North  Carolina  as  of  the  other  southern 
States  was  carried  on  in  small,  scattered  yards.  From  1663  to 
1729  good  brick  are  said  to  have  been  made  in  the  State  (Ref.  54), 
and  in  1744  Ed.  Heylyri  took  out  patents  to  manufacture  pottery 
from  an  "earth"  furnished  by  the  Cherokee  Indians,  a  decom- 
posed granitic  rock,  which  he  shipped  to  the  Bow  potteries  in  Eng- 
land (Ref.  8,  pp.  59-60).  Fort  Caswell  on  the  coast  was  built  of  local 
brick  in  1820  (Ref.  4,  xxiv,  p.  499).  In  the  North  Carolina  Geo- 
logical Survey  Report  for  1856  (Ref.  55)  occurrences  are  noted  of 
porcelain  clay  in  Lincoln  County,  fire  clay  in  Gaston  County,  and 
clay  for  pipe  bowls  in  Forsyth  County,  and  in  the  Report  for  1875 
(Ref.  56)  are  mentioned  fire  clay  and  kaolin  from  Greensboro. 
It  is.  not  known  that  any  of  these  deposits  were  worked,  however. 

The  history  of  the  development  of  the  kaolin  deposits  is  not  with- 
out interest.  Previous  to  1888  miners  getting  out  mica  in  the 
State  frequently  came  across  masses  of  kaolin  and  called  it  "  bull 
tallow."  In  that  year,  however,  a  Mr.  Button  of  Boston  in  search- 
ing for  gold  discovered  the  kaolin  deposit  and  realized  its  value. 
He  sold  it  to  the  Harris  Kaolin  Company,  which  has  since  mined  it 
and  shipped  it  in  large  quantities,  their  principal  mines *  being  in 
Webster,  Jackson  County.  The  kaolin  mining  is  the  most  impor- 
tant of  North  Carolina's  clay-working  industries. 

Small  potteries  have  been  running  in  the  region  around  Lincoln- 
ton  and  other  points  for  a  number  of  years,  but  they  are  of  minor 
importance  and  often  temporary  character.  Brickyards  were  in 
operation  at  many  points  in  the  State  by  1896,  and  a  sewer-pipe 
works  was  running  at  Pomona. 

The  value  of  North  Carolina's  output  of  clay  products  since 
1894  has  been  as  follows: 

1  Private  communication. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 


161 


VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  NO.  CAROLINA  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Miscella- 
neous.1 

Red 
earthen- 
ware. 

Stoneware. 

Other 
pottery. 

Total. 

1894 

1895 
1896 

1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 

1905 
1906 

IO07 

$226,882 
311,088 
370,129 

303,305 
347,468 
682,282 

737,577 
682,469 
692,813 
728,802 
760,161 

878,539 
1,041,078 
T,  iso,68  c 

"$5",6o5" 
5,060 

8,588 
4,200 
14,412 
4,025 
8,070 

8,375 
8,223 
6,300 

12,725 
4,410 
7,02? 

$59,798 
90,690 
48,310 

43,431 
59,968 

51,845 
155,938 
60,787 
79,821 
111,239 

H7,503 
H5,578 
125,080 
146,000 

$286,680 
400,983 
438,454 

369,194 
429,782 

774,202 

8i5,975 
771,338 
795,521 
862,496 
897,964 
1,020,161 
1,182,338 
i.  iis,  822 

'  $V,88o'  ' 

$3,600 
13,075 

10, 

it3« 

(a) 
i,937 
2,015 
658 
612 
638 
387 
7i3 
2,382 

[70 
12,815 

25,403 
16,498 

17,470 
13,854 
13,620 
13,362 
12,932 

n,057 
7,840 

$3,700 
4,020 

260 

527 



1  Includes  mainly  vitrified  paving  brick,  and  also  a  scattered  production  of 
drain  tile,  sewer  pipe,  fireproofing,  and  fire  brick,  (a)  Included  under  miscellan- 
eous. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

The  history  of  the  clay-working  industry  of  North  Dakota  as 
far  as  is  known  is  given  in  the  fourth  report  of  the  North  Dakota 
Geological  Survey  (Ref.  113,  p.  298).  "The  clay  industry  of  the 
State  is  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  production  of  bricks.  Com- 
mon brick  were  probably  first  manufactuied  at  Fargo,  some  time 
in  the  seventies.  The  industry  spread  through  the  Red  River 
Valley,  so  that  in  1885  plants  were  in  operation  at  Fargo,  Grand 
Forks,  and  Minto.  Grand  Forks  took  the  lead  in  production,  two 
plants  being  started  in  the  early  eighties,  one  by  Wm.  Bridge  and 
another  by  W.  P.  Alsip.  The  industry  developed  rapidly  there,  and 
at  present  four  plants  are  in  operation  at  Grand  Forks.  Brick  have 
also  been  made  at  several  other  places  in  the  valley,  namely,  at 
Walhalla  and  Grafton,  and  at  present  are  manufactured  at  Dray- 
ton,  Hillsboro,  Fargo,  and  Abercrombie.  Brick  plants  were  early 
started  at  Mandan  and  Jamestown  on  the  Northern  Pacific,  and 
at  Minot  and  Williston  on  the  Great  Northern  railroad.  All  these 
plants  and  several  others  manufactured  common  brick  by  the  soft- 
mud  process,  using  surface  clays  and  burning  the  brick  in  scove 
kilns." 

Cretaceous  clays  were  probably  first  used  at  Dickinson,  where 


162 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


as  early  as  1892  common  brick  was  manufactured  from  the  Laramie 
clays.  Brick  were  also  .made  later  at  New  Salem  from  these  clays. 
With  the  building  of  the  Soo  railroad  the  coal  mines  in  Ward 
County  were  developed  and  brick  plants  were  established  at  Ken- 
mare,  Donnybrook,  Burlington  and  Velva,  all  using  the  Laramie 
clay.  Those  at  Kenmare  and  Burlington  are  still  in  operation. 
A  stiff-mud  machine  was  installed  at  Kenmare  in  1903,  and  com- 
mon brick  have  been  made  since  then  on  a  large  scale,  being  burnt 
in  updraft  and  round  downdraft  kilns. 

Pressed  brick  were  first  manufactured  at  Dickinson  on  the  site 
of  the  present  plant  in  1893  by  the  Dakota  Land  and  Improve- 
ment Company.  The  plant  was  in  operation  almost  two  years. 
The  high-grade,  light-burning  clays  were  used  with  a  dry  press, 
but  the  brick  were  probably  burned  in  scove  kilns.  Brick  were 
also  made  at  this  time  by  the  stiff-mud  process  from  the  same  clays 
several  miles  north  of  Dickinson.  The  pressed -brick  plant  was 
idle  from  1897  to  1898,  when  Professor  Brannon  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity bought  up  the  plant  and  first  manufactured  front  brick  on 
a  permanent  basis.  The  Dickinson  Pressed-  and  Fire-Brick  Com- 
pany was  organized  later  and  developed  the  same  property  more 
fully.  Since  then  pressed-brick  plants  have  been  established  at 
Hebron,  Mayo,  Kenmare,  and  Wilton.  Repressed  front  brick 
are  also  made  at  Richardton.  The  Hebron  plant  used  the  Ter- 
tiary light-burning  clays  and  manufactures  fire  brick  as  well  as 
front  brick.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  brown  lignite  coal 
of  North  Dakota  makes  a  very  satisfactory  fuel  for  burning  brick, 
as  it  burns  with  little  smoke  and  furnishes  a  uniform  and  sufficiently 
high  heat.  The  principal  demand  for  this  fuel,  except  for  domestic 
use,  is  from  the  brickyards  of  the  State. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  IN  NO.  DAKOTA  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1804 

$£2,4.OO 

IQOI.         .  .   . 

$76,708 

i8cK 

48,000 

IQO2.  . 

123,214 

1806 

<Q,62<; 

I9O"?.  . 

127,08? 

x  V"  

1807 

62,420 

I9O4.  . 

147,1:79 

1898 

72  QOO 

JQOC 

272,  4^2 

1800 

1  68  124 

IQO6 

260,873 

rOOO 

02,  ^OO 

1007. 

287,QIQ 

OHIO.  163 

-v 

OHIO. 

The  history  of  clay-working  in  the  Central  States  appears  to  be 
confined  almost  entirely  to  the  nineteenth  century,  although  the 
clay-working  industry  was  no  doubt  established  before  that  time. 
Among  the  Central  States  Ohio  stands  out  with  great  prominence, 
having  for  some  years  outranked  all  other  States  in  the  production 
of  clay  products.  This,  perhaps,  is  not  surprising  when  we  con- 
sider the  vast  supplies  of  Carboniferous  fire  clays,  of  Carboniferous 
and  Devonian  shales,  and  of  surface  clays  within  its  boundaries, 
these  raw  materials  serving  as  a  basis  for  the  manufacture  of  large 
quantities  of  fire  brick,  sewer  pipe,  stoneware,  paving  brick,  pressed 
and  common  brick,  tiles,  etc.  In  addition  to  these  there  are  other 
ceramic  industries,  such  as  white-ware  factories,  which,  although 
not  using  Ohio  clays,  nevertheless  find  other  conditions  favorable 
to  their  existence.  Most  of  these  are  clustered  around  East  Liver- 
pool. 

Widely  distributed  as  are  the  raw  materials,  there  are  several 
important  districts  in  which  many  important  plants  have  clustered. 
Prominent  among  these  are  the  Ohio  Valley,  especially  near  East 
Liverpool,  Zanesville  and  vicinity,  the  Akron  district,  Cincinnati, 
etc. 

The  published  records  which  the  authors  have  seen  indicate 
that  the  clay-working  industry  of  Ohio  seems  to  have  begun  at  a 
later  date  than  it  did  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  it  developed  more 
rapidly. 

On  account  of  the  importance  and  diversified  character  of  the 
ceramic  industry  in  Ohio,  it  seems  best  to  classify  the  record  by 
products,  and  describe  the  developments  chronologically  as  far 
as  possible. 

Brick.  Many  small  brickyards  working  surface  clays  existed, 
no  doubt,  at  an  early  date  in  the  State  of  Ohio,  but  little  attention 
seems  to  have  been  given  them  in  the  published  records. 

It  is  known,  however,  that  Captain  William  Dana  came  to 
Marietta,  Ohio,  from  New  Hampshire  in  1788,  and  carried  on  a 
profitable  business  making  bricks,  which  were  the  first  known  to 
have  been  made  in  the  territory  (Ref.  157,  p.  499). 


1 64  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  industry  no  doubt  continued  at  scattered  points,  but  no 
records  are  available  until  1804,  when  brick  molding  was  under  way 
in  Union  township,  Ross  County  (Ref.  158,  p.  267). 

Brick  kilns  are  also  known  to  have  been  in  operation  in  1806 
at  Salem,  Perry  township  (Ref.  159,  p.  223);  at  Fairfield  not  later 
than  1807  (Ref.  159,  p.  140);  and  at  Cadiz  in  1807  (Ref.  160,  Vol.  2, 
p.  169).  The  first  brick  house  in  Highland  County  was  that  of 
Richard  Evans  of  Clear  Creek,  built  in  1809  (Ref.  158,  p.  361), 
while  in  1814  a  brick  cotton  factory  was  constructed  at  Salem 
(Ref.  159,  p.  223).  The  first  brick  house  in  Palmer  township, 
Washington  County,  was  erected  by  Jabez  Palmer  in  1828  (Ref."i57, 
p.  666).  None  of  these  early  enterprises,  however,  were  more 
than  temporary  efforts. 

J.  W.  Crary,  Sr.,  was  making  brick  in  Cincinnati  as  early  as 
1829  (Ref.  67),  and  three  years  later  in  1832  mention  is  made  of 
a  contest  between  hand  molders  in  Cincinnati,  two  of  whom  are 
said  to  have  made  25,470  and  24,700  brick  respectively  in  one 
day  from  sunrise  to  sunset  (Ref.  4,  xvm,  p.  338,  and  Ref.  126, 
.p.  362).  Evidence  that  brickmaking  had  been  under  way  for 
some  time  is  shown  by  the  statement  in  the  Ohio  Geological 
Survey  Report  of  1838,  which  notes  that  the  industry  was  well 
established,  bricks  being  made  extensively  in  the  State  (Ref.  73, 
p.  2  5).  They  were,  moreover,  being  shipped  to  other  States  (Ref.i6i,. 
p.  309).  Atwater  (Ref.  161,  p.  316),  in  writing  of  the  industry  at 
this  time  (1838),  says:  "In  some  parts  of  the  State  brick  houses 
predominate.  In  the  remainder  of  the  State  brick  is  preferred  as 
the  cheapest,  most  durable  and  best.  The  materials  for  brick  are 
near  the  spot  where  they  are  needed.  .  .  .  The  farmer  and  his 
family  can  make  the  brick  without  hiring  any  of  the  work  done" 
(Ref.  161,  p.  316). 

Cincinnati,  already  referred  to,  was  also  the  locality  at  which 
the  first  dry-press  machine  is  said  to  have  been  tried  (Ref.  45,  n, 
1846,  p.  20).  The  reference  states  that  it  was  the  first  one  tried 
in  the  country,  but  other  records  throw  doubt  on  this.  Cincinnati 
seemed  to  continue  a  center  of  brick  production,  for  by  1859  it  had 
60  brickyards  employing  500  hands  with  a  yearly  production  of 
$285,000  worth  of  brick.  Indeed,  twelve  years  prior  to  this,  or  in 


OHIO.  165 

1847,  tne  number  of  brick  houses  were  said  to  exceed  those  built  of 
wood  (Ref.  160,  Vol.  n,  p.  32). 

Columbus  brickyards  were  by  1853  producing  18,000,000  brick 
annually  (Ref.  167,  p.  330).  Akron  is  noted  as  producing  brick 
in  1856,  the  yard  being  established  by  the  Robinson  Clay  Products 
Company,  and  this  plant  is  still  in  operation.  Brick  plants  are 
mentioned  as  in  operation  at  Waverly  in  1861  (Ref.  168,  p.  753) 
and  at  Chillicothe  in  1866  (Ref.  158,  p.  207). 

The  pressed-brick  industry  was,  however,  slow  in  developing. 
Mr.  P.  L.  Simpson  of  Chicago1  informs  the  authors  that  a  dry- 
press  machine,  the  first  of  which  he  has  any  knowledge,  was  built 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  between  1865  and  1868,  and  installed  near 
the  present  site  of  the  Garfield  monument.  The  material  used 
was  a  surface  clay  and  proved  a  failure,  so  that  the  machine  had 
to  be  moved  to  Evansville,  Ind.,  where  it  also  failed,  and  was  then 
moved  to  Nashville,  Tenn.  Curiously  enough  the  first  installation 
of  the  machine  at  Cleveland  was  almost  directly  over  one  of  the 
great  deposits  of  red  shale  peculiarly  adapted  to  dry-press  methods, 
but  it  was  not  until  1888  that  this  material  was  discovered  by  a 
Chicago  man  and  hauled  to  Chicago,  where  it  was  worked  on 
dry-press  machines.  But  even  in  1884,  the  pressed-brick  industry 
was  not  highly  developed,  as  Prof.  Ed.  Orton  Jr.  (Ref.  140,  p.  704) 
speaks  of  it  as  "representing  one  of  the  newer  departments  of 
building-material  manufacture."  Zanesville  was  at  that  time  the 
most  important  locality,  the  clay  used  being  probably  the  Lower 
Freeport.  Eight  years  later,  in  1892,  the  pressed-brick  industry 
was  well  established,  the  Columbus  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Com- 
pany, North  Baltimore  Pressed  Brick  Company,  Akron  Vitrified 
Brick  Company,  Oakland  Pressed  Brick  Company  (of  Zanesville), 
and  the  Findlay  Hydraulic-Press  Brick  Company  being  the  most 
important  ones.  The  Akron  Vitrified  Brick  Company,  which  is 
located  at  Independence,  was  the  only  one  using  red  shales.  The 
Oakland  plant  at  Zanesville  began  by  using  a  red  surface  loam, 
but  later  mixed  it  with  the  Middle  Kittanning  shale.  The  factories 
at  Union  Furnace  and  North  Baltimore  were  pioneers  in  the 
manufacturers  of  different  colored  pressed  brick  (Ref.  135,  p.  236). 

1  Private  communication. 


1 66  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  1893  tne  Ohio  shale  of  the  Devonian  had  been  used  only  at 
Columbus  (Ref.  135),  for  the  manufacture  of  common  brick,  but 
since  then  the  shales  of  this  formation  have  assumed  considerable 
importance  around  Cleveland  for  making  this  class  of  structural 
clay  products. 

The  Medina  clay-shales  were  worked  in  connection  with  drift 
clays  for  tile  as  early  as  1873  in  Miami  County,  but  there  are  no 
published  records  to  indicate  that  they  have  been  used  since 
that  date  (Ref.  135). 

The  Bedford  shale  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  was  in  use  in 
1893  at  one  point  (Akron)  for  making  red-pressed  brick  (Ref.  135), 
and  since  then  it  has  developed  into  one  of  the  important  brick 
shales  of  the  State.  It  is  now  worked  at  Bedford,  Akron,  Inde- 
pendence, and  a  number  of  other  localities  for  pressed-brick 
manufacture  (Ref.  139,  p.  392).  It  is  also  used  at  Willow  Station 
for  common  brick  (Ref.  139,  p.  392). 

The  Lower  Mercer  clay  and  shale  were  of  importance  as  early 
as  1893,  having  been  used  in  Stark,  Tuscarawas,  Muskingum, 
and  Hocking  counties.  The  Putnam  Hill  or  Brookville  clay, 
also  of  the  Allegheny  or  Lower  Coal  Measures,  is  likewise  of 
importance,  having  been  utilized  at  a  number  of  localities,  espe- 
cially Zanesville  (Ref.  139,  p.  395). 

At  Shawnee,  Ohio,  where  there  are  now  several  works  making 
pressed  brick,  the  Upper  Mercer  clay  is  being  used  for  making 
buff,  gray,  speckled  and  iron-mottled  flashed  brick. 

The  most  important  pressed-brick  region  of  Ohio  at  the  present 
day  is  in  the  Hocking  Valley. 

Terra  Cotta.  Ohio  has  never  assumed  any  prominence  as  a 
producer  of  architectural  terra  cotta,  but  considerable  ornamental 
terra  cotta,  such  as  lawn  vases,  statuary,  etc.,  and  useful  terra 
cotta,  like  chimney  tops,  have  been  produced,  even  as  early  as 
1867,  at  Wellsville  (Ref.  159,  p.  2.84).  It  is  also  referred  to  in 
1884  (Ref.  140,  p.  719). 

Hollow  Brick,  Fireproofing  and  Conduits.  As  early  as  1884 
(Ref.  140,  p.  708)  fireproofing  was  much  used,  Toronto,  Jeffer- 
son County,  and  Columbus,  Franklin  County,  both  being  impor- 
tant localities  of  manufacture. 


OHIO.  167 

Hollow  bricks  were  then  made  at  only  one  place  in  Summit 
County,  and  E.  Orton,  Jr.,  stated  at  that  time  (Ref.  140,  p.  707) 
that  "the  use  of  this  article  is  so  limited  as  to  scarcely  deserve 
description." 

It  is  not  surprising,  however,  to  find  at  the  present  day  that 
Ohio  leads  in  the  manufacture  of  hollow-building  tiles  or  blocks, 
because  these  are  much  used  in  the  Central  States,  and  Ohio 
contains  the  proper  raw  materials  for  making  them.  In  1907 
the  value  of  hollow  block  produced  in  this  State  amounted  to 
$314,545,  which  was  slightly  below  1906.  Much  the  same  grade 
of  material  is  used  for  fireproofing,  and  while  the  value  of  this 
ware  produced  in  1907  amounted  to  $691,531,  it  was  a  poor 
second  to  New  Jersey,  which  is  much  better  located  with  respect 
to  large  markets,  such  as  those  afforded  by  the  Eastern  cities. 

Fireproofing  is  manufactured  at  a  number  of  localities  in  Ohio, 
many  of  the  plants  belonging  to  the  National  Fireproofing  Com- 
pany of  Pittsburg,  which  was  incorporated  in  1899,  and  has 
works  at  East  Palestine,  Columbia  County;  Osnaburg,  Waynes- 
burg,  and  Greentown,  Stark  County;  Magnolia,  Carroll  County; 
Delaware,  Delaware  County;  Haydenville,  Hocking  County. 
Some  of  these  plants  also  make  conduits ;  in  fact,  those  first  made 
in  this  country  were  produced  at  Aultman,  Ohio,1  probably  as 
early  as  1893. 

Wall,  Floor  and  Roofing  Tiles.  The  Ohio  clays  are  used  for 
both  floor  and  roofing  tile,  but  wall  tile  made  within  the  State  are 
manufactured  from  white-burning  clays  not  obtainable  in  Ohio. 

One  of  the  early  floor-tile  factories,  namely  that  of  the  American 
Encaustic  Tiling  Company,  was  erected  at  Zanesville  in  1875 
(Ref.  8,  p.  353).  This  plant,  which  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  and 
largest  in  the  country,  has  continued  in  operation  up  to  the  pres- 
ent time. 

There  were  also  at  this  period  three  works  making  artistic 
panel  and  encaustic  tile,  the  largest  being  the  American  Encaus- 
tic Tiling  Company  mentioned  above.  The  clays  of  the  Putnam 
Hill  horizon  were  the  main  reliance  of  the  factory  at  Zanesville. 
The  Mosaic  Tiling  Company  began  at  Zanesville  in  1895,  with  the 

1  Private  communication  from  J.  C.  Rossi. 


1 68  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

manufacture  of  inlaid  mosaic  tile.  This  was  discontinued  in  1899 
for  the  manufacture  of  ceramic  mosaic  tile,  and  in  1900  wall  tile 
was  added.  For  the  floor  tile  the  local  red  and  buff  clay  were  used 
to  some  extent,  but  for  the  wall  tile  china  clays  and  ball  clays 
were  shipped  in  from  other  States  and  also  from  England. 

The  Ohio  Tile  Company,  which  started  at  Hamilton  in  1901, 
was  the  outgrowth  of  a  works  known  as  the  Hamilton  Tile  and 
Pottery  Company,  and  produces  enamel  dull-finish  tile  and  terra 
vitrae  of  brick,  but  the  product  is  made  almost  entirely  from 
clays  mined  outside  of  Ohio. 

The  Zanesville  Tile  Company  began  in  1905  manufacturing 
floor,  wall,  and  enamel  tiles,  from  domestic  clays  not  obtained  in 
Ohio,  and  this  plant  is  still  in  operation. 

A  peculiar  style  of  wall  tile  for  exterior  work  is  that  made  by 
the  Fisher  Veneer  Tiling  Company  of  Zanesville. 

Roofing  tile  appear  to  have  been  made  in  Ohio  at  as  early  a 
date  as  pottery,  but  the  former  were  made  for  private  use,  and 
the  latter  for  market.  Thus,  it  is  recorded  that  John  Robinson 
was  making  roofing  tile  at  Germantown,  Ohio,  in  1812,  and  one 
of  the  buildings  roofed  with  these  was  standing  as  late  as  1907. 
In  1827,  the  Zoarites,  who  founded  a  colony  at  Zoar  in  Tuscara- 
was  County,  engaged  in  the  making  of  clay  roofing  tile  for  use  on 
their  own  buildings.  These  tile,  which  had  rounded  lower  ends 
and  were  known  as  "beaver-tails,"  were  made  by  these  people 
simply  for  their  own  use  (Ref.  4,  LI,  p.  584). 

The  actual  manufacture  of  roofing  tile  as  a  commercial  venture 
does  not  appear  to  have  begun  in  Ohio  until  1873,  when  John 
Conrade  of  Zanesville  commenced  the  manufacture  of  roofing  tile 
under  the  J.  B.  Hughes  patents.  They  were  of  the  interlocking 
type.  Three  years  later,  or  in  1876,  H.  B.  Camp  of  Cuyahoga 
Falls  commenced  the  manufacture  of  roofing  tile  of  the  French 
diamond  pattern.  The  industry  was  conducted  on  a  small  scale, 
however,  and  Mr.  Camp  soon  turned  the  business  over  to  J.  C. 
Ewart  of  Akron,  Ohio  (Ref.  4,  LI,  p.  584). 

It  was  a  year  before  Mr.  Camp  began,  however,  that  Merrill 
and  Ewart  started  the  manufacture  of  roofing  tile  at  Akron,  Ohio, 
using  the  Sharon  shales  of  the  Coal  Measures,  and  by  1892  theirs 


OHIO.  169 

was  the  largest  roofing  tile  works  in  the  country.  Indeed  it  is 
still  in  operation,  but  since  1902  has  been  known  as  the  Akron 
Roofing  Tile  Company.1  This  plant  wras  referred  to  in  the  Ohio 
Geological  Survey  Report  for  1884  (Ref.  140,  p.  706). 

In  1893  tne  Carboniferous  clays  were  being  worked  for  roofing 
tile  manufacture  at  three  points  (Ref.  135),  viz.:  At  Akron,  by 
Merrill  and  Ewart;  at  Bellaire,  by  the  Bernard  Tile  Company, 
no  longer  in  operation;  and  at  New  Philadelphia,  by  the  Repp 
Roofing  Tile  Company,  not  running  at  the  present  time. 

Since  that  time  others  have  started  as  follows:  National  Roof- 
ing Tile  Company  at  Lima;  Ludowici-Celadon  Company,  New 
Lexington,  using  a  clay  that  lies  just  above  the  Putnam  Hill  Lime- 
stone; Cincinnati  Roofing  Tile  Company,  Cincinnati,  organized 
in  1895  and  still  running. 

In  the  year  1905  a  merger  of  the  Ludowici  Roofing  Tile  Com- 
pany and  the  Celadon  Roofing  Tile  Company  was  effected,  the 
new  company,  with  headquarters  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  being  known 
as  the  Ludowici-Celadon  Company,  and  controlling  factories  in 
several  states. 

Sewer  Pipe.  Ohio  at  the  present  day  ranks  first  in  the  pro- 
duction of  sewer  pipe,  and  its  manufacture  was  perhaps  the  most 
important  development  in  the  Ohio  clay  industry  between  1850 
and  1860  (Ref.  7). 

In  1850  a  Mr.  Hill  found  that  the  clay  on  an  East  Akron  farm 
was  suited  for  sewer-pipe  manufacture,  and  the  first  shale  sewer- 
pipe  was  made  in  1851  (Ref.  7). 

Two  years  later  (1853)  two  Scotchmen  who  were  engaged  in 
making  chimney  tops  at  Anderson,  W.  Va.,  crossed  the  river  and 
began  sewer-pipe  manufacture  from  Ohio  River  fire  clays,  their 
plant  being  erected  at  Newburg  (now  Toronto)  (Ref.  7). 

In  1868  the  first  steam  press  for  sewer-pipe  manufacture  was 
invented,  and  in  1869  and  1870  sewer-pipe  factories  started  up  at 
Freemans,  Elliottsville,  Columbus  (Ref.  167,  p.  331),  and  Wells- 
ville  (McClave).  All  of  these  are  now  abandoned,  the  first  two 
being  razed  to  the  ground.  In  the  case  of  the  Ohio  River  plants 
their  abandonment2  was  due  to  their  absorption  by  the  American 

1  Private  communication.  2  Letter  from  E.  Orton,  Jr. 


170  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Sewer  Pipe  Company,  which  organization  bought  up  all  the  plants 
along  the  river,  improved  the  best  ones,  and  dismantled  or  closed 
down  the  others. 

The  Columbus  plant  was  closed  down  mainly  because  of  the 
poor  character  of  the  raw  materials,  which  could  only  be  worked 
profitably  with  the  greatest  care.  The  works  has  since  been  used 
as  a  paving-brick  plant,  but  is  now  idle.  * 

In  1879  Robinson  Bros.  &  Co.  built  a  plant  in  Akron  for 
making  sewer  pipe.  The  clay,  known  as  the  "  Akron  shale " 
(Sharon  shale),  was  mined  near  the  works,  and  the  industry  has 
continued  up  to  the  present  time,  but  with  considerable  enlarge- 
ment, so  that  its  present  output  is  about  2000  cars  per  annum.2 

There  are  no  detailed  published  data  showing  the  development 
of  the  sewer-pipe  clays  and  industry  in  different  parts  of  the  State, 
but  by  1884  there  were  three  important  districts,  as  follows: 
Jefferson  County  with  8  works,  Akron  district  with  6,  Columbus 
district  with  2,  as  well  as  some  scattered  plants.  Ohio  was  even 
then  the  leading  producer  of  sewer  pipe,  followed  by  Missouri, 
New  Jersey,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania,  and  Indiana  in  the  order 
named  (Ref.  140,  p.  711). 

In  1890,  or  about  n  years  after  the  establishment  of  the 
earlier  mentioned  plant  of  Robinson  Bros.  &  Co.,  the  same  firm 
purchased  the  fire-brick  plant  owned  by  the  Wentz- Wagner  Com- 
pany, 3  miles  north  of  Canal  Dover,  and  incorporated  as  the  Crown 
Fire  Clay  Company.  While  used  primarily  for  making  fire  brick 
it  also  has  a  large  addition  for  manufacturing  sewer  pipe  from  the 
shales  and  clays  near  the  works. 

Still  later,  in  1898,  the  same  firm  purchased  the  plant  of  the 
Royal  Fire  Clay  Company  of  Midvale,  Ohio  (which  had  been  in 
operation  since  1891),  and  incorporated  it  as  the  Royal  Sewer  Pipe 
and  Fire  Brick  Company.  This  was  remodeled  for  making  sewer 
pipe,  and  has  a  present  capacity  of  5000  car  loads  per  annum.3 
The  product  is  made  from  local  clays. 

This  was  followed  in  1903  by  the  purchase  of  the  Canton  and 

1  Private  communication. 

2  Private  communication,  B.  W.  Robinson. 

3  Private  communication,  B.  W.  Robinson. 


OHIO.  171 

Malvern  Fire  Brick  Paving  Company  (built  in  1880),  at  Malvern, 
Ohio,  which  was  after  remodeling  used  for  making  fire-clay  pavers 
up  to  April,  1907,  when  it  was  changed  over  to  a  fire-clay  sewer- 
pipe  plant,  with  an  annual  output  of  1800  car  loads  per  annum. 
In  1903  these  various  companies  were  consolidated  to  form  the 
Robinson  Clay  Products  Company. 

Later,  in  June,  1906,  the  company  began  the  construction  of  a 
sewer-pipe  plant  at  Akron,  which  will  have  an  annual  capacity  of 
5000  car  loads.  This  is  worthy  of  mention,  as  the  works  are 
equipped  throughout  with  electric  motors,  doing  away  with  shaft- 
ing and  belting. 

Returning  to  1893,  we  &nd  that  the  sewer-pipe  clays  were  by 
that  time  being  quite  extensively  used.  Orton  in  his  report  (Ref. 
135,  p.  215)  lists  35  sewer-pipe  plants,  most  of  which  used  fire 
clays.  They  were  scattered  over  the  Carboniferous  area  of  the 
State.  One  plant,  that  at  Barberton,  was  at  that  time  said  to  be 
the  finest  in  the  world  (Ref.  135,  p.  214). 

A  notable  event  in  1900  was  the  formation  of  the  American  Sewer 
Pipe  Company,  which  purchased  a  number  of  factories  in  Ohio  and 
neighboring  States.  Some  of  these  were  closed  down,  while  others 
were  strengthened  and  are  still  running.  The  Ohio  plants  taken 
in  were  at  East  Liverpool,  Walkers,  Empire,  Freemans,  Elliottsville, 
Toronto,  Uhrichsville,  Akron,  Barberton,  Columbus,  and  Lisbon. 

The  clays  used  for  sewer-pipe  manufacture  have  been  almost 
exclusively  the  Carboniferous  fire  clays  and  shales.  Orton  in  1893 
(Ref.  135)  states  that  the  shale  of  the  Devonian  had  been  used  for 
this  purpose  at  Columbus  (having  been  in  operation  in  1884 
[Ref.  140,  p.  661]),  and  this  continued  until  1900,  although  the 
material  had  to  be  treated  with  the  greatest  care  on  account  of  its 
high  carbon  contents.1 

The  Sharon  shales,  overlying  the  Sharon  coal,  became  of  impor- 
tance in  the  early  nineties,  and  according  to  E.  Orton  (1893)  "  had 
lately  become  the  basis  of  one  of  the  largest  sewer-pipe  industries 
in  the  United  States  at  Akron  and  vicinity."  At  about  this  same 
time  the  Lower  Kittanning  clays  were  also  assuming  importance. 
Around  Uhrichsville  the  Lower  Kittanning  or  No.  5  underclay  is 

1  Private  communication. 


172  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

used  for  the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipe  by  three  concerns.  Two 
of  these,  the  Uhrichsville  Sewer  Pipe  Company  and  the  Diamond 
Fire  Clay  Company,  are  owned  by  the  American  Sewer  Pipe  Com- 
pany, while  the  third,  the  Buckeye  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  is  an 
independent  plant.  The  approximate  dates  of  establishment  of 
the  first  two  were  1888  and  1887  respectively. 

Paving  Brick.1  The  manufacture  of  regular  vitrified  paving 
brick  in  Ohio  appears  to  date  from  the  year  1887,  for  the  factory 
of  the  Malvern  Clay  Company,  at  Malvern,  started  in  that  year, 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  plant  to  manufacture  paving  brick 
from  fire  clay,2  the  supply  coming  from  the  No.  6  vein  of  the 
Sandy  Valley  in  the  Canton  district.  This  preceded  the  plants 
making  paving  brick  from  shale  by  about  one  year  at  least. 
These  Malvern  clays  are  still  extensively  used,  and  as  late  as 
1904  the  industry  was  expanded  by  the  organization  of  the  Big 
Four  Brick  Company. 

The  first  brick  plant  at  Canton  producing  pavers  was  that  of 
Captain  Williams  (Ref.  4,  xxxm,  p.  18),  which  was  succeeded 
very  shortly  by  the  Metropolitan  Company.  They  used  the 
"Canton  shale." 

Prior  to  1888  the  paving  bricks  made  around  Canton  were 
manufactured  at  an  ordinary  building-brick  plant,  but  since  that 
time  several  factories  have  given  their  entire  attention  to  it,  using 
the  stiff-mud  process  of  molding. 

The  manufacture  of  shale  pavers  was  begun  at  Gloucester  by 
the  Wassail  Brick  Company  in  1889,  and  in  the  next  year  paving- 
block  manufacture  was  undertaken  at  Nelsonville  by  the  Nelson- 
ville  Brick  Company.  At  that  time  there  are  said  to  have  been 
but  two  other  factories  in  Ohio  making  paving  blocks.  The 
material  used  at  Nelsonville  is  the  fire  clay  underlying  the  No.  5  or 
Lower  Kittanning  coal. 

Paving  blocks  were  made  at  Zanesville  at  least  as  early  as 
1891  by  the  South  Zanesville  Sewer-Pipe  and  Brick  Company, 

1  While  most  of  the  important  localities  are  referred  to  under  this  subheading, 
there  are  some  necessary  omissions,  for  the  reason  that  information  regarding  them 
was  not  obtainable. 

2  C.  J.  Deckman,  private  correspondence. 


OHIO.  173 

from  a  mixture  of  shale,  fire  clay,  and  potter's  clay.1  In  1902  the 
making  of  paving  brick  was  undertaken  at  Youngstown  by  the 
Bessemer  Limestone  Company,  the  material  used  being  a  shale 
overlying  the  limestone  at  that  locality. 

The  same  year  (1902)  witnessed  the  organization  of  the  Peebles 
Paving  Brick  Company  at  Portsmouth,  at  which  place  pavers 
had  been  made,  however,  since  1892.  Still  later,  or  in  1905,  the 
Carlyle  Paving  Brick  Company  was  started,  and  all  these  plants, 
as  well  as  some  at  Sciotoville,  are  said  to  use  a  Sub-Carboniferous 
shale. 

E.  Orton,  Jr.,  in  referring  to  the  paving-brick  industry  (Ref.  135, 
p.  132),  states  that  by  1893  tne  days  used  for  paving  brick  were 
shales,  impure  fire  clays  and  river  clays.  The  shales  used  at 
that  time  included  the  Lower  Mercer,  Putnam  Hill,  Freeport, 
Kittanning,  and  Cambridge  Limestone  formations  (ibid.,  p.  134). 
The  alluvial  clays,  which  have  never  assumed  importance,  were 
first  taken  up  about  1885  at  Middleport  (ibid.,  p.  140),  but  in 
1893  tne  majority  of  pavers  were  made  from  fire  clay,  the  great 
shale  measures  being  but  little  developed.  Around  Canton  the 
Putnam  Hill  and  Lower  Kittanning  clays  were  then  being  utilized 
for  paving-brick  manufacture. 

Orton  at  that  time  pointed  out  that  the  Lower  Barren  Meas- 
ures carried  vast  deposits  of  shale,  which  were  just  beginning  to 
be  understood  and  appreciated,  and  might  possibly  be  of  value 
for  pavers.  These  are  now  extensively  used  for  the  manufacture 
of  paving  brick. 

The  Devonian  shales  were  developed  later.  They  have  been 
utilized  at  Collinwood,  Cuyahoga  County,  since  1900,  and  at 
Wickliffe  since  about  1896.  Other  openings  have  been  made  at 
Carrolton,  Carroll  County,  and  Conneaut,  Ashtabula  County, 
while  in  1905  their  use  was  begun  at  Willow,  Cuyahoga  County, 
by  the  Newburgh  Brick  and  Clay  Company. 

Since  1893  the  manufacture  of  paving  brick  from  the  Carbon- 
iferous shales  and  clays  has  increased  tremendously,  and  the 
production  has  been  swelled  slightly  by  pavers  made  from  other 
formations,  so  that  in  1907  Ohio  produced  264,571,000  brick 

1  Private  correspondence. 


174  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

valued  at  $2,672,600,  being  the  leading  State,  and  far  outranking 
all  others. 

This  output  of  Ohio  represents  about  30  per  cent  of  the  total 
product  of  the  country,  and  over  27  per  cent  of  the  total  value. 
The  prominence  of  Ohio  in  the  production  of  this  line  of  clay 
wares  is  due  largely  to  the  natural  advantages  which  it  possesses. 
And  yet  it  was  not  the  pioneer  in  the  manufacture  of  this  grade  of 
wares.  It  has  not  been  possible  to  mention  more  than  a  few  of 
the  more  important  localities  regarding  which,  or  from  which,  infor- 
mation could  be  obtained.  Other  plants  of  size  are  located  at 
Logan,  Athens,  Fultonham,  Trimble,  Massillon,  and  smaller 
ones  at  a  number  of  other  localities,  the  large  majority  of  them 
situated  within  the  Carboniferous  area  of  the  State. 

Fire  Brick.  The  first  refractory  material  used  in  the  State 
was  sandstone,  which  was  superseded  by  fire-clay  brick  as  soon  as 
the  blast  furnaces  began  to  use  "stone  coal"  (Ref.  140,  p.  686), 
but  the  exact  date  of  this  change  is  not  known,  although  it  was 
not  later  probably  than  1850. 

McClave  (Ref.  7)  states  that  fire  brick  were  made  at  Toronto 
as  early  as  1830,  but  we  have  no  accurate  information  on  this  point. 

According  to  Mr.  Thomas  Kemp  of  Strasburg,  Ohio,  fire  brick 
were  made  near  Steubenville  about  1857  or  I^58-  They  were 
manufactured  entirely  of  plastic  clay  and  were  not  of  very  high 
grade,  but  were  used  in  the  construction  of  blast  furnaces  at  that 
time.  These  same  clays  are  now  being  worked  by  the  National 
Fire  Brick  Company  on  the  Ohio  River  to  make  top  linings  for 
blast  furnaces.1 

Sciotovillle,  a  locality  supplying  refractory  clays  of  high  grade, 
supported  a  fire-brick  plant  at  least  as  early  as  1861,  when  the  firm 
of  Reese  &  Sons  was  established.  Two  others,  Watkins,  Porter 
&  Co.,  and  Farney,  Murray  &  Co.,  organized  about  1865,  but 
in  1870  all  three  were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  Sciotoville 
Fire-Brick  Company  (Ref.  168,  p.  316).  The  product  of  these 
Sciotoville  factories  no  doubt  came  into  great  favor,  for  by  1869 
it  was  said  to  be  supplanting  the  Mount  Savage  bricks  that  had 
hitherto  been  shipped  in  from  Maryland  (Ref.  76,  p.  136). 

1  Private  communication. 


OHIO.  175 

Another  factory  the  Minor  Fire-Brick  Company,  was  erected  at 
Empire  in  the  Strasburg  district  in  iS6g.1  Webster  had  also  a 
plant  in  operation  in  the  same  year  (Ref.  168,  p.  375). 

That  the  industry  had  not  assumed  prominence  by  1870  is  shown 
by  J.  S.  Newberry,  who  in  his  report  of  that  year  (Ref.  77,  p.  50) 
says,  "  Nearly  every  coal  seam  in  the  series  is  underlaid  by  a  bed 
of  fire  clay  of  greater  or  less  thickness,"  which  was  probably  a 
somewhat  too  optimistic  statement  to  make.  "In  Summit  County 
only  a  single  stratum  is  worked,  —  the  Springfield  clay  underlying 
Coal  No.  3,  —  but  there  are  now  in  that  county  something  like 
forty  potteries  supplied  from  this  source." 

"In  Holmes,  Stark,  Tuscarawas  and  Columbiana  counties  there 
are  many  beds  of  fire  clay  of  excellent  quality.  Most  of  these  are 
like  the  Springfield  clay,  eminently  plastic,  and  well  adapted  to  the 
manufacture  of  stoneware."  .  .  .  "Quite  another  quality  of 
fire  clay  and  of  more  rare  and  peculiar  properties  is  that  mined  by 
Mr.  Holden,  at  Mineral  Point,  Tuscarawas  County.  This  is  not 
at  all  plastic,  and  yet  it  is  exceedingly  resistent  to  the  action  of  fire. 
As  a  consequence,  it  is  destined  to  be  largely  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  fire  brick;  fragments  of  this  clay  being  cemented 
by.  just  enough  of  this  plastic  clay  to  hold  them  together. 

"Practically  this  clay  corresponds  to  the  'cement/  or  once 
burned  clay,  employed  in  precisely  the  same  manner  by  the  fire- 
brick makers  of  New  Jersey. 

"The  manufacture  of  our  fire  clays  is  an  industry  yet  in  its 
infancy,  but  one  destined  to  great  expansion.  Our  furnace  men 
are  paying  for  Mount  Savage  or  Amboy  fire  brick  from  $80  to  $90 
per  thousand,  while,  by  the  judicious  use  of  the  best  materials  we 
have,  brick  nearly  or  quite  as  good  may  be  furnished  at  a  little 
more  than  half  this  price  "  (Ref.  77,  p.  50). 

By  1870  there  were  three  fire-brick  plants  in  operation  at  Scioto- 
ville  (Ref.  77,  p.  169),  and  one  in  Webster  (Ref.  77,  p.  166).  The 
Lower  Kittanning  clay  of  the  Hanging  Rock  district  [known  as  the 
Newcastle  vein  (Ref.  140,  p.  122)]  was  being  worked  as  early  as 
1871,  and  is  still  being  mined  (Private  correspondence).  Two 
years  later  (1873)  good  fire  brick  are  said  to  have  been  made  in 

1  Private  correspondence. 


1 76  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Springfield  (Ref.  78,  p.  221).  The  fire  clays  were  developed  at 
Oak  Hill,  Jackson  County,  in  1872  (Ref.  168,  p.  668),  and  at 
Letonia  in  1875  (Ref.  159,  p.  244).  The  latter,  however,  appear 
to  have  been  utilized  mainly  for  stoneware. 

By  the  middle  eighties  the  refractory-ware  industry  seemed  to 
have  gotten  on  a  pretty  firm  footing,  and  a  number  of  fire-clay 
horizons  had  been  developed. 

The  No.  i  bricks  at  that  time  came  mainly  from  the  Portsmouth 
district,  but  also  from  Logan  and  Mineral  Point  (Ref.  140,  p.  700). 
The  lower  grades  of  fire  clay,  producing  a  No.  2  brick,  were  made 
chiefly  in  the  Ohio  Valley.  The  Sciotoville  clay,  of  the  Sub-Car- 
boniferous, already  famous  in  Kentucky,  had  likewise  been  opened 
up  by  this  time  (Ref.  140,  p.  661).  Manufacturers  did  not,  even 
then,  confine  themselves  to  fire  brick  alone,  but  also  utilized  the 
clays  for  other  types  of  refractory  wares,  such  as  retorts,  which 
were  being  made  in  some  quantities  at  Dover  and  Cincinnati 
(Ref.  140,  p.  700).  Glass  pots  were  manufactured  at  Steuben- 
ville,  but  the  raw  materials  were  drawn  only  in  part  from  Ohio, 
German  and  Missouri  clays  making  up  a  large  part  of  the 
mixture. 

The  Lower  Mercer  clay  was  worked  north  of  Dover  (Ref.  140, 
p.  663),  but  the  plant  has  since  changed  over  to  sewer  pipe.  Fire 
brick  were  made  at  Union  Furnace  by  the  Columbus  Brick  and 
Tile  Company  in  1886  (Ref.  4,  xxxi,  p.  20)  from  local  clays,  and 
the  Cleveland  Fire  Brick  Company  was  organized  in  the  same  year 
(Ref.  4,  xvni,  p.  26),  but  had  to  ship  its  clays  in  from  the  south- 
ern or  southeastern  part  of  the  State.  As  late  as  1893  the  state- 
ment was  made  by  Edward  Orton,  Jr.  (Ref.  135,  p.  218),  that  the 
fire-brick  business  was  not  in  an  over-healthy  condition,  and  that 
many  fire-brick  manufacturers  had  gone  over  to  the  paving-brick 
business.  This  period  represented  a  decline,  however,  following 
over-expansion  during  a  time  when  there  were  numerous  small 
iron  furnaces  calling  for  many  brick.  With  improvements  in 
blast-furnace  practice,  there  was  a  concentration  towards  fewer 
furnaces  of  greater  capacity,  so  that  temporarily  at  least  less  brick 
were  called  for. 

At  that  time  (1893)  tne  main  fire-brick  industry  was  located  in 


OHIO.  177 

the  Ohio  Valley  from  Steubenville  to  Wellsville  (Ref.  135,  p.  233). 
The  important  refractory  clay  horizons  had  also  become  pretty 
well  known  by  that  date,  in  fact  some  of  them  had  been  developed 
some  years  previous  to  this.  Thus,  the  Mineral  Point  clay  had 
been  used  in  glass-pot  manufacture  for  a  number  of  years  (Ref.  135, 
p.  231).  The  Sciotoville  clay  of  the  Sub-Carboniferous  was  used 
at  Sciotoville  and  near  Logan,  Hocking  County,  for  fire-brick 
manufacture  (Ref.  135),  as  was  also  the  Tionesta  clay  at  Union 
Furnace. 

But  it  was  the  Kittanning  shale  which  even  in  1893  was  the 
great  clay  horizon  of  the  State,  and  which  in  its  importance  far 
outweighed  that  of  any  other  clay  bed  in  the  geological  section  of 
Ohio.  Indeed,  Orton  at  that  time  pronounced  it  as  of  probable 
equal  value  to  all  other  sources  of  the  Coal-Measure  clays  combined 
(Ref.  135).  He  says:  "The  Kittanning  clay-horizon  proper  is  seen 
at  its  best  where  it  enters  the  State  from  Pennsylvania,  and  again 
where  it  leaves  the  State  in  its  extension  into  Kentucky.  In  both 
of  these  localities  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  viz.,  in  Columbiana  and 
Jefferson  counties,  on  the  one  side,  and  on  the  other,  in  Lawrence 
County,  it  shows  large  volume  and  excellent  quality.  A  second, 
or  flint-clay  phase,  is  found  at  a  few  points  in  Stark,  Tuscarawas 
and  Carroll  counties,  known  as  Mineral  Point  clay,  and  was  then 
(in  1893)  largely  worked  at  Canal  Dover.  The  Lower  Kittanning 
clays  were  even  then  used  not  only  for  fire  brick,  but  also  for  other 
purposes. 

The  Middle  Kittanning  clay  had  been  developed  at  one  point, 
viz.,  Oak  Hill,  Jackson  County,  while  the  Lower  Freeport  was 
worked  at  one  locality  for  refractory  wares,  viz.,  Moxahala,  Perry 
County.  These  same  formations  are  worked  at  the  present  day, 
but  some  of  the  fire-brick  factories  located  in  the  southeastern  and 
southern  part  of  the  State  obtain  their  clays  in  part  from  Penn- 
sylvania and  Kentucky. 

The  region  between  Strasburg  and  Mineral  Point  is  of  consider- 
able prominence  at  the  present  time,  for  it  is  between  these  two 
points  that  there  are  important  deposits  of  flint  and  also  plastic 
clay  underlying  the  No.  5  coal,  as  previously  referred  to  in  connec- 
tion with  Mineral  Point.  This  clay  has  been  developed  extensively 


1 78  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

since  1860,  and  there  are  now  six  plants  manufacturing  fire  brick 
from  it  in  this  district.     They  are  as  follows: 

National  Fire  Brick  Company,  Strasburg,  O.  60,000  daily  capacity. 

Robinson  Clay  Product  Company,  Parrel.  40,000 

Dover  Fire  Brick  Company,  Strasburg.  30,000 

Columbia  Fire  Brick  Company,    '  30,000 

Federal  Clay  Product  Company,  Mineral  Point.  20,000 

C.  E.  Holden,  "  mostly  special  shapes. 

A  plant  was  erected  at  Canal  Dover  by  David  Miller,  Henry 
Harriff,  and  a  Mr.  Ross  in  1868,  but  as  all  the  best  clay  had  to  be 
hauled  by  team  from  Strasburg  to  Canal  Dover,  the  plant  was 
reorganized  by  Cleveland  capital  and  moved  to  the  former  place, 
where  it  was  operated  under  the  name  of  the  Dover  Fire-Brick 
Company. 

In  1880  Mr.  Thos.  Kemp,  who  was  one  of  the  pioneer  operators 
in  this  section,  built  the  plant  of  the  Wentz-Wagner  Company 
located  three  miles  from  Canal  Dover.  This  plant  was  later  sold 
to  the  Crown  Fire-Brick  Company,  and  is  now  controlled  by  the 
Robinson  Clay  Products  Company  of  Akron,  Ohio. 

Nine  years  later,  or  in  1889,  Mr.  Kemp  and  the  Stowe-Fuller 
Company  organized  the  National  Fire-Brick  Company  located 
near  Strasburg,  which  has  been  expanded  until  now  it  is  the  largest 
fire-brick  plant  in  the  State. 

In  1904  the  Columbia  Fire-Brick  Company  was  organized  and 
located  near  Strasburg.  All  of  these  plants  are  in  the  northwestern 
section  of  what  is  termed  the  Strasburg  field,  and  the  development 
of  the  fire-brick  business  in  that  section  has  been  greater  than  at 
the  Mineral  Point  end  of  the  field,  because  the  flint-clay  beds  are 
said  to  be  heavier  and  workable  to  better  advantage  there. 

This  same  general  region  is  of  importance,  not  alone  as  a  pro- 
ducer of  fire  brick,  for  in  the  same  valley  there  are  a  number  of 
other  clay  plants,  many  of  them  working  the  clay  under  the  No.  5 
coal,  and  utilizing  it  in  the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipe,  building 
brick,  paving  brick,  fireproofing,  etc. 

The  operations  of  the  Harbison-Walker  Refractories  Company 
are  referred  to  in  some  detail  under  Pennsylvania,  but  this  corpora- 
tion also  controls  several  plants  in  Ohio.  These  with  their  approxi- 


OHIO.  179 

mate  dates  of  establishment  are  as  follows:  Portsmouth  and 
Kentucky  Fire-Brick  Company,  operating  one  plant  at  Portsmouth 
since  1888,  and  another  at  South  Webster  since  1883;  the  Scioto 
Star  Works  at  East  Portsmouth  built  in  the  seventies,  and  the 
Blast  Furnace  Works  at  Sciotoville,  recently  dismantled  on 
account  of  unfavorable  conditions  for  competing  with  other 
works. 

The  three  important  fire-brick  producing  districts  in  Ohio  at 
the  present  day  are  the  Canal  Dover  area  including  Strasburg, 
the  Ohio  River  from  Steubenville  to  East  Liverpool,  and  the 
Portsmouth  section  (Private  communication). 

Pottery.  The  most  important  development  of  the  potting 
industry  in  Ohio  has  been  largely  in  those  counties  underlain  by 
the  Coal  Measures,  whose  clays  were  much  used  by  the  early 
potteries,  but  as  the  manufacturing  enterprises  developed  and 
higher  grades  of  ware  were  made,  clays  were  brought  in  from 
other  States. 

In  the  Carboniferous  area  mentioned  the  greatest  expansion 
seems  to  have  occurred  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  notably  around  East 
Liverpool,  which  is  mentioned  under  a  separate  head.  A  second 
important  center  is  at  Zanesville. 

We  are  not  able  to  state  just  when  the  first  pottery  in  Ohio 
was  established,  but  in  the  year  1806  Richard  Iliff  started  one  at 
the  Eagle  Spring,  near  the  Court  House  in  Highland  County. 
When  Hillsborough  was  laid  out  he  moved  into  town,  and  was 
later  succeeded  by  Fisher  and  McClain.  A.  Gossett,  who  learned 
his  trade  under  Iliff,  and  who  retired  from  business  in  1880, 
carried  on  a  pottery  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  it  is  stated  that 
his  ware  was  substituted  for  queensware  for  table  dishes,  tea  sets, 
etc.  (Ref.  158,  p.  364). 

It  seems  probable  that  common  pottery  was  made  at  several 
other  localities  in  Ohio  as  early  as  1812;  in  fact,  one  works  is 
credited  to  Salem  (Ref.  159,  p.  223)  and  another  to  Steubenville 
(Ref.  160,  Vol.  n,  p.  258). 

Steubenville  had  two  earthenware  factories  in  1817  (Ref.  70, 
p.  239),  and  Field  in  1829  says  that  there  were  potteries  in  Lee 
and  Williamson  which  had  been  in  operation  for  "many  years" 


l8o  CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY. 

(Ref.  71,  p.  197),  but  no  mention  is  made  of  the  character  of  the 
ware  or  the  kind  of  clay  used. 

At  Wellsville,  which  now  has  a  number  of  potteries,  potting 
was  introduced  about  1826  by  Joseph  Wells,  who  made  red  earth- 
enware and  stoneware.  Previous  to  1850  Rockingham  and 
yellow  ware  were  attempted,  but  did  not  succeed  (Ref.  159, 
p.  284).  In  1837  earthenware  was  not  only  made  in  Ohio,  but 
was  shipped  into  other  States  (Ref.  72,  p.  309). 

The  published  records  up  to  this  date  are  evidently  incom- 
plete, for  in  1838,  when  the  first  Ohio  Geological  Survey  was 
published,  pottery  clays  were  already  being  worked  at  Spring- 
field, Milton,  Canfields'  Corners,  Zanesville,  Zoar,  New  Phila- 
delphia, and  Newport.  One  of  these  localities,  Zanesville,  was 
destined  to  become  a  famous  clay-working  center.  All  of  these 
potteries  appear  to  have  used  the  coal  underclays.  At  Spring- 
field there  were  then  (1838)  5  potteries  for  stoneware  turning  out 
annually  80,000  gallons  (Ref.  73),  but  now  there  is  only  one 
plant  near  there. 

In  the  next  decade,  or  up  to  about  1850,  the  foundation  of  Ohio's 
prominence  in  clay-working  was  greatly  strengthened,  the  chief 
factor  being  the  establishment  of  the  industry  at  East  Liverpool, 
and  this  locality  will  be  referred  to  in  more  detail  later. 

During  the  early  forties  pottery-making  in  Cincinnati  was  also 
quite  active,  and  in  1841  the  Cincinnati  pottery  is  said  to  have 
produced  $12,000  worth  of  ware  with  the  employment  of  n  hands 
(Ref.  74,  p.  56).  About  1842  W.  Bromley  was  running  a  pottery 
in  the  same  city  (Ref.  8,  p.  273),  and  previous  to  1850  a  man 
named  Kendalls  ran  a  stoneware  and  Rockingham-ware  factory 
at  this  locality. 

In  1849,  Hill,  Foster  &  Co.  made  the  Old  Black  Mill  at  Mid- 
dlebury  (now  East  Akron)  into  a  pottery  (McClave),  while  some 
three  years  after  this  there  was  established  at  Akron  the  firm  of 
Whitmore,  Robinson  &  Co.,  for  making  Rockingham  and  yellow 
queensware,  this  being  the  first  concern  to  make  that  class  of 
ware  in  that  section.  The  factory  was  located  in  what  was  then 
known  as  Middlebury,  but  is  now  a  part  of  the  city  of  Akron. 
This  plant  has  since  been  remodeled  until  it  now  constitutes  the 


OHIO.  181 

No.  i  plant  of  the  Robinson  Clay  Products  Company.  In  1870 
the  manufacture  of  stoneware,  such  as  butter  jars,  churns,  jugs, 
etc.,  was  added  to  the  output.  The  clay  for  all  grades  of  ware 
came  from  Akron  township.  This  clay  is  said  to  have  been  used 
previous  to  this  by  several  small  potteries  located  at  Mogadore, 
but  these  have  since  discontinued,  probably  because  they  could 
not  compete  with  larger  and  more  modern  plants  which  have  been 
constructed  in  that  part  of  the  State.  Another  important  pro- 
ducer at  this  locality  is  the  United  States  Stoneware  Company, 
which  was  established  in  1865  for  the  manufacture  of  stoneware. 
Its  clays  are  obtained  from  North  Springfield,  Ohio. 

By  the  year  1869  extensive  potteries  were  in  operation  in  Mus- 
kingum  and  Perry  counties  using  the  underclay  of  the  Coal  Meas- 
ures in  those  districts  (Ref.  76,  p.  136).  As  can  be  seen  by  ref- 
erence to  the  Ohio  Geological  Survey  Report  for  1874,  ordinary 
brick  and  pottery  were  so  extensively  made  that  any  attempt  to 
enumerate  all  the  plants  would  be  useless. 

Steubenville  is  located  in  an  active  pottery-producing  belt,  and 
this  ware  had  been  made  in  that  district  as  early  as  1812  as  men- 
tioned above,  but  no  important  plant  appears  to  have  been  started 
until  1879,  in  which  year  the  Steubenville  Pottery  began  opera- 
tions, making  semi-vitreous  china,  but  drawing  all  its  clays  from 
other  States.  It  was  in  this  same  year  (1879)  that  the  Wheatley 
Pottery  of  Cincinnati  started,  but  its  steady  production  of  art 
pottery  did  not  begin  until  some  years  later. 

A  most  important  event  in  the  early  eighties  was  the  founding 
of  the  Rookwood  Pottery  in  Cincinnati  by  Mrs.  Maria  Long- 
worth  Nichols  (now  Mrs.  Bellamy  Storer).  The  clays  at  first 
used  were  from  Ohio,  but  in  later  years  the  raw  materials  from 
other  States  were  largely  drawn  upon.  The  underglaze  decora- 
tions of  the  Rookwood  ware  have  remained  unsurpassed  for 
many  years.  The  earlier  wares  had  reds,  yellows,  and  browns  as 
the  principal  colors,  covered  by  a  bright  glaze.  Matte  glazes  were 
introduced  about  1890,  and  the  latest  type  of  these,  the  "Vellum" 
matte,  was  first  shown  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition. 

More  recently  the  factory  has  added  architectural  faience  to  its 
output. 


182  CLAY-WORKING    INDUSTRY. 

In  1884  (Ref.  140,  p.  682)  East  Liverpool  and  Cincinnati  were 
the  two  white-ware  districts  of  Ohio,  and  there  were  also  at  this 
time  three  important  stoneware  districts  which  in  the  order  of  their 
importance  were  Akron,  Summit  County,  Roseville,  Perry  County, 
and  Rock  House,  Hocking  County  (Ref.  140,  p.  669).  The  clay 
used  at  Akron  was  the  Sharon  shale,  and  that  at  Roseville  the 
Brookville  and  Kittanning  (Ref.  140,  p.  664).  The  earthenware 
production  had  also  assumed  some  importance  by  this  date,  the 
industry  being  supported  mainly  by.  the  Carboniferous  clays. 

According  to  E.  Orton,  Jr.  (Ref.  140,  p.  676),  a  mixture  of  Lower 
Kittanning  clay  and  Lower  Barren  Measures  shale  was  employed 
at  East  Liverpool  for  making  door  knobs.  Other  important  earth- 
enware manufacturing  centers  were  in  Hamilton  and  Columbiana 
counties,  the  former  producing  mainly  kitchen  utensils,  the  latter, 
in  addition,  door  knobs. 

These  same  two  districts  were  also  important  producers  of  yel- 
low and  Rockingham  wares,  the  highest  form  of  pottery  made 
within  the  State  exclusively  from  Ohio  clays  (Ref.  140,  p.  678),  a 
condition  which  exists  at  the  present  day.  In  the  former  district, 
which  included  East  Liverpool,  there  were  nine  large  yellow-ware 
works,  all  using  Lower  Kittanning  clays. 

The  Cincinnati  district  at  this  time  (1884)  had  ten  potteries,  the 
clays  all  coming  from  the  Kittanning  and  Ferriferous  limestone 
formations  of  Lawrence  County  (Ref.  140,  p.  678). 

The  sagger  clays  used  in  yellow-ware  manufacture  at  this  time 
came  from  Ohio,  but  those  employed  in  the  making  of  saggers  for 
white-ware  had  to  be  brought  from  New  Jersey  (Ref.  140,  p.  680), 
and  this  still  holds  true  to  some  extent.1  The  best  natural  stone- 
ware clays  in  the  State  at  that  time  were  said  to  be  those  of  Spring- 
field township,  Summit  County,  and  occurred  with  the  Quaker- 
town  seam  of  coal.  These  supplied  the  potteries  at  Mogadore, 
Tallmadge,  Cuyahoga  Falls,  and  Akron.  The  Lower  Mercer 
clay  also  occurring  there  was  avoided  as  being  of  no  value,  although 
the  same  formation  in  southwestern  Hocking  County  yielded  a 
good  stoneware  material  (Ref.  140,  p.  662). 

Some  idea  of  the  early  importance  of  the  pottery  industry  can  be 

1  Private  correspondence. 


OHIO.  183 

gained  from  the  statement  that  in  1882  Ohio  produced  earthen- 
ware alone  valued  at  $419,028. 

The  growth  of  the  stoneware  industry  is  perhaps  best  indicated 
by  the  statement  that  in  1893  there  were  no  less  than  forty  potteries 
hi  operation  with  an  annual  capacity  of  24,350,000  gallons  (Ref. 
135,  p.  117).  The  ware  from  these  factories  was. shipped  all  over 
the  country,  even  to  the  Pacific  coast  (Ref.  135,  p.  118).  East 
Liverpool  was  then  the  most  prominent  yellow-ware  district,  but 
factories  were  also  located  at  Wellsville,  Akron,  East  Palestine,  and 
Cincinnati  (Ref.  135,  p.  121),  and  yet  up  to  this  time  there  were 
only  two  china  potteries  (ibid.,  p.  127),  and  one  ornamental-ware 
pottery  (ibid.,  p.  128). 

The  information  regarding  the  raw  materials  used  for  pottery 
manufacture  at  this  time  (1893)  *5  rather  scant,  but  the  follow- 
ing is  given  by  E.  Orton,  Sr.  (Ref.  135).  The  Quakertown  clay 
and  shale  were  worked  in  Summit  County  to  furnish  potteries  in 
Springfield,  Portage  County,  and  for  the  Mogadore  potteries  and 
others  in  Stark  County.  The  plastic  clays  from  the  Kittanning 
horizon  were  worked  on  a  large  scale  for  making  Rockingham, 
fellow  and  stoneware,  and  formed  the  foundation  of  the  great  pot- 
tery industries  of  Eastern  Ohio. 

The  appearance  in  1893  of  a  detailed  report  on  the  clay- working 
industries  of  Ohio  gives  a  clear  idea  of  the  state  of  development  of 
the  ceramic  industries  at  that  time,  and  shows  that  fifteen  years  ago 
the  variety  of  pottery  products  manufactured  in  the  State  was 
nearly  as  great  as  it  is  now.  The  product  included  earthenware, 
stoneware,  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware,  ornamental  pottery, 
C.  C.  ware,  white  granite,  and  china.  The  last  three,  of  course, 
were  not  made  from  Ohio  clays. 

Aside  from  the  developments  mentioned  since  1893  around  East 
Liverpool  and  Zanesville  (pp.  184-188)  there  have  been  several 
others,  including  the  production  of  semi-porcelain  by  the  Carroll- 
ton  Pottery  Company  since  1903;  of  playing  marbles  by  the 
Colonial  Sign  and  Insulator  Company  of  Akron  for  a  few  years, 
beginning  1896;  of  vitrified  porcelain  by  the  Pope-Gosser  China 
Company  at  Coshocton,  in  1903;  and  the  establishment  of  several 
potteries  at  Roseville,  Wellsville,  Crooksville,  and  other  places.  This 


184  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

does  not  mean,  however,  that  the  industry  was  newly  established 
at  these  points,  for  stoneware  was  made  at  Crooksville  at  least  as 
early  as  1885-86  (Langenbeck).  White-granite  ware  was  pro- 
duced at  Wellsville  by  the  Pioneer  Pottery  Company  in  1878,  but 
they  were  succeeded  by  the  Wellsville  China  Company  making 
semi-porcelain  in  1900.  Of  the  several  works  in  operation  at 
Roseville,  the  Ransbottom  Stoneware  Company  making  stoneware 
from  clays  outside  of  Ohio  began  in  1901,  and  the  McCoy  Pottery 
Company,  using  native  clays,  in  1899.  Some  works,  as  Pace  Bros. 
&  Sons'  Pottery  Company,  have  been  in  operation  here  (Rose- 
ville) since  at  least  1875,  making  earthenware,  and  since  1895,  at 
least,  cooking  utensils,  all  from  local  clays. 

East  Liverpool.  The  industry  at  this  locality  seems  to  have  been 
founded  by  Mr.  James  Bennett  who  had  come  over  from  England 
and  worked  in  Jersey  City  potteries  until  1837,  and  then  at  Troy, 
Ind.,  which  locality  he  left  later  and  went  up  the  Ohio  River  look- 
ing for  a  good  pottery  site.  At  East  Liverpool  he  found  good  clay 
and  decided  to  erect  a  pottery  for  manufacturing  yellow  and  Rock- 
ingham  ware  (Ref.  8,  p.  192).  He  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
East  Liverpool  industry  about  1839. 

Since  Bennett  was  not  able  to  finance  his  undertaking,  he 
interested  Anthony  Kearns  and  Benjamin  Marker,  the  firm  build- 
ing a  pottery  40  by  20  feet.  The  first  kiln  (of  mugs)  was  purchased 
in  part  by  I.  W.  Knowles  and  taken  down  the  river,  while  the 
remainder  were  peddled  by  Bennett  in  a  wagon.  The  entire  lot 
is  said  to  have  netted  him  $250  (Ref.  159,  pp.  180-184). 

In  1841  Bennett  sent  for  his  three  brothers  in  England,  and  they 
are  said  to  have  made  the  first  Rockingham  ware  in  the  United 
States  (Ref.  8,  p.  194).  They  all  moved  to  Birmingham,  Pa.,  in 
1845  (Ref.  159,  pp.  180-184). 

In  1840  Benjamin  Harker  operated  a  small  pottery  in  a  log 
house,  and  was  followed  in  1841  by  Hancock's  Pottery  (Ref.  8, 
p.  156),  making  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware  (Ref.  6,  pp.  253  and 
276). 

The  following  year,  or  1842,  James  Salt,  Frederick  Mear,  Joseph 
Ogden,  and  John  Hancock  rented  the  Mansion  House  property  for 
pottery  purposes,  being  succeeded  in  1879  by  Croxall  and  Cart- 


OHIO.  185 

wright  (Ref.  159,  pp.  180-184).     The  Goodwin  Pottery,  making 
yellow  and  Rockingham  ware,  was  organized  in  1844. 

Since  then  the  industry  at  and  around  East  Liverpool  has  steadily 
expanded.  Beginning  with  the  manufacture  of  the  lower  or  me- 
dium grades  such  as  yellow  ware,  the  production  of  C.  C.  ware  may 
be  said  to  have  sprung  from  it  by  the  constant  improvement  of  these 
wares  and  by  the  bringing  in  of  better  material  from  other  States 
(Ref.  126),  so  that  by  1907  the  value  of  the  pottery  produced  in  that 
district  amounted  to  $5,727,974,  or  19  per  cent  of  the  United  States 
production.  It  should  be  added,  however,  that  the  development 


FIG.  3.  —Original  Bennett  Pottery,  East  Liverpool. 

of  the  pottery  industry  at  this,  the  second  greatest  potting  center  in 
the  United  States,  is  due  not  to  the  existence  of  all  the  raw  materials 
at  that  point,  but  partly  because  of  its  central  location  for  bringing 
in  the  raw  materials  and  shipment  of  the  product.  Of  course, 
the  early  potteries  found  their  clays  close  at  hand,  and  served  as  a 
nucleus  around  which  the  others  grew.  The  chronology  of  events 
as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  obtain  them  for  this  district  are, 
in  addition  to  those  already  given,  as  follows: 


l86  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

1845.  Thomas  Croxall  &  Bros,  purchased  Bennett's  pottery  and  ran  It  for 
some  years  (Ref.  159,  pp.  180-184). 

1846?.  James  Taylor,  after  starting  a  pottery  with  George  Harker,  went  with 
Henry  Spieler  to  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  built  one  of  the  first  Trenton 
potteries  (Ref.  159). 

1847.  Wm.  Brunt,  Sr.,  began  making  yellow  ware  (Ref.  159). 

1850.  Woodward,  Blakely  &  Co.  started,  but  by  1879  *ne  site  of  their 
factory  was  occupied  by  Wm.  Brunt,  Jr.,  &  Co.,  West  Hardwick 
&  Co.,  and  Vodrey  Brothers  (Ref.  159). 

1850.  The  plant  of  the  present  G.  F.  Brunt  Porcelain  Company  was  started  for 
manufacturing  clay  door  knobs  from  the  local  Carboniferous  clays. 
Some  years  later  it  was  operated  under  the  name  of  Henry  Brunt  & 
Sons.  In  the  year  1891  the  manufacture  of  electrical  porcelain  was 
begun,  and  since  then  this  has  comprised  the  entire  output.  The  firm 
was  changed  to  Brunt  &  Thompson  in  1895,  an^  in  1897  to  the 
G.  F.  Brunt  Porcelain  Works.  It  was  incorporated  under  the  present 
name  in  1907.  No  Ohio  clays  are  used  in  the  ware. 

1850.  William  Brunt  Pottery  established,  but  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  plant 
manufacturing  Rockingham  ware  and  yellow  ware.  The  present 
factory  produces  semi -porcelain. 

1854.  Knowles,  Taylor  &  Knowles  started  (Ref.  6,  p.  337)  making  yellow 
ware.  The  firm  is  still  in  operation  but  makes  a  much  higher  grade 
of  product ;  in  fact,  this  was  the  first  firm  to  permanently  establish  the 
whiteware  industry  in  this  city  (Ref.  6,  p.  337),  although  Mr.  J.  N, 
Taylor  states  that  a  good  white  ware  was  made  here  by  William  Bloor 
as  early  as  I86I.1 

1856.  The  Croxall  Pottery  began  the  production  of  Rockingham  and  yellow 

ware,  succeeding  another  firm  which  had  been  in  operation  since  1845. 
The  local  Carboniferous  clays  were  used. 

1857.  Vodrey  &  Brother  began  making  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware,  which 

they  continued  until  1879,  at  which  time  the  manufacture  of  white 
granite  and  semi-porcelain  was  begun.  The  firm  name  was  changed 
to  the  Vodrey  Pottery  Company  in  1896. 

1864.  Manley  &  Cartwright  started  a  one-kiln  plant  for  Rockingham  and 
yellow  ware.  Several  years  later  in  1872  the  firm  name  was 
changed  to  Manley,  Cartwright  &  Co.  In  1880  on  the  retirement 
of  Mr.  Manley,  the  firm  once  more  changed  its  name,  this  time  to 
Cartwright  Brothers.  The  manufacture  of  Rockingham  and  yellow 
ware  was  discontinued  in  1887  and  semi-granite  and  C.  C.  ware  taken 
up.  The  firm  was  incorporated  under  its  present  name  in  1896. 

1  This  same  fact  is  noted  by  Mack  (Ref.  159). 


OHIO.  187 

1868.  C.  C.  Thompson  Pottery  established  as  a  yellow-ware  pottery,  and  in 

1882  added  C.  C.  ware  to  its  output. 
1873.  R-  Thomas  &  Sons  Company  began    the   production   of   door  knobs 

only,  and  in  1884  added  electrical  porcelain  to  its  product. 
1873.  Establishment  of  Laughlin  Brothers  Pottery,  which  was  changed  to 

Homer  Laughlin  in  1879,  and  to  Homer  Laughlin  Company  in  1897. 

Beginning  with  two  kilns  the  plant  has  expanded  until  now  it  has  32 

at  East  Liverpool  and  30  additional  ones  at  its  Newell  pottery  on 

the  West  Virginia  side  of  the  river.     It  is  an  interesting  example  of 

the  expansion  of  an  individual  works.     The  clays  employed  are  both 

domestic  and  foreign. 

1877.  Manufacture  of  whiteware  taken  up  by  the  Goodwin  Pottery  Company. 
1879.  Harker  Pottery  Company  began  the  making  of  whiteware. 
1879.  Dresden  Pottery  started  (Ref.  8,  p.  209). 
1887.  Sebring  Pottery  Company  took  over  Agner&  Gaston  Pottery. 
1890.  East  End  China  Company  organized  for  manufacture  of  semi -porcelain. 
1890.  Hall  China  Company  began  manufacture  of  white  granite  and  later 

semi-porcelain. 
1892.  West  End  Pottery  Company  founded,  manufacturing  white  granite  and 

semi-porcelain. 

1898.  French  China  Company  started,  but  in  1901  taken  over  by  the  Smith- 

Phillips  China  Company,  making  semi-porcelain  wares. 

1899.  National  China  Company  started  production  of  semi-vitreous  wares. 

1900.  Sevres  China  Company  took  over  factory  of  former  Sebring  Pottery 

Company  and  made  semi-porcelain. 
1902.  Anderson  Porcelain  Company  began  making  electrical  porcelain.1 

From  this  brief  chronological  record  it  will  be  seen  that  all  of 
the  early  potteries  established  at  East  Liverpool  were  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  yellow  and  Rockingham  ware,  and  made 
these  from  local  clays.  The  introduction  of  whiteware  necessitated 
the  bringing  in  of  white-burning  clays  from  other  districts,  not  one 
pound  of  Ohio  clay  going  into  the  composition  of  the  body,  so  far 
as  we  are  able  to  ascertain.  East  Liverpool  at  the  present  time  is, 
therefore,  receiving  clays  from  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Florida, 
Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  and  England. 

The  introduction  of  whiteware  about   1879  was  followed   at 

1  There  are  several  other  firms  located  at  East  Liverpool,  most  of  them  of  com- 
paratively recent  establishment,  but  they  have  not  furnished  any  information,  and 
hence  cannot  be  included  in  the  above  list. 


1 88  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

about  the  same  time  by  the  introduction  of  decorated  commercial 
ware  with  underglaze  decorations.  This  was  by  Homer  Laughlin 
(Ref.  8,  p.  209). 

The  development  of  the  semi-vitreous  china  in  the  East  Liver- 
pool industry  is  said  to  have  occurred  about  1890,  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  better  clays,  somewhat  different  mixtures  and  harder  firing. 
It  is  therefore  an  outgrowth  of  the  white-granite  industry,  and  is 
known  under  several  different  names,  such  as  semi-vitreous  china, 
semi-vitreous  porcelain,  semi-porcelain,  and  porcelain  granite.1 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  mention  the  developments 
which  have  occurred  at  East  Palestine  and  Sebring.  In  1897  tne 
Sebring  Pottery  Company  started  a  factory  at  East  Palestine.  Two 
years  later  it  began  operations  at  Sebring.  The  works  at  East 
Palestine  were  then  taken  over  by  the  Ohio  China  Company,  while 
the  original  plant  at  East  Liverpool  passed  over  to  the  control  of  the 
Sevres  China  Company,  as  already  mentioned.  The  French  China 
Company  of  East  Liverpool,  formerly  owned  by  the  Sebring  Pottery 
Company,  is  now  run  by  the  Smith  and  Phillips  Porcelain  Company. 
There  are  now  located  in  the  city  of  Sebring  a  group  of  potteries 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  the  better  grades  of  white  ware,  and 
all  belonging  originally  to  the  Sebring  Pottery  Company.  Farther 
west  in  Columbiana  County,  at  Salem,  the  Salem  China  Company 
began  semi-porcelain  manufacture  in  1890. 

Zanesville.  According  to  the  older  reports  of  the  Ohio  Geological 
Survey,  potteries  were  in  operation  in  this  district  as  early  as  1838, 
but  there  seem  to  be  no  detailed  records  until  a  much  later  date. 
Atwater  in  his  History  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  published  in  1838 
(Ref.  161),  makes  the  interesting  statement  that  "  the  clays  in 
this  vicinity  (Zanesville)  are  equal  to  any  now  used  in  England, 
France  or  Germany  for  earthenware,  and  we  should  not  be  dis- 
appointed if  Zanesville  should  be  the  very  first  town  on  this  conti- 
nent to  firmly  establish  the  manufacture  of  real  Liverpool  ware  " 
(Ref.  i6i,p.  342). 

Many  of  the  early  potteries  were  located  near  Roseville  in  this 
district  and  were  operated  by  farmers,  who  shipped  their  wares 
from  Putnam  by  boat  to  market.2 

1  Private  correspondence.         2  K.  Langenbeck,  private  correspondence. 


OHIO. 


189 


190  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  Zanesville  district  did  not  reach  its  prominent  position  as 
a  potting  center  until  a  later  date  than  East  Liverpool,  and,  unlike 
the  latter,  has  always  drawn  to  a  large  extent  on  local  clays. 

In  1872  the  S.  A.  Weller  Pottery  Company  had  its  beginning  as 
a  small  log-cabin  pottery  seven  miles  from  Zanesville,  and  equipped 
with  one  kiln.  The  product  consisted  of  common  red  earthenware 
made  of  local  clays.  Since  then  the  works  have  been  moved  to 
Zanesville  and  greatly  expanded,  so  that  it  now  includes  25  kilns  all 
fired  by  natural  gas,  a  fuel  much  used  in  some  of  the  Ohio  clay- 
working  establishments.  The  present  ware  includes  several  types 
of  art  pottery  known  under  the  name  of  Louwelsaf  Aurelian,  Jap- 
Birdinal,  Eocean  and  Sicardo.  The  last  named  is  of  special  interest 
as  being  a  good  example  of  luster  work. 

Another  large  establishment,  that  of  J.  B.  Owens,  began  the 
manufacture  of  flowerpots,  stoneware,  etc.,  adding  the  making  of 
art  pottery  and  underglaze  decorative  pottery  in  1895. 

Some  years  before  this,  or  in  1883,  the  local  clays  were  used  in 
an  attempt  to  make  floor  tile,  but  the  venture  was  unsuccessful, 
and  after  lying  idle  for  a  while  the  plant  was  converted  into  a  stone- 
ware pottery  and  was  taken  over  by  the  Zanesville  Stoneware 
Company  in  1887.  This  plant  has  continued  in  operation  up  to 
the  present  time,  using  local  clays  for  the  manufacture  of  common 
stoneware  articles,  and  in  addition  since  1898  the  same  clay  has 
been  employed  for  special  stoneware  products,  such  as  water 
filters,  cooking  utensils,  etc.  The  glazes,  however,  are  not  of  local 
materials,  salt  glaze  being  applied  from  1887  to  1892,  Albany  slip 
following  up  to  1897,  and  Bristol  glaze  up  to  1907,  when  solid  color 
glazes  were  introduced. 

The  Roseville  Pottery  was  organized  in  1892,  using  the  local 
red  and  buff-burning  clays  for  the  manufacture  of  flowerpots, 
cheap  jardinieres,  etc.,  this  being  the  same  clay  that  has  been  used 
in  this  district  for  brick  manufacture.  In  1898  the  factory  was 
moved  to  Zanesville,  where  the  local  clays  are  employed  for  making 
so-called  underglaze,  Rozane  ware.  The  higher  grades  of  art 
pottery  manufactured  at  this  plant  are,  however,  composed  of 

1  The  Louwelsa  is  practically  the  same  as  the  Lonhuda  ware  formerly  made  at 
Steubenville,  Mr.  Weller  having  purchased  the  factory  where  it  was  made  in  1896. 


OHIO. 


191 


I 

3 


192  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  Pennsylvania  clays,  of  white-burning 
character,  necessary  partly  because  the  ware  is  covered  with  a 
transparent  glaze.  In  addition  to  the  large  factory  at  Zanesville, 
the  company  operates  a  smaller  plant  for  making  red  and  white 
cooking  utensils,  and  still  another  at  Roseville  for  cheap  earthen- 
ware cooking  utensils  from  native  clay.  A  second  plant  at  Rose- 
ville, making  majolica  pitchers,  etc.,  uses  foreign  clays,  because  of 
the  white  body  required. 

Among  the  other  potteries  in  the  district  from  which  it  has  been 
possible  to  obtain  some  information  were  the  following :  Peters  and 
Reed  Pottery  Company,  established  in  1898,  and  making  red  earth- 
enware from  local  clay  shales  of  Carboniferous  Age;  Zanesville  Art 
Pottery  Company,  which  in  1900  changed  from  the  manufacture 
of  roofing  tile  to  art  pottery,  and  using  local  clays  only  in  part; 
Ohio  Pottery  Company,  also  started  in  1900  and  making  stoneware 
from  clays  of  the  Putnam  Hill  horizon. 

Electrical  Porcelain.  This  product  has  been  referred  to  under 
pottery,  but  should  perhaps  receive  separate  consideration,  even 
though  the  mention  be  brief.  The  following  works  are  engaged 
in  this  branch  of  manufacture,  and  where  it  has  been  possible  to 
obtain  them,  the  dates  of  their  establishment  are  given. 

1884.  R.  Thomas  &  Sons,  East  Liverpool. 

1891.  G.  F.  Brunt  Porcelain  Company,  East  Liverpool. 

1896.  Akron  Smoking  Pipe  Company,  Mogadore.     This  company  originally 

manufactured  clay  pipes. 
1902.  Anderson  Porcelain  Company,  East  Liverpool. 

New  Lexington  High  Voltage  Porcelain  Company,  New  Lexington. 
Colonial  Sign  and  Insulator  Company,  Akron,  Ohio. 

1906.  United  States  Ekctric  Porcelain  Company,  Findlay.  This  plant  was 
formerly  operated  by  the  Bell  Pottery  Company  in  the  manufacture  of 
white  ware. 

The  variety  of  clay  products  manufactured  in  Ohio  and  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  industry  (trebling  in  little  more  than  a  decade)  are 
shown  in  the  following  table: 


OHIO. 


ifi 

COM    O    OM    M    dO    MOOOO    O  d  O 
t—  Tt  co  t—  O    d    o  t—  r—  d    O    d    M   t— 
d    t—  OC    POO    Tt  O  M    coiOTtO    coo 
T?  O  ioO~  cooc"  O  d"  M  O    voO    O    l— 

M      Tt     d      O      TtOC      IO    Hi      O    PO    O       M      O      t— 

ioO    d    co  d  00    lOO    TtO  O    t-  O  10 

1 

•d 

i 

o 

00    d 

OOO 

Tt    CO 

10 

Tt  t—  IOOO   IOOO  00    co  O 
OOdddCOTtdOCco 

O  O  O  O    O  t—  M    t—  O 

10  0 

0    co 

MOC 

oo  o 
o"  o" 

I 

o 

t—  t—  O    Tt  Tt  OOO    t—  PO 
OO    O    O    t—  rt  0    TtO 
O     M    lOCOlOd     dO    CO 

M"  coo"oo~  M"  T?  xo  1000" 

Tt     0 
M      Tt 

O    co 

M      O 

CO  PO 

.§."§ 

^  IOOC  OCCC     POiOOdOO    OOOO 
O   r—  Tt  *—  t—  o  t—  iooc    coO    M    PO  d 

*2  M  t—  oc  d  o  t—  o  ooo  oo  t— 

£j_o  io  o~oc  o  o"  t—  t—  HI  \c  i—  o"oo 

^  0  t—  M    d   t—  TtoO    dOoC    d   t—  O 
t~~-  \c  io  io  io  o  PO  d   POIOM   TtOO 

Total 
pottery. 

\   : 

a 

O  O  10  co  M  00    t-OC    Tt 
O    10  Tt  d  O    POOC    O  t— 

3.990,359 
3.533.199 

O    t—  O    coco    OOC    O  Tt 
d    co  O  t—  rt  M  oC  O    d 
t—  M    oioO   io  O  O    O 

T?  O~O~OC~    O"     O"     H?     H?     CO 

a 

"o 

OC      IOOC      POM      Tt    t—    10    M      CO    -1      O      O      Tt 
M  OC      O  IO   d      O   IO   O     t—    O      M   O      M     t— 
M     OM     POOO     d     O     POMO     TtTtM 

O    t—  io  co  M   loO^OO    d    iooc    POO 
l-OOOOO    O  CMO  t—  O  00    dOO 

Tt    t—  00     lOO     IONO     O    M      O      O      M     10  10 

Miscella- 
neous 
pottery. 

1 

OO    MO    O  t—  O    IOM    o 
O  10  iooc  O  OC    M    d    d 

OC  CC 

M      d 

PO  t- 
CO  PO 

"o  '£ 

TT  OO    d    10 

Tt     Tt     M      Tt     Tt 

10  10  IOOC    10 

O    M  CC    t—  IO  Tt  O  t—  OO 

PO  TtOC    O  OC    t-  O    OOC 
OOO    d    d  O    M    t—  O  PO 

HI      M      M   O      M 

M      M      M      HI      HI      M      HI 

HI      M 

ill 

8O    Tt    10    Tt    Tt     O      t-  t— 
M      M     COO     t—   Tt    d      O 

t—  O  CO  M  \O  OC    t—  O    d 

OO 

t—  10 

O  d 



M 

il 

fa   o 

•OTtOOQTtTtco  100  OOM 
•    O  O    O    t—  OOC  OC    M    O    t—  Tt  l—  CO 
•  OdOOt-OOCdOMddMio 

p^  *S     cfl 

t-OC    O    t-  10  lOO    t-  O 

10   t-    O     Tt     d      MOO      10   t- 
M      HI      HI      d      CO    Tt     Tt    IOOO 

8    CO 
CO 

M     O 

1  Some  given  also  under  "Miscellaneous  Pottery." 

"    O  O  T?  coO    M   t—  t—  t—  O  O    co  M 

"      lOt—    M      TtTtlOlOlOTtt—    O      OO 

•  4^   c^    cococococot—  POTtO    t—  O 

is  's  §  ^ 
£  &&  1 

c  ~ 

l-r 

-1 

10  O    10  POO  00    Tt  Tt 
t—  Tt  O   t—  O    OOO 

H 

io  o 

PO    M 

O  C? 

It 

io  co  O    TtO    TtO    cOTtiot-O    O    d 
OO    Mt-iOdOC    O    COPOMOO    io 
OC^tOd     O  t—  t-  d    t—  HI^O^   ON  M^  CO  CO 

HTo^oo"  to  T?  o"  PO  100"  io  io  o"  t—  cT 

M      Tt    10    OO    00      Tt    CO    Tt    O    O    1000      O 

CO  t—  O    Tt  0»  O    d    t—  O    d    Tt  io  O  t— 

^     M     d     M     M     M 

MQOOt-M\OM 

O    d    M    co  IOOO  OO    d 
O    iooc    O    d    t—  O    d    10 

^  co  co  ioo"o"o"  tC«f 

s 

6 
6 

:  : 

l  ; 

^E  o  Tto   M  o  10  o  oc 

^    lOO      d      POlOTtO      Tt 

•l| 

OO      PO  t—  IO    O     t—  t—    O      M      OlOd      TtTt 

1OO  OO    t—  O    I—  OC    Tt  t—  O  O  PO  t—  PO 

w    co  O'O  O    O  d    d    O 
OoCiOddOdQ 
O    t—  O    t—  t—  t—  TtO 

HI 

O  oO  O    CO  O    t—  M    O    O  Tt  Tt  O  d    co 
TtOO    IO  t—  00     O  t—  I—  OO     HI^   M^   d^  IO  Tt 

M                                                                 _     _     _     —     — 

I'M! 

ct 

85 

BO 

M 

co  O  PO  t—  CO  M    Tt  "t—  co 

IO    Tt    IO    O      Tt     O    O      M      Tt 

TtO    IO  d  OC     IO  OOO     HI 

d    co 

CO    M 

t—  d 

•£* 

toO 

M      M 

ill 

co  t—  d  O    O    t—  tOM   t—  d    Tt  COOC  OC 

OOOOC    d    t—  co  io  d    d    d    TtiOMvC 

I—  OO    io  Tt  CO  d    d    t—  t— 

d      t—    d      T?    CO    d"    IO    OO      d      Tt  OO    OO      Tt 
O    10O      O      d      TtTfTtTtTtO      M     COd 

'-S, 

Jl 

•  to 

•    IO 
•    CO 

':£ 

1O 

o 

-;' 
*\J~. 

M     t—  •?_     M     t—    Tt     O    d 

li 

•    l—  I—  co  O  ioO  00    d    M    O    t—  O    Tt 

.      M   O      M      M     IOOO      M      d      O      t—    O      O    CO 

.    t—  lOO    IO  IO  O    t—  OO     M  OO     O    IO  Tt 

O    PO^*     Tt    IO    d      Tt     O 

d  oC  ^1.  O  OC    O  O    M 

Tt    lOlO^  00      M      M      0      CO 

QO 

$                                         M     M     M     MJ 

'  00    t—  1-  OO    COd    TtcoiOTtiOCO 
•"    M    co  IOOC  O    COM    r—  co  IO  t—  d    co 

;  io  PO  co  d  Tt  Tto  o  o  t-  q^  o^  q^ 

•  ^                                                                                    H?    H?    H? 

II 

•      •     00 
IO 
IO 

OO    COOOO    OM    TtiO 

oo  d 

IB  M   • 

00  OC    CO  10  io  OO    t—  d    Hi    H,    O    O    O 

Tt  t—  O    O    POO    O    co  co  t—  co  d  O    O 

OOO    TtOOiOM    lOioO    OM    coO 

OO    lOTtd    dO    co 

OO    t—  O  t—  O    POOC    PO  CO  o"  d    to  to  cT 

dOO       M      OOCOM      TtTtO      d      1010t- 

O  t—  O    iOt-M    M    TtO  00    d    O    OO 

<£   w 

:  :  *&\ 

il 

11 

%£• 

^"  O 
0    0 

7,050,221 

IOOO     O    IO  Tt   O     M    IOOO 

HI   t—  OO    O    d    M    rtoc  O 
Tt  C-.  10  co  TtO    O    Tt  O 

0       M 

0    CO 

00  O 

**                                           MMMMMddMd 

Common 
brick. 

M    POOC    co  O  TT  o    d   r—  O  O    io  t—  io 
Odoc    POMOC    OM    TtO   IOPO  iooc 
O    O    O    PO  t—  O    O    IOOC    to  Tt  Tt  HI    Tt 

t—  d    TtMO    O    OOOOC 
TtiOO    cod    cod    t—  f— 
COO    lot—  101-  M    Od 

II 

M      M 

o  t^-o  oc   M  t^  cT  io  M  cToc   PO  co  d 

COOC    MioO    d    POd    OO    O    POTtM 
MOO    lOPOt-Ttd    t—  O    O    t-O    d    O 

OO    OOM    POTtPOio 

c»  M  M  MM  d  oTeToTcopTcococo 

1 

1 

n  i  MiMMM  M 

Tt  toO    t-00    O  O    M    d    co  Tt  ^O    ^- 

Tt    IO     O 

t^-OC     O  O    M*    d'    PO  TJ-  10 

0000    0    0    0^0    0 

i94 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


OREGON. 

LITTLE  information  is  available  regarding  the  clay  industry  of 
this  State.  In  1870  (Ref.  115)  five  brickyards  were  in  operation, 
making  2,917,000  brick,  and  in  1880  (Ref.  116)  23  yards,  making 
both  fire  and  common  brick.  New  yards  have  been  established 
from  time  to  time,  but  the  production  of  the  State  has  never  been 
large. 

VALUE   OF   CLAY  PRODUCTS    OF   OREGON   FROM   1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscella- 
neous.1 

Grand 
total. 

1804 

$QC    82O 

$20  OO3 

$630 

$36  44s" 

$161  988 

A  v-+  
180? 

7O,8l2 

$800 

4,OOO 

15,486 

47  44? 

138  ?43 

1806 

C?,7IQ 

2,062 

I4,23O 

200 

CA  ,12? 

126,34? 

1807. 

?8,I3O 

4,100 

22,003 

3O,  ?7? 

n?,7o8 

1898.  . 

5    '    2 
00,360 

4,27? 

13,460 

2,??o 

2I,2IO 

131,864 

1800.  . 

191,881 

18,460 

20,481 

(a) 

o6,??2 

327,374 

IQOO 

168  360 

2  6QO 

I  ?  772 

1,334 

03  22O 

281  38? 

IOOI 

i72,o?8 

8,469 

11,001 

062 

70,41  1 

263  891 

IQO2 

208,647 

i=c,^oo 

l8,OQ7 

7?O 

7?,6io 

318  604 

1903  
I9°4  
1905  
I  Qo6 

249,178 
302,098 
261,139 

341,127 

42,375 

21,75° 
14,800 
•I?  837 

23,33! 
21,553 
23Ji8 

2  3  424 

(a) 
i,599 
1,568 

5?24 

IIO,660 
99,340 

79,350 
I  O2  1  80 

425,544 
446,340 

380,575 

?o6  192 

I  OO7 

3??,OT2 

40,000 

2s,  631 

22,OOO 

02  306 

?4?  83O 

1  Includes  pottery,  fireproofing,  sewer  pipe,  as  well  as  some  paving  brick  and 
tile  (not  drain). 

(a)  Included  under  miscellaneous. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Owing  to  the  mass  of  data  obtainable  regarding  the  clay  indus- 
tries of  this  State,  it  seems  advisable  to  depart  somewhat  from  a 
strictly  chronological  discussion  and  to  consider  the  history  of  the 
State  by  geographic  sections.  The  eastern  section  includes  approx- 
imately the  eastern  third,  while  the  western  section  takes  in  the 
western  two-thirds  of  the  State. 

195 


196  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Brick  and  Tile.  One  of  the  great  brickmaking  centers  of  the 
State  and  a  region  concerning  which  much  has  been  written, 
especially  in  regard  to  early  pottery  development,  is  that  around 
Philadelphia.  The  earliest,  though  a  somewhat  brief,  record 
of  brickmaking  after  the  Swedes  first  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  is 
contained  in  a  petition  presented  in  Philadelphia  in  the  New 
Amstel  (New  Castle)  court  with  reference  to  establishing  a  brick- 
yard on  some  plantation  (Ref.  42,  i,  p.  140).  William  Penn  soon 
after  coming  to  Philadelphia  seems  also  to  have  been  interested 
in  the  industry,  for  one  of  his  letters,  dated  July  16,  1683,  says, 
"I  have  here  the  canoe  of  one  tree;  it  fetches  four  tonns  of  bricks," 
which  shows  that  bricks  were  articles  of  transportation  at  that 
time  (Ref.  130,  p.  53).  In  the  following  year,  1684,  it  is  said 
(Ref.  42,  in,  p.  2292)  that  the  people  of  Philadelphia  used  brick, 
made  in  their  local  yards,  for  sidewalk  pavements  and  for  building, 
and  that  even  with  the  brick  selling  at  $28  per  thousand  clamored 
at  the  kilns  for  them.  They  were  probably  made  of  surface  clays, 
were  burned  40,000  to  50,000  at  a  time,  using  one-half  a  cord  of 
wood  per  thousand,  and  burning  a  week.  Pastrius,  who  founded 
Germantown,  writing  in  1684  in  his  history  of  the  "lately  dis- 
covered Province  of  Pennsylvania  situated  on  the  frontiers  of  the 
western  world,"  states  that  at  that  time  there  were  sufficient  kilns 
in  the  neighborhood  to  supply  the  demand  (Ref.  130,  p.  53). 

William  Penn,  writing  again  concerning  Pennsylvania  in  1685, 
speaks  of  "  Divers  brickeries  going  on,  many  cellars  already  stoned 
or  bricked,  and  brick  houses  going  up  "  (Ref.  130,  p.  53).  Penn 
published  a  letter  written  by  Robert  Turner  at  Philadelphia  in  1685 
which  says,  "  and  since  I  built  my  brick  house  .  .  .  many  people 
take  example,  and  some  that  built  wooden  houses  are  sorry  for  it, 
Brick  buildings  are  said  to  be  as  cheap,  bricks  are  exceedingly  good 
and  better  than  when  I  built;  more  makers  fallen  in  and  bricks 
cheaper.  They  were  before  at  i6s.  per  English  thousand  and  now 
many  brave  brick  houses  are  going  up  with  good  cellars"  (Ref.  130, 
p.  53).  Turner's  house  was  located  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
Front  and  Arch  streets,  and  was  when  blown  up  by  dynamite  a  few 


EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  197 

years  ago,  to  make  room  for  "  improvements,"  said  to  be  the  oldest 
house  in  the  city  erected  by  a  citizen  (Ref.  130,  p.  53).  The  only 
brickmaker  whose  name  we  find  mentioned  is  Dr.  Pegg,  who  in 
1685  together  with  others  was  engaged  in  brickmaking  in  the  city 
(Ref.  8,  p.  46),  and  it  was  no  doubt  these  brickmakers  who  fur- 
nished the  brick  for  the  first  Old  Christ  Church  erected  in  1695 
(Ref.  4,  xvii,  p.  130). 

In  1705  one  of  the  oldest  public  buildings  in  the  country  was  con- 
structed of  brick  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  situated  on 
Second  and  Market  streets,  then  High  Street,  and  stood  there  until 
1837  when  it  was  demolished  (Ref.  130,  p.  54).  The  total  expense 
of  its  construction  was  616  pounds,  the  bricks  costing  295.  6d.  per 
thousand  (Ref.  130,  p.  54).  The  general  run  of  bricks,  however, 
at  this  time  cost  225.  per  1000,  and  the  bricklayer  received  35.  6d. 
per  day  for  laying  them  (Ref.  130,  p.  53).  The  brick  houses  by 
this  time  were  of  considerable  size,  the  first  three-story  one  being 
erected  in  1707,  by  Thomas  Masters  (Ref.  130,  p.  53). 

That  the  people  of  those  early  days  were  taking  notice  of  the 
clays  of  the  region  was  evinced  by  a  letter  written  by  Lewis  Evans 
in  Philadelphia  to  an  English  friend  in  1753  in  which  he  says,  "The 
greatest  vein  of  clay  for  brick  and  pottery  begins  near  Trenton  Falls 
and  extends  a  mile  or  two  in  breadth  on  the  Pennsylvania  side  of 
the  river  to  Christine;  then  it  crosses  the  river  and  goes  by  Salem. 
The  whole  world  cannot  afford  better  brick  than  our  town  is  built 
of"  (Ref.  8,  p.  47). 

It  may  perhaps  be  advisable  before  taking  up  Philadelphia  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  to  review  the  progress  made  by  clay-working 
industries  in  the  remainder  of  southeastern  Pennsylvania  during 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 

No  data  were  obtainable  of  any  clay-working  in  the  State  in  the 
seventeenth  century  outside  of  Philadelphia,  and  not  until  1735  do 
we  read  of  any  activity  along  clay-working  lines  in  the  southeastern 
Pennsylvania  region  save  in  that  city. 

At  that  time  Mr.  Hiister,  a  German  tile  maker,  was  manufactur- 
ing flat  shingle  roofing  tile  in  upper  Salford  township,  Montgomery 
County  (Ref.  8,  p.  51),  and  in  1740  the  Moravians  of  Bethlehem 
were  making  similar  tile  (Ref.  8,  p.  51).  Brick  were  made  by 


198  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Egge&  Nonnewacher  in  Allentown  in  1774  (Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  363), 
and  in  Reading  in  1790  (Ref.  43,  p.  198). 

A  stray  notice  shows  that  farther  west,  around  Wilkesbarre,  the 
brickmaking  industry  was  established  in  1804  by  a  Mr.  Hamlin, 
and  two  of  the  brick  houses  erected  in  1806  are  still  standing,  or 
were  until  a  comparatively  recent  date  (Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  363). 

In  Philadelphia  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  four- 
fifths  of  the  houses  were  constructed  of  brick,  and  the  industry  must 
have'  been  well  established.  During  the  years  1806  to  1809  there 
were  several  concerns  in  operation  making  brick  and  pottery 
(Ref.  8-,  p.  in).  In  1837  the  Jarden  Brick  Company  of  Phila- 
delphia was  established,  and  continued  in  business  for  many  years 
(Ref.  4,  xvm,  p.  238). 

That  the  clayworkers  were  not  confining  their  attention  to  bricks 
alone  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  1840  A.  Miller  of  Philadelphia 
was  advertising  for  sale  fire  brick,  earthenware,  muffles,  kaolin, 
quartz,  and  feldspar  (Ref.  8,  p.  108).  Five  years  later  in  1845  ne 
made  the  first  floor  and  wall  tile  in  the  United  States,  the  idea  being 
conceived  by  an  apprentice  at  his  works.  The  tile  were  of  Rock- 
ingham  ware,  and  were  first  used  on  his  own  warehouse  (Ref.  8, 
p.  343).  Previous  to  1840,  all  brick  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  fact 
throughout  the  country,  were  hand  molded,  the  quantity  made  by 
one  man  being  2000  to  4000  per  day.  In  a  contest  in  Philadelphia 
in  1835  between  two  expert  molders,  however,  working  from  sun- 
rise to  sunset,  each  is  said  to  have  turned  out  about  25,000  bricks 
(Ref.  126,  p.  362).  In  1840  the  first  brick  machine  in  the  city 
began  operations,  being  one  of  the  pioneer  machines  of  the  country 
It  was  a  soft-mud  machine  operated  by  horse  power.  The  opera- 
tion of  such  a  labor-saving  machine  was  strongly  opposed  by  the 
brickmakers,  who  feared  it  would  deprive  them  of  work,  and  a  few 
years  later  the  machine  was  destroyed  in  a  riot  incited  by  these  men 
(Ref.  4,  xvm,  p.  338).  This  served  only  as  a  temporary  check, 
for  in  1847,  after  tne  riot>  a  dry-clay  machine  was  made  in  Phila- 
delphia (Ref.  126,  p.  362).  In  Reading  the  industry  of  common- 
brick  making  was  well  established  by  1840,  at  which  time  there  were 
nine  kilns  producing  annually  2,777,000  brick  (Ref.  43,  p.  119), 
and  another  yard  was  started  in  1845  by  W.  H.  Parker,  using  a 


EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  199 

residual  clay  derived  from  limestone  and  making  a  red  brick 
(Ref.  131,  p.  34).  Fire  brick  are  said  to  have  been  made  in  Read- 
ing in  this  same  year  (Ref.  43,  pp.  119-121).  By  1846,  17  kilns 
were  in  operation,  turning  out  over  nine  million  brick  annually 
(Ref.  43,  pp.  119-121).  After  the  establishment  of  Mr.  Parker's 
yard  in  1845  eight  others  were  organized  previous  to  1898,  and  were 
for  the  greater  part  using  the  residual  clay  in  making  red  brick 
(Ref.  131,  p.  34). 

The  condition  of  the  brick  industry  in  Philadelphia  in  1857, 
according  to  a  brickmaker's  statement  (Ref.  130,  p.  54),  may  be 
summarized  as  follows:  "In  the  city  there  were  about  fifty  yards, 
twenty-five  in  the  south  end  and  twenty-five  in  the  north,  including 
Germantown  and  across  the  Schuylkill,  but  there  were  few  if  any 
bricks  made  by  machinery  at  that  date."  "  In  Washington,  where 
great  quantities  of  brick  are  made  by  brick  machine,  they  do  bet- 
ter, but  bricks  thus  made  are  never  equal  in  quality  to  hand-made 
brick,  which  bring  in  the  market  $1.00  more  per  thousand.  The 
red-pressed  bricks  of  Philadelphia  had  a  high  reputation,  and  were 
exported  to  Cuba  and  shipped  to  New  York  City  (Ref.  130,  pp.  54 
and  55).  Indeed,  for  many  years  large  quantities  of  them  were 
used  in  the  eastern  and  central  United  States.  They  were  made 
by  hand  from  local  loams  and  repressed." 

We  first  hear  of  brick  being  made  in  Lancaster  in  1862  by 
James  Pranglen,  and  by  1898  four  yards  were  in  operation,  using  a 
red-burning  residual  clay  (Ref.  131,  p.  33).  This  common  red- 
brick industry  was  soon  established  throughout  the  Great  Valley 
region.  A  yard  was  also  started  in  Columbia  in  1869,  and  by  1898 
yards  were  in  operation  in  Bethlehem,  Allentown,  Lebanon,  York, 
and  other  towns  throughout  the  Great  Valley,  using  for  the  most 
part  the  residual  clays  derived  from  Cambro-Ordovician  limestone 
(Ref.  131,  p.  34). 

Previous  to  1872  Hyzer  and  Lewellan  in  Philadelphia  were  mak- 
ing encaustic  floor  tile,  using  the  wet-clay  process.  Very  soon  they 
changed  to  the  dry  "dust"  process  (Ref.  8,  p.  344),  and  before 
1876  they  had  taken  up  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick  (Ref.  8, 
p.  345),  but  the  source  of  their  raw  materials  is  not  known. 

The  paving-brick  industry  of  southeastern  Pennsylvania  seems 


OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY 


200  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

to  have  begun  about  1892  when  the  Montello  Clay  and  Brick  Com- 
pany at  Montello  began  the  manufacture  of  red,  vitrified  brick 
from  Triassic  shales.  The  same  materials  were  used  in  1894  by 
the  McAvoy  Vitrified  Brick  Company,  Perkiomen  Junction  (Pawl- 
ing P.  O.).  They  employed  a  stiff-mud  machine  (Ref.  130,  p.  59). 
Since  then  paving-brick  manufacture  is  said  to  have  been  taken 
up  at  Reading,  Allentown,  Hamburg,  and  Oaks  Station.  The 
Reading  and  Allentown  yards  use  Cambro-Ordovician  shales,  the 
Hamburg  firm  uses  the  Hudson  River  shales,  and  the  Perkiomen 
Brick  Company  at  Oaks  Station  the  Triassic  shale  (Ref.  131). 

Since  1892  the  manufacture  of  ornamental  dry-pressed  brick 
has  been  taken  up  at  Pine  Grove  Furnace  by  the  Fuller  Brick  and 
Slate  Company,  and  the  Mt.  Holly  Brick  and  Clay  Company  at 
Mt.  Holly,  the  latter  firm  using  the  white  residual  clays  from  Upper 
Mill  and  Henry  Clay  mines,  South  Mountain  (Ref.  131).  The 
Penn  tile  works  at  Bendersville  station  also  began  using  the  South 
Mountain  clays  in  part  for  the  manufacture  of  encaustic  floor  tiles 
in  1893.  The  manufacture  of  enameled  brick  from  a  mixture  of 
Clinton  (?)  clays,  and  Clearfield  County  Coal  Measure  fire  clays, 
was  begun  at  Saylorsburg,  Pa.,  by  the  Blue  Ridge  Enameled 
Brick  Company  about  1894,  and  is  still  running. 

The  manufacture  of  pressed  brick  around  Philadelphia  has  also 
grown.  For  many  years  the  red-pressed  brick,  made  from  surface 
Pleistocene  loams,  were  used  in  large  quantities  in  the  eastern 
cities,  but  with  the  falling  off  in  favor  of  red-pressed  brick,  and 
the  coming  into  fashion  of  buff,  speckled,  and  other  brick  made 
from  fire  clays,  some  of  the  Philadelphia  yards  began  the  pro- 
duction of  these,  and  have  continued  making  them  up  to  the  present 
day.  Their  raw  materials  had  to  be  brought  either  from  the 
Cretaceous  clay  belt  of  New  Jersey  or  the  Coal  Measure  fire-clay 
districts  of  western  Pennsylvania. 

Architectural  Terra  Cotta.  In  1886  Stephens  and  Leach  began 
the  manufacture  of  terra  cotta  in  West  Philadelphia  (Ref.  8,  pp. 
397,  p.  197).  This  works  was  subsequently  run  by  Armstrong  and 
Conklin,  and  is  still  in  operation,  although  it  has  been  absorbed  by 
the  New  York  Architectural  Terra  Cotta  Company  of  Long  Island 
City,  N.Y. 


EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  2OI 

A  new  factory,  that  of  W.  O.  Ketcham,  was  started  as  late  as  1906, 
drawing  its  raw  materials  from  northeastern  Maryland. 

Pottery.  Before  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  potting  had 
begun  in  Philadelphia,  the  first  in  the  State,  when  in  1690  the  City 
had  one  potter  (Ref.  8,  p.  54),  and  tobacco  pipes  were  being  manu- 
factured (Ref.  8,  p.  338).  The  source  of  the  raw  materials  is  not 
known. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  tobacco-pipe  manu- 
facture was  still  going  on,  and  between  1712  and  1719  pipes  were 
made  and  sold  in  the  city  for  four  shillings  a  gross  (Ref.  4,  xxi, 

P-  551)- 

The  china  works  of  Philadelphia,  of  such  historic  interest  to  all 
china  collectors,  was  established  in  1769  (Ref.  12,  p.  402).  A 
newspaper  of  that  year  (1769)  tells  of  its  erection,  and  later  in  the 
same  year  gives  an  advertisement  for  shank  bones  to  be  delivered 
at  Southwark,  Philadelphia,  the  advertisement  bearing  the  firm 
name  Bonnin  and  Morris  (Ref.  12,  p.  402).  As  the  kaolins  and  white 
clays  of  Pennsylvania  had  not  yet  been  developed,  this  pottery 
and  others  later  on  drew  their  supply  of  clay  for  white-ware  manu- 
facture from  New  Jersey  or  Delaware.  Bonnin  obtained  most  of 
his  from  White  Clay  Creek,  Del.  (Ref.  8,  p.  99).  The  English 
and  Dutch  china  manufacturers  became  greatly  alarmed  at 
this  industry  on  our  continent,  and  started  a  brisk  competition, 
shipping  over  quantities  of  chinaware  (Ref.  8,  p.  99),  with  the 
result  that  Bonnin  and  Morris  were  soon  forced  to  close  down 
(Ref.  8,  p.  90),  after  vain  attempts  to  obtain  assistance  in  1771, 
by  petitioning  the  Assembly  for  funds  and  by  carrying  on  a 
lottery.  Bonnin  after  the  failure  returned  to  England.  His 
ware  was  probably  blue  decorated  and  soft  bone-china  (Ref.  8, 
pp.  91-98). 

Before  the  close  of  the  century,  in  1792,  two  potteries  were  in 
operation  in  the  city,  one  by  Miller  and  one  by  Curtis,  both 
probably  making  common  earthenware  (Ref.  8,  pp.  104  and  107), 
and  using  supposedly  local  clays. 

The  town  of  Lancaster  had  three  potteries  (Ref.  i,  I,  p.  238)  as 
early  as  1 740,  and  somewhere  in  the  State,  probably  in  this  south- 
eastern region,  the  Dutch  were  making  the  ware  known  as  "  Tulip 


202  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Ware  "  (Ref.  6,  p.  us).1  The  Vickers  were  making  earthenware 
in  Chester  County  from  1753  to  1765  (Ref.  8,  p.  103),  and  in  1762 
slip-decorated  ware  was  made  in  Montgomery  and  Bucks  counties, 
while  the  Wrightstown  (Bucks  County)  pottery  was  established 
by  a  Mr.  Smith  in  1763  (Ref.  8,  pp.  68-69).  I*1  no  case  is  tne 
character  of  the  raw  materials  mentioned,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  they 
were  brought  any  distance.  Before  the  close  of  the  century,  in 
1792,  earthenware  was  also  made  at  Bucksville,  Bucks  County 
(Ref.  8,  p.  71). 

The  healthy  condition  of  the  industry  is  well  indicated  by  the 
statistics  of  1811,  which  show  that  there  were  30  kilns  and  16  pot- 
teries in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  alone  (Ref.  42,  in,  p.  2232),  and  it 
was  said  "  earthenware  equal  to  Staffordshire  could  be  made  if 
workmen  could  be  found  "  (Ref.  44,  p.  75).  This  was  rather  a  bold 
assertion,  but  chinaware  was  made  at  that  time  by  D.  Freytag,  and 
it  was  said  to  be  finer  than  any  then  being  produced  in  the  United 
States  (Ref.  8,  p.  115). 

The  J.  C.  Remmey  and  Son  Pottery,  now  one  of  the  two  large 
controlling  companies  in  Philadelphia,  was  established  in  New 
York  in  1684  and  in  Philadelphia  in  1810.  They  have  probably 
always  manufactured  stoneware,  and  in  1898  (Ref.  130,  p.  49) 
their  chief  product  was  chemical  stoneware,  the  raw  materials 
coming  from  New  Jersey  and  Maryland. 

The  history  of  the  Tucker  china  in  the  city  began  in  1812.  At 
that  time  Ben  Tucker  had  a  china  shop  in  the  city  and  sold  imported 
chinaware.  His  son,  W.  E.  Tucker,  became  interested  in  decorat- 
ing the  ware,  and  had  an  experimental  kiln  behind  the  shop.  He 
began  soon  to  experiment  with  native  clays  and  bone,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  making  porcelain.  In  1825  he  purchased  an  old  water 
works  plant  and  converted  it  into  a  pottery.  The  following  year, 
1826,  he  bought  a  feldspar  quarry  in  New  Castle  County,  Del., 
and  began  making  porcelain.  Just  as  the  former  attempt  at  china- 
making  in  the  United  States  had  been  a  cause  of  alarm  to  the 
English  manufacturers,  so  did  this  one,  and  in  an  endeavor  to 

1  Dr.  J.  M.  Clarke,  in  a  paper  on  "  The  Swiss  Influence  on  the  Early  Pennsyl- 
vania, Slip-Decorated  Majolica  "  (Albany,  1908),  has  pointed  out  that  the  Germans 
and  German -speak  ing  Swiss  were  known  under  the  general  name  of  "  Dutch,"  but 
that  the  designs  and  slip  glazes  on  these  wares  were  of  Swiss  origin. 


EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  203 

overthrow  the  enterprise  certain  English  workmen  employed  by 
Tucker  were  bribed  to  partially  cut  off  the  handles  of  the  ware 
before  burning  it,  and  to  commit  other  underhand  acts  against  their 
employer.  These  troubles  were  almost  discouraging  to  Mr. 
Tucker,  and  in  1830  he  attempted  to  obtain  $20,000  as  a  grant 
from  Andrew  Jackson,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  but 
failed.  The  kaolin  for  his  works  he  purchased  of  Israel  Hoppe, 
New  Garden  township,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  and  his  feldspar 
from  Delaware.  In  1832  he  began  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick, 
using  the  South  Amboy  clay.  Mr.  Tucker  ran  this  pottery  until 
1828  (Ref.  8,  pp.  127-139). 

During  the  same  period,  1812-1840,  many  brickyards  and 
potteries  were  springing  up  in  Philadelphia.  A  pottery  making 
red  and  black  ware  was  operated  by  a  Mr.  Haig  in  1812  (Ref.  8, 
p.  116).  In  1837  the  American  China  Manufactory  was  being 
operated  in  the  city  by  a  Mr.  Hemphill,  John  Pennington  of  West 
Grove  furnishing  him  with  clay  (Ref.  8,  p.  140). 

During  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  1800-1850,  in 
the  southeastern  district  outside  of  Philadelphia  several  interest- 
ing facts  are  to  be  noted.  In  1820  kaolin  was  discovered  by 
Israel  Hoppe  while  digging  a  post  hole  on  his  farm  at  New 
Garden,  Chester  County.  He  shipped  a  quantity  of  it  to  the 
Tucker  pottery  in  Philadelphia,  and  also  used  it  for  fire-brick 
manufacture.1  This  represents  the  beginning  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania kaolin  industry.  A  pottery  was  in  operation  as  early  as 
1820  in  Bird-in-Hand,  Lancaster  County,  making  probably  earth- 
enware (Ref.  8,  p.  340). 

There  appears  to  be  little  mention  of  new  developments  for  the 
next  25  years,  but  it  is  certain  that  the  use  of  the  pottery  clays 
continued  to  grow,  and  that  many  of  the  potteries  established  by 
1825  kept  running  for  a  number  of  years.  In  the  year  1856  the 
making  of  tobacco  pipes  in  Manheim,  Lancaster  County,  is  re- 
ferred to,  while  two  years  later,  or  in  1858,  white  ones  were  made 
in  Philadelphia  (Ref.  8,  p.  340).  No  doubt  there  was  a  brisk 
demand  for  this  kind  of  ware  in  the  populous  Dutch  districts. 

The  Phoenixville  Pottery,  Kaolin  and  Fire  Brick  Company, 
which  began  operations  in  1867,  was  succeeded  a  few  years  later 

1   Private  communication. 


204  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

by  Schrieber  and  Co.,  who  made  terra-cotta  heads,  etc.  Later  on, 
under  different  owners,  the  works  produced  white  ware  (1877), 
majolica  (1879),  and  hard  porcelain  (1882)  (Ref.  8,  pp.  267-269)^ 
but  whether  they  ran  entirely  on  Pennsylvania  clays  is  not  known. 

The  present  Philadelphia  City  Pottery  was  established  in  1868, 
and  also  the  Port  Richmond  Pottery  (Ref.  8,  p.  251),  while  in  the 
same  year  (1868)  terra  cotta  was  being  made  in  Reading  by  Fox, 
Hagg,  &  Co.  (Ref.  43,  p.  119).  This  no  doubt  refers  to  terra- 
cotta vases  and  not  architectural  terra  cotta. 

In  the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  southeastern  Penn- 
sylvania, so  well  supplied  with  common-brick  plants,  began  to 
develop  its  better  classes  of  clay,  such  as  the  white  clays  of  the 
Great  Valley  and  South  Mountain  areas  and  the  kaolins  of  Dela- 
ware and  Chester  counties.  Mr.  Israel  Hoppe,  already  men- 
tioned, shipped  in  1852  some  of  his  kaolin  of  New  Garden  to  the 
Trenton  potteries,  being  obliged  to  cart  it  12  miles  to  Newport, 
Del.,  for  shipment. 

He  sold  this  property  in  1856  to  H.  Spencer,  who  erected  a  large 
washery  and  sold  his  clay  to  paper  manufacturers  or  to  Trenton 
and  East  Liverpool  potters. 

An  interesting  type  of  residual  white  clay  deposit  is  that  found 
in  the  Great  Valley  and  South  Mountain  district.  This  clay  is 
the  decomposition  product  of  hydro-mica  slates  intercalated  in 
Cambro-Ordovician  limestones  and  in  Cambrian  slates.  At 
present  the  largest  markets  for  the  clay  are  for  the  paper  trade 
and  for  potteries.  As  far  as  we  know,  these  clays  were  first  used 
at  Mertztown,  where  they  were  mined  and  shipped  as  early  as 
1874  by  the  Star  Clay  Company.  Associated  with  the  white  clay 
at  a  number  of  localities  is  a  limonite  ore  which  has  been  mined 
from  time  to  time.  Since  1874,  fifteen  or  twenty  companies  have 
been  engaged  in  mining  this  clay,  the  chief  centers  of  develop- 
ment being  Mt.  Holly  Springs  in  Cumberland  County,  Mertz- 
town in  Berks  County,  Ore  Hill  in  Huntingdon  County,  Hunter's 
Run,  and  Glen  Loch  in  Chester  County  (Ref.  131,  p.  16).  Among 
those  now  operating  are  the  Philadelphia  Clay  Company,  Mt. 
Holly  Springs  Brick  and  Clay  Company,  Harrisburg  Clay  Com- 
pany, etc.  The  clays  are  used  in  white-brick  manufacture,  wall 


WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  205 

paper,  asbestos  goods,  floor  tile,  white  cement,  and  antiphlogis- 
tine.  For  some  of  these  purposes  the  clay  has  to  be  washed 
before  shipment.  In  1883  the  kaolins  of  Delaware  County  were 
being  mined  in  Oley  township  and  sold  to  the  paper  mills  at 
Pleasantville  for  $7  to  $15  per  ton.  In  fact,  kaolin  was  being 
extensively  mined  throughout  the  county  (Ref.  46,  D3,  p.  367). 

WESTERN    PENNSYLVANIA. 

Bricky  Tile,  and  Terra  Cotta.  The  earliest  mention  we  find  of 
the  clay-working  industry  in  western  Pennsylvania  is  the  state- 
ment (Ref.  4,  xxxiv,  p.  266)  that  the  first  brick  house  west  of  the 
Alleghenies  was  erected  in  Kaskaskia  in  1750.  There  seems  to  be 
some  dispute,  however,  as  to  whether  the  brick  used  were  im- 
ported from  Holland,  as  many  of  the  early  brick  were,  but  there 
is  no  good  reason  to  doubt  that  the  early  Dutch  settlers  made 
brick  in  Pennsylvania  soon  after  their  arrival,  and  the  brick  for 
this  first  house  are  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  made  at  Fort 
Duquesne,  now  Pittsburg.  This  is  very  possible,  because  brick 
'were  being  made  at  that  locality  in  1760  (Ref.  4,  xxxiv,  p.  266). 
The  history  of  the  industry  presents  a  blank  for  about  eighty  years, 
and  the  next  record  we  have  is  that  in  1840,  John  Glass  located 
a  brick  works  on  Block  House  Run,  near  New  Brighton.  This 
is  now  operated  by  the  A.  F.  Smith  Company. 

The  oldest  brickyard  still  in  operation  in  Pittsburg  is  that  of 
R.  Knowlson  &  Son,  which  was  established  in  1845.  Common 
red-building  brick  continues  to  be  the  chief  clay  product  made  in 
Pittsburg,  and  since  the  establishment  of  Knowlson's  yard  at 
least  25  other  ones  have  begun  operations,  using  in  most  cases 
clays  and  shales  of  the  Lower  Barren  coal  measures  (Ref.  132, 
p.  168),  while  throughout  Allegheny  County  similar  conditions 
prevail.  A  marked  change  has  also  taken  place  in  methods  of 
manufacture,  the  hand-mold  and  horsepower  pug-mill  having 
been  replaced  almost  entirely  by  machinery  (Ref.  132,  p.  134). 

Between  1850  and  1890  there  was  a  steady  growth  in  the 
brick  industry  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  but  there  are  few 
recorded  details. 


206  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

In  1892  the  Fallston  Fire  Clay  Company  erected  a  plant  on 
Brady's  Run  for  the  manufacture  of  face  brick,  using  the  Lower 
Kittanning,  Lower  Freeport  and  Clarion  clays,  as  well  as  shales 
of  the  Allegheny  series.  Pressed  brick  were  also  produced  at 
Kittanning,  Vanport,  Lay  ton,  and  Bolivar  in  1898  (Ref.  132, 
p.  1 1 8),  the  manufacture  of  these  having  continued  up  to  the 
present. 

In  1900  the  old  plant  of  the  Keystone  Pottery  Company  at 
Rochester,  organized  in  1890,  was  transformed  into  a  brick  plant 
by  the  Miller  Brick  Company.  Two  years  later,  or  in  1902,  the 
Beaver  Clay  Manufacturing  Company  erected  a  plant  at  New 
Galilee,  using  the  Lower  Kittanning  clay  for  face-brick  manu- 
facture, while  several  years  previous  to  this  two  plants  were 
erected  at  Darlington,  and  are  still  in  operation,  but  these  make 
both  paving  and  face  brick. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  we  find  that  the  Devonian 
shales  have  been  used  since  1891  at  Bradford,  McKean  County, 
for  the  manufacture  of  red  dry -pressed  brick.  They  were  developed 
by  P.  B.  Broughton  &  Co.  This  appears  to  have  been  the  first 
utilization  of  shales  in  this  part  of  the  State.  A  terra-cotta  plant, 
started  by  the  Northeastern  Terra  Cotta  Company  at  the  same 
place  in  1906,  is  utilizing  the  Carboniferous  (?)  clays  from  Free- 
man in  McKean  County. 

One  other  important  phase  of  the  industry  around  Pittsburg  is 
-that  of  encaustic  tile.  In  1867  one  Keys,  who  was  managing  a 
brickyard  in  Pittsburg,  conceived  the  idea  of  making  tile,  and  in 
1871  succeeded  in  his  experiments.  In  1876  the  business  was 
organized  as  the  Pittsburg  Encaustic  Tile  Company,  and  in  1882 
became  the  Star  Encaustic  Tile  Company,  which  now  manu- 
factures a  full  line  of  unglazed  tile.  The  company  uses  Cone- 
maugh  shale  from  near  the  works,  Kittanning  clays  from  New 
Brighton,  and  some  Florida  ball  clay  (Ref.  132,  p.  29). 

The  tile  works  of  the  Beaver  Art  Tile  Company  was  established 
at  Beaver  Falls  in  1887,  to  manufacture  glazed  tile,  85  per  cent 
of  the  clay  then  used  coming  from  the  local  Kittanning  deposits, 
with  some  kaolin  from  outside  the  State  (Ref.  132,  p.  47).  This 
plant  was  erected  by  Isaac  A.  Harvey  in  1868,  who  made  "Liver- 
pool ware,"  and  was  later  operated  by  Elijah  Webster,  who  came 


WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  207 

from  East  Liverpool  to  Beaver  Falls  and  made  door  knobs.  It 
was  still  later  used  by  J.  Graff,  who  made  yellow  ware,  after  which 
it  remained  idle  until  taken  up  by  the  present  company.  The 
earlier  occupants  are  said  to  have  used  a  portion  of  sagger  clay 
from  the  Bolivar  horizon  in  Brady's  Run. 

In  1898  sewer  pipe  and  flue  linings  were  also  being  made  at 
New  Brighton,  and  in  1889  the  Pittsburg  Terra-Cotta  Lumber 
Company  was  incorporated  for  making  fireproofing  and  terra- 
cotta lumber  from  the  local  shales  occurring  near  the  works 
(Ref.  132,  p.  137).  This  firm  name  was  changed  in  1899  to 
that  of  the  National  Fireproofing  Company,  which  owns  clay 
lands  and  plants  also  in  Ohio,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and 
Massachusetts. 

Paving  brick  and  fire  brick  are  but  little  manufactured  in  the 
county  in  which  Pittsburg  lies.  There  were  in  1898  but  four 
paving-brick  concerns  there,  Kountz  Brothers  Company  of 
Harmarville,  established  in  1892,  using  the  shale,  and  the  Blatch- 
ford-Meeds  Brick  Company  at  Barking,  whose  date  of  beginning 
is  unknown. 

About  1890  Park  Brothers  began  the  manufacture  of  paving 
brick  in  Crow's  Run,  near  Monaca,  using  Lower  Kittanning  clay, 
and  in  the  same  year  the  Brady's  Run  Fire  Clay  Company  erected 
a  plant  on  Brady's  Run  for  the  same  purpose.  This  works,  now 
known  as  the  Pennsylvania  Clay  Company,  utilizes  both  Lower 
Kittanning  and  Freeport  clays. 

Refractory  Wares.  In  1839 l  the  firm  of  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  of 
Rochester  was  established  for  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick,  and 
now  makes  high-grade  furnace  brick,  using  Lower  Kittanning 
plastic  clay  with  Clarion  County  flint  clay  (Ref.  132,  p.  65).  This 
is  perhaps  the  third  or  fourth  oldest  fire-brick  factory  in  the 
United  States.  In  the  next  year  (1840)  John  Glass  was  engaged 
in  mining  fire  clay  and  mortar  clay  around  New  Brighton. 

The  fire-clay  industry  around  Bolivar  is  a  most  important  one. 
It  seems  to  have  had  its  birth  in  1842,  and  is  therefore  one  of  the 
oldest  centers  of  fire-clay  working  in  the  United  States.  The 
pioneer  in  the  industry  was  James  Glover,  who  came  from  Mt. 
Savage,  Md.,  in  that  year,  discovered  the  Bolivar  fire  clay,  and 

1  An  early  development  is  mentioned  under  Clinton  County. 


208  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY. 

was  engaged  in  the  fire-clay  business  for  twenty  years.  The  first 
brick  at  Bolivar  were  made  by  himself  and  his  family  in  a  small 
factory  operated  by  water  power  along  Two-mile  Creek.  He 
transported  the  brick  to  Pittsburg  by  boat,  and  went  out  personally 
soliciting  orders  for  the  product.  After  much  difficulty  he  suc- 
ceeded in  disposing  of  his  first  boat  load.  The  bricks  were  found 
very  satisfactory,  and  the  people  soon  began  to  inquire  for  the  Boli- 
var Scotchman  and  his  brick  (Ref.  132,  p.  81).  Glover  continued 
in  business  until  1862,  when  he  sold  out  and  moved  to  Louisiana. 
Three  years  after  the  establishment  of  the  plant  at  Bolivar  (1845), 
Kier  Brothers  began  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick  at  Salina,  using 
the  Bolivar  clay  (Ref.  132,  p.  73).  The  fire-brick  works  of  the 
Star  Fire-Brick  Company  was  established  in  1865  and  is  still  in 
operation,  using  clay  probably  from  Clarion,  Clearfield,  and  Cam- 
bria counties  (Ref.  132,  p.  70).  Several  fire-brick  works  are  also 
located  in  Pittsburg,  and  glass  pots  are  made  there,  but  the  clays 
are  shipped  in  mostly  from  central  Pennsylvania. 

During  the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  while  the  pottery 
industry  around  New  Brighton,  and  the  common  brick  industry  in 
Allegheny  County,  were  taking  such  rapid  strides,  the  rest  of  west- 
ern Pennsylvania  was  making  great  advancement,  especially  in  the 
fire-clay  industry.  Many  of  the  Beaver  Valley  potteries  and  others 
manufactured  fire  brick  as  a  side  issue,  but  a  number  of  firms 
made  it  their  chief  business,  using  the  Kittanning  fire  clay.  One 
of  the  oldest  of  the  fire-brick  works  was  that  of  Pendleton  & 
Brother  established  in  1856  at  Rochester  and  on  the  Ohio  across 
from  Beaver.  Both  of  these  are  out  of  business.  Another  early 
works  was  that  of  Jos.  Soisson  &  Co.,  in  Connellsville.  From 
1859  to  1862  Mr.  Soisson  operated  a  plant  at  Portage  No.  8  on  the 
old  Pennsylvania  canal.  In  1862  the  canal  passed  into  the  hands 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and  the  works  were  discontinued. 
The  company  now  operates  three  fire-brick  works,  near  Connells- 
ville; the  oldest,  the  Volcano,  having  been  established  in  1864  (Ref. 
132,  p.  91).  In  1867  the  first  fire-brick  company  was  established 
at  Black  Lick,  and  since  then  several  companies  have  been  in 
operation,  but  now  there  is  only  one  (Ref.  132,  p.  74).  The  fol- 
lowing year,  1868,  the  Vanport  Brick  Company  began  manufac- 
turing fire  brick  in  Vanport;  and  at  White  Church  (Wymp's  P.  O.), 


WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  209 

Fayette  County,  D.  H.  Emme  commenced  mining  fire  clay,  at  first 
hauling  it  to  the  Monongahela  River  and  shipping  by  boat.  The  clay 
was  used  for  making  glass  pots  around  Pittsburg  (Ref.  132,  p.  97). 

The  Sharon  fire-clay  bed  at  Benezette  opened  in  1854  was  worked 
by  Reed  &  Harrison,  1873-1876,  and  the  product  was  shipped  to 
Pittsburg,  where  it  sold  for  $3.50  a  ton  (Ref.  46,  RR,  p.  260), 
and  the  McClure  Coke  Company  at  Darent  Station  began  operat- 
ing at  Lemont  Furnace,  making  fire  brick  for  coke  ovens  (Ref. 
132,  p.  97).  In  1876  the  Brookville  fire  clay  was  worked  for 
fire  brick  at  Sandy  Ridge,  Blue  Ball,  Woodland,  Hope  Station, 
Benezette,  Parkville,  Queens  Run,  Farrandsville,  Johnston,  and 
Black  Lick  (Ref.  46,  HH,  p.  146).  The  Kittanning  clays  in  1878 
were  mined  around  New  Brighton,  in  Ohio  township,  at  Freedom, 
Marion,  Pulaski,  and  Rochester  (Ref.  46,  Q). 

The  fire-brick  works  of  Welch,  Gloninger  &  Co.  were  estab- 
lished in  1882  (Ref.  132)  at  Vanport,  using  the  Kittanning  fire  clay. 
In  the  same  year  we  note  the  mining  of  Savage  Mountain  fire  clay 
along  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  in  Somerset  County.  The 
run  of  the  clay  made  good  second-grade  product,  but  one-half  of 
it  was  used  by  the  Savage  Fire-Brick  Company  at  Hyndman  and 
Keystone  Junction  (Ref.  46,  T2,  p.  336)  for  a  good  grade  of  fire  brick. 
At  Layton  in  1898  three  fire-brick  concerns  were  in  operation,  one, 
the  Layton  Fire  Clay  Company,  having  been  established  previous 
to  1890.  Clay  for  glass  pots  was  being  shipped  from  here  to  Pitts- 
burg, this  having  begun  in  1887  by  Mrs.  Wurm  (Ref.  132,  p.  90). 
It  was  about  this  time  also,  that  James  H.  Welsh  located  a  fire- 
brick plant  at  Monaca,  which  is  still  being  operated.  Three  years 
later,  or  in  1900,  the  plant  of  W.  H.  Wynn  &  Co.  was  organized 
at  West  Decatur,  the  clays  coming  from  what  is  known  as  the 
Morgan  Run  Clay  Belt,  of  Clearfield  County.  They  occur  in  the 
Brookville  formation. 

The  largest  fire-brick  manufacturing  company  in  Pennsylvania 
as  well  as  in  the  United  States  is  the  Harbison- Walker  Refrac- 
tories Company,  organized  in  1902,  and  successors  to  the  firm  of 
Harbison  &  Walker.  The  details  of  the  history  of  this  group  of 
factories  are  given  below.1 

In  1865  J.  K.  Lemon  organized  the  Star  Fire-Brick  Company. 

1  Supplied  by  Mr.  Wm.  Walker. 


210  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

This  plant  was  located  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  the  clay  used  was 
shipped  from  Bolivar,  Pa.  This  clay  at  the  present  time  is  con- 
sidered as  only  second  quality,  and  is  quite  inferior  to  the  best  flint 
clays  now  used  in  the  manufacture  of  high-grade  brick.  The  first 
brick  were  sold  for  mill  use,  and  the  price  obtained  in  September, 
1865,  was  $40  per  thousand. 

In  1870  Mr.  S.  P.  Harbison,  who  had  been  made  general  man- 
ager of  the  business,  started  a  systematic  investigation  of  fire 
clays  and  their  adaptability  for  making  brick  suitable  for  differ- 
ent refractory  purposes.  The  result  of  his  investigations  showed 
that  the  Bolivar  clay  was  not  sufficiently  refractory  for  a  high- 
grade  brick,  and  the  source  of  his  supplies  of  clay  was  changed 
from  Bolivar  to  Elk,  Clearfield,  and  Cambria  counties.  After 
considerable  search  and  many  tests  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  highest  grade  existed  in  more  uniform  quantities  and  quality 
in  Clearfield  and  Cambria  than  in  Elk  County. 

It  was  necessary  for  Mr.  Harbison  to  locate  a  plastic  clay  to  be 
used  in  connection  with  the  flint  clays,  and  the  best  that  could  be 
found  was  located  at  Kittanning,  Armstrong  County,  Pa.  There 
was  also  a  highly  refractory  grade  of  soft  clay  found  in  certain 
deposits  in  connection  with  the  hard  clay  from  Clearfield  and 
Cambria  counties. 

Mr.  S.  P.  Harbison,  then  in  need  of  capital  to  extend  his  busi- 
ness, induced  Mr.  Hay  Walker  to  join  him  in  1875,  and  Mr. 
Walker's  son,  Hepburn  Walker,  became  active  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  business  on  the  formation  of  the  new  partnership. 

The  first  silica  brick  were  made  at  the  Star  Works,  then  known 
as  Harbison  &  Walker,  in  1887,  and  competed  successfully 
with  the  Dinas  or  Welsh  brick,  which  up  to  that  time  had  been 
almost  exclusively  used  in  the  United  States.  The  only  silica 
brick  made  in  the  United  States  prior  to  that  date  were  those 
manufactured  by  Isaac  Reese  &  Sons  Company  at  Manorville, 
Pennsylvania. 

In  1884  Harbison  &  Walker  bought  the  Woodland  Fire 
Brick  Company,  Ltd.,  with  two  works  at  Woodland,  Clearfield 
County,  and  with  this  purchase  secured  a  considerable  area  of 
flint  clay.  Prior  to  this  time  the  works  had  been  in  operation 
about  thirteen  years. 


WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  211 

By  1886  the  capacity  of  the  Star  Works  at  Pittsburg  had 
increased  from  8000  to  80,000  brick  per  day;  this,  with  the  Wood- 
land capacity  added,  giving  the  company  a  capacity  of  about 
115,000  daily. 

In  1893  Harbison  &  Walker  bought  the  Cambria  Fire  Brick 
Company's  works  and  clay  properties  located  at  Figart,  Cam- 
bria County,  and  this  was  followed  in  1897  by  the  erection  of  the 
Widemire  works  at  Stronach  Station,  Pa.,  with  a  daily  capacity  of 
about  35,000  brick,  and  also  considerable  clay  land. 

Two  years  later,  or  in  1899,  the  company  started  a  plant  at 
Clearfield  with  a  capacity  of  75,000  brick  daily,  and  another 
works  at  Hays  Station  with  a  combined  fire-clay  and  silica-brick 
capacity  of  160,000.  Following  this,  in  the  year  1901,  the  com- 
pany purchased  the  plant  of  the  W.  H.  Haws  Fire  Brick  Company, 
near  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  its  silica- 
brick  output.  In  the  same  year  a  new  plant  was  erected  at 
Figart  for  the  purpose  of  making  special  shapes. 

In  1902  T.  L.  Chadbourne,  a  lawyer  and  promoter,  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  forming  a  combination  of  fire-brick  manu- 
facturers, with  the  result  that  the  Harbison-Walker  Refractories 
Company  was  incorporated.  This  included  not  only  the  works 
already  mentioned,  but  also  the  following: 

Isaac  Reese  &  Sons  Company,  in  business  for  upwards  of 
30  years,  with  works  at  Retort,  Center  County,  and  Manorville 
and  Cowanshannoc,  Armstrong  County. 

Phillipsburg  Fire-Brick  Works,  operated  by  Messrs.  Wigton, 
and  started  about  1893. 

Wallaceton  Fire-Brick  Company,  Wallaceton,  Clearfield  County, 
operated  by  Alex.  Paterson,  and  established  about  1888. 

Clinton  County  Fire-Brick  Company,  with  works  at  Millhall, 
Center  County,  and  Monument,  Center  County.  These  are 
referred  to  under  the  Clinton  County  field. 

American  Fire-Brick  Company  of  Mill  Hall,  Pa.    A  new  works. 

Fredericks-Monro  Company,  Farrandsville.  Referred  to  under 
the  Clinton  County  field. 

Clearfield  Fire-Brick  Company,  owned  by  the  Bigler  family 
for  about  25  years. 

Fayette    Manufacturing    Company,    organized    in    1893    with 


212  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

works  at  Layton,  Fayette  County,  and  Chester.  Manufacturers 
of  magnesia  brick. 

Basic  Brick  Company  of  Johnstown.  Organized  in  1894  and 
manufacturing  silica  brick. 

Between  1903  and  1907  the  works  at  Johnstown,  Manorville, 
and  Cowanshannoc  were  dismantled,  and  additions  made  to  plants 
located  at  better  points  to  take  care  of  the  capacity  of  the  plants 
which  had  been  dismantled. 

In  1906  a  plant  was  erected  at  Templeton,  Armstrong  County, 
for  the  manufacture  of  gray,  buff,  and  Pompeian  face  brick. 

Clinton  County*  This  clay  field  has  generally  been  called  the 
Lock  Haven  field,  as  the  original  manufactures  and  developments 
were  made  around  and  near  the  town  of  Lock  Haven  in  Clinton 
County.  This  section  was  among  the  first  to  make  a  good  grade 
of  fire  brick  west  of  New  Jersey.  Professor  Rogers  (Ref.  152, 
p.  155)  makes  the  following  statements  regarding  it:  "  Under  a 
vein  of  clay  6  feet  thick  on  Minnersville  Hill  at  Farrandsville  is 
found  a  vein  of  fire  clay,  which  is  found  to  be  of  superior  quality 
for  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick.  This  clay  is  from  6  to  7  feet  thick ; 
is  destitute  of  grit  and  furnishes  an  admirable  fire  brick.  They  are 
manufactured  at  Farrandsville  bn  an  extensive  scale,  about  6000  to 
9000  brick  being  made  every  week,  and  commanding  about  $45.00 
per  hundred.  These  are  principally  used  on  the  spot  for  furnace 
and  other  work.  The  furnace  now  in  operation  is  built  of  stone 
and  lined  with  these  brick.  It  is  54  feet  high;  the  diameter  of  the 
boshes  was  originally  17  feet,  but  was  lately  reduced  to  13  feet. 
The  above  furnace  was  the  first  hot-blast  furnace  in  America,  and 
was  built  by  Benjamin  Perry." 

In  1836  Hollenbach,  McDonnel,  Whitefield  and  Herron  began 
operations  for  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick  at  Queens  Run,  a  few 
miles  west  of  Lock  Haven,  and  continued  in  the  business  for  several 
years,  when  the  plant  was  sold  to  Mackey,  Graffus  and  Scott  of 
Lock  Haven.  It  was  run  for  several  years  under  this  firm  name, 
when  it  again  changed  to  Mackey,  Fredericks  and  Company,  and 
after  that  to  John  Williams  and  Company,  finally  becoming 
Fredericks,  Monroe  and  Company.  In  1862  this  last  firm  moved 

1  The  notes  on  this  district  have  been  supplied  to  us  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Stowe  of  the 
Stowe-Fuller  Company  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  213 

the  plant  to  Farrandsville,  and  engaged  in  the  making  of  fire  brick 
on  the  former  site  of  the  original  plant,  continuing  until  1903, 
when  the  property  was  sold  to  the  Harbison-Walker  Refractories 
Company,  as  mentioned  on  another  page. 

The  Queens  Run  Fire-Brick  Company  was  organized  in  1883  by 
Bickford,  Merrill  and  Morrison,  the  plant  being  located  at  Lock 
Haven,  and  the  clay  brought  by  boat  from  Queens  Run.  The 
ownership  of  this  plant  has  changed  several  times,  until  it  is  now 
a  modern  works  of  about  50,000  daily  capacity. 

The  best  clays  in  the  Clinton  County  district  are  said  to  occur  in 
the  tops  of  the  series  of  hills  or  mountains  to  the  west  and  south- 
west of  Lock  Haven,  the  clay  running  in  a  bed  from  five  to  seven 
feet  thick  and  underlying  the  coal.  The  best  developed  area 
extends  from  Queens  Run  to  Farrandsville,  and  thence  southwest 
to  Monument.  The  clay  in  this  territory  is  controlled  by  the  Har- 
bison-Walker Refractories  Company,  Queens  Run  Fire-Brick 
Company,  Lock  Haven  Fire-Brick  Company,  and  Pennsylvania 
Fire-Brick  Company. 

The  clays  are  both  flint  and  plastic  in  their  character.  Fredericks, 
Monroe  and  Company  at  Farrandsville  and  the  Queens  Run  Fire- 
Brick  Company  at  Lock  Haven  were  the  first  plants  in  this  district  of 
any  capacity,  and  the  reputation  which  the  bricks  from  these  works 
won,  has  been  a  factor  in  the  establishment  of  other  works  in  this 
district  since  1873.  These  include  the  Clinton  County  Fire-Brick 
Company  at  Millhall,  which  was  afterwards  sold  to  the  Harbison- 
Walker  combination,  and  the  American  Fire-Brick  Company  of 
Lock  Haven,  likewise  disposed  of  later  to  the  same  corporation. 

The  Pennsylvania  Fire-Brick  Company  at  Beech  Creek  was  built 
in  1900  by  people  formerly  connected  with  the  Queens  Run  Fire- 
Brick  Company,  who  use  clay  from  the  same  district.  In  1903 
the  Lock  Haven  Fire-Brick  Company  was  bought  by  the  Stowe- 
Fuller  Company  and  Mr.  Chas.  Kreamer,  who  owned  a  large 
tract  of  clay  on  the  Scootac,  within  a  short  distance  of  Queens  Run 
and  Farrandsville,  and  in  the  center  of  the  best  clay  district  of  that 
section.  This  plant  is  of  modern  construction,  and  the  clay  is 
brought  by  rail  from  the  mines  on  the  Scootac.  Clay  from  this 
neighborhood  is  also  shipped  to  Williamsport  for  the  Burns  Fire- 
Brick  Company  located  there. 


214  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

The  fire  brick  from  this  district  are  said  to  have  been  put  into 
the  first  blast  furnace  in  Pennsylvania.  The  capacity  of  the 
several  plants  in  the  Lock  Haven  district  is  about  300,000  fire 
brick  per  day.  Some  of  the  clay,  especially  that  around  Farrands- 
ville,  burns  to  a  beautiful  speckled  brick  for  building  purposes. 
A  silica-brick  plant  was  started  at  Alexandria,  Huntingdon  County, 
by  the  Federal  Refractories  Company  in  1904. 

Pottery.  As  early  as  1827  a  pottery  was  in  operation  in  Pittsburg 
a  city  later  to  become  such  an  important  market  for  clay  wares 
(Ref.  6,  p.  115).  E.  Bennett  and  Brother,  who  are  also  referred 
to  under  Ohio,  operated  a  pottery  in  Pittsburg  in  1844,  but  the 
source  of  their  clays  is  unknown  (Ref.  6,  p.  43). 

At  New  Brighton  the  pottery  industry  is  now  of  some  importance. 
There  were  by  1898  three  large  stoneware  factories  in  operation 
there,  and  one  other  at  Fallston  near  by,  a  large  white-ware  factory 
at  Beaver  Falls,  a  flowerpot  factory,  and  factories  making  hollow 
ware.  It  is  said  (Ref.  132,  p.  37)  that  the  first  clay  mined  in  Beaver 
Valley  was  used  by  Mackensie  and  Brothers  in  a  pottery  at  Vanport, 
which  industry  was  continued  until  ten  years  ago  by  the  Mackensies 
and  Fowlers.  Mr.  A.  F.  Smith  of  New  Brighton,  his  son  and  his 
father,  had  been  closely  connected  with  the  clay  industry  in  the 
Block  House  region  for  many  years.  They  were  early  settlers,  and 
realizing  the  possibilities  of  the  great  beds  of  the  Productive  coal 
measures,  with  its  potter's  clay,  bought  up  much  land,  and  for  many 
years  have  been  mining  and  shipping  clay  to  many  points  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  This  was  some  time  previous  to  1862, 
as  in  that  year  Mr.  Smith  induced  Thomas  Elverson  to  begin 
making  Rockingham  and  yellow  ware  in  a  small  pottery  on  the 
hill  above  the  present  New  Brighton  works.  This  pottery,  owned 
by  Mr.  Smith,  was  idle  a  number  of  years,  but  in  1897  had  resumed 
operations  (Ref.  132,  p.  38).  The  concern  started  by  Mr.  Elverson 
was  the  leader  of  the  line  of  large  works  since  established  in  the 
valley.  After  a  number  of  changes  in  the  firm,  it  was  in  1890 
merged  into  the  Pittsburg  Clay  Manufacturing  Company.  The 
company  uses  native  Kittanning  clays  and  Albany  slip  (Ref.  132, 
p.  39).  In  1878  Sherwood  Brothers  established  a  pottery  in  New 
Brighton,  using  Kittanning  clay,  taken  from  their  own  property 
(Ref.  132,  p.  39).  Since  then  the  American  Porcelain  Company 


WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA.  215 

has  been  organized  (1895),  making  porcelain-lined  bathtubs,  refrig- 
erators, etc.;  the  Pittsburgh  Clay  Company  has  started  a  sewer- 
pipe  plant,  using  Kittanning  clay;  and  the  Oak  Hill,  Enterprise 
and  Beaver  Valley  potteries  have  been  established,  all  in  the  early 
nineties  (Ref.  132). 

The  Mayer  Pottery  Company  was  established  in  1881  in  Beaver 
Falls.  Previously  the  works  had  been  owned  by  the  Harmony 
Society,  a  quaint  German  religious  society.  The  Mayers  manu- 
facture white  and  decorated  ware,  using  kaolins  from  Delaware 
and  Chester  counties  in  the  State,  and  from  Florida  and  North 
Carolina,  with  imported  ball  clay.  The  whole  plant  is  operated 
by  water  power  (Ref.  132,  p.  46,  and  Ref.  6,  p.  379). 

From  1890  to  1895  the  Keystone  Pottery  Company  operated  a 
pottery  at  Rochester.  It  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1895.  The 
ware,  like  much  of  the  western  Pennsylvania  pottery,  found  a  ready 
market  in  the  New  England  States;  Portland,  Me.,  being  an 
important  point  to  which  much  was  shipped. 

Some  of  the  early  potteries  established  in  western  Pennsylvania 
since  1850  were  the  New  Geneva  Pottery  (1854),  using  a  surface 
clay,  and  a  pottery  at  Greensboro,  Greene  County,  started  in  1857. 
This  latter  pottery  under  various  managements  continued  until 
1897,  using  a  surface  clay  (Ref.  132,  p.  25).  Potteries  have  been 
established  more  recently  at  Port  Marion  and  at  Kittanning.  The 
Wick  China  Company,  started  at  the  latter  place  in  1890,  uses 
mostly  imported  clays,  but  formerly  employed  Brandywine  Sum- 
mit kaolin  in  its  ware,  and  uses  Kittanning  fire  clay  for  making 
saggers  (Ref.  132,  p.  128). 

In  1889  Scott  Bros,  erected  a  plant  on  Block  House  Run  which 
has  since  been  merged  into  the  American  Porcelain  Company. 

Three  years  later  the  Rochester  and  Beaver  Valley  Pottery 
Companies  were  organized,  and  are  still  in  operation. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  is  easily  seen  what  an  important 
position  western  Pennsylvania  occupies,  for  its  extensive  deposits 
of  Carboniferous  clays  have  been  the  main  cause  of  the  great 
development  of  the  ceramic  industry  there.  Fuel  is  also  near  at 
hand,  and  the  metallurgical  industries  of  this  region  consume  a 
large  percentage  of  the  fire-brick  product. 

The  statistics  of  production  since  1894  are  given  below. 


2l6 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


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-t  toO    *>.00    O  O    M    04    PC  rf  toO    r^ 

o.  o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o 

cooooooooooo  oooO'OOoo 

8 

Tj-  10    O 

OOO 

oo  oo    oo 

t^-X    O.  O    M    04    PC'ttoOt^ 

ooo.  oooooo     oo 

xxxoooooo    oo 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  217 

RHODE     ISLAND. 

The  Rhode  Island  clay  industry  is  but  little  mentioned  in  the 
literature.  In  1681  a  permit  was  granted  in  Newport  for  brick 
manufacture  (Ref.  23,  p.  30),  and  brick  were  made  in  Providence 
in  1698.  Brickmaking,  however,  has  never  been  an  important 
industry  in  Rhode  Island,  for  as  late  as  1860  there  were  listed 
by  the  census  but  six  brickyards  and  no  potteries.  Even  at  the 
present  time  the  production  is  small  and  confined  mainly  to  the 
vicinity  of  Providence. 

The  statistics  of  production  are  included  under  Connecticut. 

SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

Interest  in  the  clays  of  South  Carolina  began  when  Josiah  Wedg- 
wood, the  English  potter,  was  searching  for  clays.  In  his  "Life" 
(Ref.  57,  i,  p.  367)  the  fact  is  noted  that  in  1765  pottery  was  being 
made  in  South  Carolina.  In  1768  Wedgwood  sent  over  an  agent 
to  get  some  kaolin  which  they  obtained  from  Ayoree  in  the  Cherokee 
district  300  miles  from  Charleston,  and  later  in  that  year  the  first 
cargo  was  shipped  to  England  (Ref.  57,  n,  pp.  5-6).  Previous  to 
1776  there  was  a  pottery  in  operation  at  Hershaw  by  Bartlam 
(Ref.  58,  p.  590),  and  in  1797  brick  were  made  at  Fayetteville 
selling  for  $5  to  $6  per  thousand  (Ref.  i,  p.  230).  In  1802  a  yard  for 
common-brick  making  was  in  operation  12  miles  from  Charleston, 
and  oxen  were  used  in  the  clay-washing  operations,  but  before  the 
War  of  1861  broke  out  the  plant  was  using  a  Hall  brick  machine. 
In  1877  the  yard  was  converted  into  a  drain-tile  plant  (Ref.  4,  18, 
p.  341).  The  courthouse  erected  in  1821  in  Bennetville  was  of 
local  brick,  and  in  1826  Galesborough  and  Yorkville  had  similar 
structures  (Ref.  58),  while  at  Edgefield  in  the  same  year  there  was 
a  pottery  manufacturing  stoneware  jugs  and  pitchers  (Ref.  58, 
p.  526).  The  State  Geological  Survey  for  1844  (Ref.  59)  reports 
fire  clay  at  Cherokee  Ford,  and  porcelain  earth  at  Pendleton  and 
Pickens. 

Brick  for  furnace  linings  was  manufactured  from  a  fire  clay  in 
York  in  1848  (Ref.  60,  p.  289). 


2l8 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


The  plastic  kaolin  of  South  Carolina  seems  to  have  been  first 
recognized  as  of  value  in  1856  when  Mr.  Farar  of  Bennington, 
Vt.,  established  the  Southern  Porcelain  Manufacturing  Company 
at  Kaolin,  S.C.  During  the  war  porcelain  and  pottery  insulators 
for  use  on  the  Confederate  telegraph  lines  were  made,  and  also 
much  earthenware  pipe.  Under  several  firms  this  pottery  con- 
tinued in  operation  until  1877  (Ref.  8,  pp.  186-191).  It  is  highly 
probable  that  it  used  the  white  Tertiary  clays.  Previous  to  this 
establishment  the  natives  around  Aiken  had  used  the  kaolin  for 
whitewash  on  their  fences  (Ref.  8,  p.  186).  Curiously- wrought 
grotesque  water  jugs,  supposed  by  many  to  have  been  made  in 
Africa,  were,  according  to  Barber  (Ref.  4,  xxxiv,  p.  352),  made  by 
slaves  in  the  woods  near  Aiken  in  1862. 

In  1862  Col.  Davies  was  manufacturing  fire  brick  and  pottery 
near  Bath,  the  bricks  being  used  in  the  furnaces  casting  ordnance 
and  in  the  powder  mills  of  the  Confederates.  There  was  only  one 
other  pottery  in  the  South  during  the  war,  and  that  was  at  Milledge- 
ville,  Ga.  (Ref.  8,  pp.  249-251). 

There  remains  a  period  of  nearly  fifty  years,  for  which  no  records 
have  been  found,  but  it  is  known  that  common  brickyards  have 
been  in  operation,  and  the  white  Tertiary  clays  have  been  mined 
for  some  time,  but  for  use  mainly  in  other  States. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA  FROM  1894  TO 

1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Fire  brick. 

Miscellaneous.1 

Pottery. 

Total. 

1804. 

$229,877 

$3,300 

$10,120 

$236,697 

jSnc 

240,785 

19,750 

16,383 

276,918 

j896  

3Oi;,  I^O 

48,025 

$1,100 

354,275 

1807 

2^8,807 

I2,7<CO 

18,850 

2QO,407 

1898 

212,447 

6,47^ 

40,310 

2CTO.2^2 

1899  

1900  
1901  
1902  

1903  
1904  

i9°5  
1906  

i9°7  

55i>103 
665,998 
546,028 
560,409 
612,968 
665,688 
671,452 
748,648 
760,461 

11,220 

14,321 
I4,925 
29,800 
27,240 
36,960 
30,720 
30,564 
4i,3l8 

31,475 
13,384 
2,418 

6,497 
8,160 
13,810 
18,825 
26,000 
7,25° 

11,531 
17,633 
11,847 
16,805 
9,827 

25,269 

14,35° 

605,329 

7II>336 

575,218 
613,511 
657,195 
732,033 
749,835 
830,481 

843,379 

1  The  figures  given  under  "  Miscellaneous  "  are  mainly  front  brick,  ornamental 
brick,  and  drain  tile. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


219 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Lack  of  local  demand  has  no  doubt  been  the  cause  of  a  slow 
development  of  the  clay-working  industry  in  this  State.  Common 
brick  clays  have  been  worked  here  and  there  for  a  number  of  years, 
but  definite  mention  is  made  only  of  the  brick  works  at  Aberdeen 
in  1888  (Ref.  118),  and  of  a  red  pressed-brick  works  at  Rapid  City 
(Ref.  119,  p.  170).  The  latter  locality  is  in  the  Black  Hills  region, 
where,  as  at  other  points  around  the  border  of  the  hills,  the  Dakota 
refractory  clays  outcrop.  Rapid  City  is,  however,  the  only  point 
where  they  have  been  persistently  worked,  the  material  being  suit- 
able for  both  pressed  and  fire  brick.  The  demand  for  the  product 
is  small,  however.  The  statistics  of  production  since  1894  are 
given  below.  The  product  consists  mainly  of  common  brick,  with 
a  few  front  and  fire  brick. 

TOTAL  VALUE   OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS   OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA  FROM 

1894  TO    1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1804 

$27,002 

IQOI 

$so,36(; 

iSoq.  . 

10,740 

IQO2.  . 

63,  42s 

1896  

S3,  004 

I  QO3.  . 

68,825 

1897  

21,800 

1904  

63,203 

1898 

30,770 

IQO? 

eg  271 

1800. 

46,500 

y  J  
IQOO.  .  . 

<?8,I7<; 

IQOO.  . 

43,440 

IQO7.  . 

40,107 

TENNESSEE. 

There  appears  to  be  no  record  of  brickmaking  at  an  early  date 
in  Tennessee,  although  there  were  no  doubt  at  least  small  brick- 
yards. Previous  to  the  Civil  War,  mention  can  be  found  of  two 
potteries  in  Tennessee.  From  1848  to  1856  a  pottery  at  Blountville 
Court  House  made  glazed  earthenware  (Ref.  8,  p.  177),  and  it  is 
stated  that  potter's  clay  was  worked  at  Porter's  Station  before  the 
war  (Ref.  64,  p.  mo).  That  various  potteries  were  in  existence 
soon  after  the  war  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  in  the  Tennessee 
Geological  Survey  Report  for  1869  it  is  stated  that  the  Tertiary  of 
West  Tennessee  contains  pipe  and  potter's  clay  used  at  various 


220  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

potteries  (Ref.  65,  p.  431).  The  same  report  (Ref.  65,  p.  349)  also 
notes  that  for  many  years  previous  to  1869  fire  clay  of  Lower 
Carboniferous  age  occurring  near  the  Cumberland  Iron  Works 
in  Stewart  County  had  been  used  in  making  fire'  brick,  much  of  it 
being  shipped  to  Hillman's  works  in  Kentucky.  At  the  same  time 
A.  Cable  at  Hickman  was  making  red  stoneware  and  utilizing  a 
black  manganese  from  Hickman  in  his  mixture  (Ref.  65,  p.  514). 
Previous  to  1879  all  brick  manufactured  in  Nashville  were  made  by 
hand,  but  in  that  year  Bush  &  Son  put  in  a  Sword  machine.  In 
1886  the  Nashville  Art  Pottery  Company  made  red  ware  with  a 
brown  glaze  (Ref.  8,  p.  334),  and  in  1888  a  brick  plant,  now  the 
South  Knox  Brick  Company,  was  established  in  Knoxville. 

The  ball-clay  pits  of  Mr.  Handle  at  Whitlock,  Henry  County, 
were  opened  in  1897,  an^  large  quantities  of  Lower  Tertiary  clay 
are  shipped  to  Ohio,  Victor,  N.Y.,  and  other  points.  Shipments 
of  Tertiary  clay  are  also  being  made  at  present  from  Pryorsburg, 
Graves  County,  and  Peryear,  Henry  County,  and  Cretaceous  clay 
from  Hollow  Rock,  Carroll  County,  the  latter  being  sent  to  Nash- 
ville potteries  (Ref.  136). 

The  Tennessee  ball  clays  have  won  a  high  reputation,  and  are 
now  largely  used  by  American  potters,  often  as  a  substitute  for 
English  ball  clay. 

At  the  present  time  in  western  Tennessee  potteries  are  in  opera- 
tion at  Grand  Junction,  Jackson,  McKenzie,  Memphis,  Paris, 
Pinson,  and  Toone,  using  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  clays.  Fire 
brick  are  being  manufactured  by  Robins  &  Henderson  at  Pinson, 
and  by  the  Fire  Proof  Brick  Company,  Peryear,  Henry  County, 
while  at  Gilmore,  Madison  County,  the  Southern  Brick  and  Tile 
Company  has  been  in  operation  since  1903  (Ref.  136). 

The  value  of  clay  products  produced  in  Tennessee  since  1894  is 
given  below.  The  production  of  clay  is  given  in  a  separate  table. 


TENNESSEE. 


221 


CLAY   PRODUCTS   OF   TENNESSEE   FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Fire 
brick. 

Miscella- 
neous -1 

Pottery.2 

Grand 
total. 

1894 

$417,616 

$25,900 

$30,873 

$159,955 

$634,344 

1895 

355,420 

$25,352 

6,850 

24,956 

109,956 

522,534 

1896 

364,463 

66,865 

8,575 

4,372 

55,389 

'  $37,66l  ' 

537,325 

1897 

406,236 

41,351 

27,950 

35,497 

60,889 

40,37° 

612,293 

1898 

369,944 

25,014 

13,896 

30,547 

41,323 

39,314 

520,038 

1899 

555»8i2 

58,813 

16,695 

28,049 

220,994 

68,490 

948,853 

1900 

609,994 

59,493 

18,900 

32,573 

U5,763 

48,855 

9I5,578 

1901 

610,968 

32,350 

15,961 

37,100 

133,495 

64,093 

893>967 

1902 

606,883 

35,686 

10,323 

39,3i8 

170,217 

50,698 

913,125 

1903 

789,111 

35,965 

13,509 

50,585 

183,172 

114,174 

1,186,516 

1904 

946,131 

80,906 

12,35° 

53,i85 

191,629 

I5i,584 

1,435,785 

I9°5 

1,028,653 

103,650 

23,116 

35,3°° 

138,890 

163,670 

1,493,279 

1906 

1,038,266 

124,031 

i9,7i9 

45,379 

178,063 

214,768 

1,620,226 

1907 

1,036,112 

169,616 

28,000 

40,959 

171,960 

167,215 

1,613,862 

1  Includes   vitrified    brick,    ornamental    brick,    sewer    pipe,    fireproofing,    and 
hollow  brick. 

2  Mostly  stoneware. 


QUANTITY    AND    VALUE    OF    CLAY    PRODUCED    IN    TENNESSEE 
FROM    1903   TO    1907. 


Stoneware 

Ball  clay. 

Fire  clay. 

clay. 

Miscellaneous. 

Total. 

Year. 

Short 

Value. 

Short 

Value. 

Short 

Value. 

Short 

Value  . 

Short' 

Value. 

tons. 

tons. 

tons. 

tons. 

tons. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

1903 

(b) 

(b) 

2,625 

3,566 

6,913 

7,863 

1,890 

2,363 

11,428 

I3,792 

1904 

(a) 

(a) 

23,012 

26,074 

10,100 

10,050 

1,  800 

2,250 

47,262 

72,599 

1905 

18,170 

38,775 

42,662 

46,612 

4,932 

4,362 

1,167 

1,452 

67,53J 

94,201 

1906 

25,811 

64,522 

20,656 

23,904 

3,188 

3,216 

9,283 

12,755 

58,938 

104,397 

1907 

25,653 

70,088 

4,754 

5,541 

i  i,  608 

I3,°49 

I5>747 

21,211 

58,645 

111,287 

(a)  Statistics  not  given  separately. 

(b)  Not  given  alone  for  this  year, 
ciently  detailed  to  publish. 


Statistics  published  prior  to  1903,  not  suffi- 


222  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


TEXAS. 

Texas,  in  1860,  had  8  brickyards  and  6  potteries.  In  1870 
returns  were  obtained  by  the  Census  (Ref.  115)  from  24  brick- 
yards producing  annually  16,720,000  common  brick,  while  in  1880 
there  were  113  brickyards  producing  common,  fire,  and  pressed 
brick.  Brick  were  being  made  in  1887  at  the  following  localities: 
Dallas,  Galveston,  Paris,  San  Antonio,  and  Texarkana  (Ref.  117). 
Cream-colored  brick  were  also  made  from  the  river  terrace  clays 
at  Austin  in  1887,  and  the  industry  is  still  successfully  carried  on. 
In  1888  new  yards  were  established  at  Dallas,  and  yards  were 
reported  in  Laredo  and  Waco  (Ref.  118). 

With  the  possible  exception  of  the  Dallas  yards,  all  of  the  others 
were  running  on  the  surface  clays  of  Pleistocene  age,  so  that  the 
more  extensive  and  better  grades  of  materials  occurring  in  the 
Tertiary  formations  were  not  opened  up  until  later.  That  they 
were  developed  as  early  as  1890  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  two  firms 
were  in  operation  in  Athens,  making  pottery  and  fire  brick,  which 
could  only  have  been  made  from  Tertiary  clays  found  there. 
Since  that  time  there  has  been  a  slow  development  of  these  Tertiary 
clays  at  several  points,  among  them  Henderson,  Rusk  County, 
Denton,  Lloyd  County,1  Adkins,  Bexar  County,  Sulphur  Springs, 
Hopkins  County,  Elemdorf,  Bexar  County,  etc.  By  1901  these 
clays  had  been  developed  at  Saspamco,  east  of  San  Antonio,  for 
sewer  pipe  and  fireproofing,  while  clays  of  similar  age,  which  had 
been  worked  for  stoneware  for  several  years,  were  utilized  for  sewer 
pipe  near  Texarkana. 

The  Cretaceous  clay  shales  of  the  Eagle  Ford  formation,  so 
extensively  developed  in  east  central  Texas,  have  for  some  five  or 
six  years  at  least  been  the  basis  of  an  active  brickmaking  industry 
near  Dallas,  and  were  also  developed  at  a  later  date  near  Lamar, 
Paris,  etc. 

With  the  opening  up  of  the  coal  mines  near  Thurber,  Erath 
County,  there  came  the  development  of  the  Carboniferous  shales 
adapted  to  red-pressed  and  paving-brick  manufacture,  but,  although 

1  These  are  Cretaceous. 


TEXAS.  223 

these  are  widely  distributed  in  the  Carboniferous  area  of  northern 
Texas,  they  have  been  worked  at  few  other  points. 

In  western  Texas  there  have  been  but  few  developments,  with 
the  exception  of  small  yards  started  here  and  there  to  supply  a 
local  demand.  An  instance  of  this  is  the  brick  works  established 
near  Terlingua,  to  supply  bricks  for  the  mercury-roasting  furnaces 
at  that  locality. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  scattered  through  east  central 
Texas  there  are  numerous  beds  of  buff-burning  clays,  suitable  for 
pressed  brick  and  fire  brick,  the  development  of  these  has  been 
remarkably  small,  and  most  of  the  ware  of  these  two  grades  comes 
from  other  States,  St.  Louis  supplying  a  large  percentage  of  pressed 
brick  for  the  larger  Texan  cities. 

In  1892  the  Texas  Geological  Survey  called  attention  to  some 
curious  deposits  of  kaolin  in  Edwards  County,  and  recently  attempts 
have  been  made  to  market  the  material,  but  as  it  lies  about  40  miles 
from  the  railroad  there  is  some  doubt  regarding  the  success  of  the 
venture. 

In  1907  Texas  ranked  twelfth,  and  supplied  1.61  per  cent  of  the 
total  United  States  production.  The  statistics  of  production  since 
1894  are  given  below.  The  "  Miscellaneous  "  column  includes  an 
irregular  production  of  vitrified  and  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile, 
sewer  pipe  and  fireproofing. 


224  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

VALUE   OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS   OF  TEXAS   FROM   1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front  brick. 

Fire  brick. 

Miscellaneous. 

1804. 

$8oi;,3Co 

$87,360 

$82,134 

i8oc 

80^,772 

$103,  2<c 

7,O6O 

67,759 

1806 

66^,001 

142,500 

8,315 

51,766 

1807 

706,312 

71,655 

23,235 

333,627 

1898 

1:87,116 

8,074 

C,43C 

101,344 

1800 

Q47,O8O 

60,061 

23,234 

107,702 

1900              .... 

064,743 

3C,6o< 

14,144 

69,061 

IQOI 

,306,880 

QC,4Q2 

23,337 

116,471 

IQO2 

,3^.480 

73,619 

17,781 

150,723 

IQO3  . 

,O74,O5I 

65,628 

22,333 

212,902 

IQO4.  . 

,1=57,130 

58,734 

30,208 

183,524 

JQOC 

,200,808 

IO2,O54 

14,724 

291,481 

I0o6 

,^07,100 

IIO,l89 

4C.CC7 

398,018 

IQO7 

,707,812 

1^3,187 

7?.  046 

464,443 

Year. 

Red  earthen- 
ware. 

Stoneware  . 

Miscellaneous 
pottery. 

Grand  total. 

1  804 

$1,028,853 

$46,600 

1,030,446 

1896  

$2,400 

9I5J53 

1807 

62 

2IO 

I,IQ7,O3Q 

1808 

4,7CO 

CO,  SQ2 

817,797 

1800   . 

5,860 

68,192 

$8,000 

1,221,119 

1900 

3242 

84  222 

1,  171,017 

IQOI  .  . 

18,851 

71,325 

310 

I  723,375 

IQO2.  . 

8,226 

88,176 

1,  800 

1,693,814 

IQO3 

6  780 

80,347 

l,C3O 

1,472,580 

IQO4 

6,611 

00,860 

30 

IX36,OQ7 

6,  1  14 

04,674 

1,718,045 

1906 

IO  O4^ 

98  590 

i  060,^08 

IQO7 

6  7^Q 

1  40  414 

UTAH. 


225 


UTAH. 

The  earliest  date  we  find  of  clay-working  in  Utah  is  that  a  pottery 
was  in  operation  in  the  then  Territory  in  1850  (Ref.  120,  p.  327). 
In  1870  one  brickyard  is  recorded  (Ref.  115),  and  in  1880,  28  yards, 
turning  out  common,  pressed  and  fire  bricks. 

The  Salt  Lake  Pressed-Brick  Company  was  established  in  1891 
(Ref.  4,  xvn,  p.  42d)  and  is  still  in  operation. 

Fire  clays  are  mined  near  Utah  Lake  in  Utah  County,  and  since 
1904  have  been  used  by  the  Utah  Fire  Clay  Company  for  the 
manufacture  of  fire  brick,  assay  goods,  sewer  pipe,  hollow  ware,  and 
building  brick. 

Although  Utah  ranked  but  thirty-third  in  1907,  with  only  .4  per 
cent  of  the  total  United  States  output,  it  is  evident  that  the  above 
records  are  incomplete.  Common-brick  yards  are  scattered  over 
the  State,  and  pottery  and  fire  brick  are  produced,  but  the  output 
of  the  latter  is  insufficient  to  supply  the  demand  of  the  large  smelters, 
and  many  refractory  brick  are  obtained  from  other  States.  There 
are  no  records  of  extensive  fire-clay  beds,  and  the  development  of 
the  smelting  industry  does  not  seem  to  have  induced  a  corre- 
sponding growth  in  the  fire-brick  industry,  since  by  1906  the  State 
had  only  attained  twenty-seventh  place  in  rank  as  a  fire-brick 
producer. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  UTAH  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front  brick. 

Fire  brick. 

Miscellaneous.1 

Total. 

i8o<i 

Si  ^6  047 

$4,400 

$16,41:3 

$176,900 

1895  
1896  

69,5" 

96,161 

$31,715 
35,862 

5,75° 
5,050 

5,610 

500 

112,586 
J37,573 

1807 

07,691 

11,065 

26,62? 

400 

135,781 

1898  

1899  
1900  

IQOI 

134,525 
159,481 

174,579 
134,164 

26,582 
18,467 

3I,039 
139,  s9l 

7,000 
(a) 

3,250 
5,100 

12,885 
38,501 
25,353 
12,334 

180,992 
216,449 
234,221 
291,189 

IOO2 

236,87:; 

84,979 

12,400 

24,751 

359,005 

1903  
I9°4  
IQCX 

265,553 
255,358 
311,800 

111,825 
92,902 
128,754 

28,150 
(a) 
35,629 

34,856 
71,466 
68,296 

440,384 
419,726 
544,578 

1006 

368,  ici 

107,255 

40,512 

118,526 

634,444 

1907  

357,°10 

167,581 

34,804 

73,992 

633,387 

Includes  vitrified  brick,  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile,  sewer  pipe  and  earthen- 
ware. 

(a)  Under  miscellaneous. 


220  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

VERMONT. 

The  first  record  found  of  a  clay-working  plant  in  Vermont 
refers  to  a  pottery  begun  in  Bennington  in  1793  by  Norton 
Brothers,  which  started  with  the  manufacture  of  red  earthenware 
and  in  1800  made  stoneware  (Ref.  8,  p.  104). 

The  kaolin  bed  at  Moncton  was  known  as  early  as  1810,  and 
in  that  year  a  company  was  formed  to  utilize  it  in  porcelain  man- 
ufacture (Ref.  i,  n,  p.  166).  A  particular  account  of  this  bed 
was  given  in  the  "Literary  and  Philosophical  Repertory,"  1813- 
1815  (Ref.  n,  p.  53).  Another  pottery  was  established  in  1812 
at  Middlebury  by  Caleb  Farrar  for  the  manufacture  of  earthen- 
ware and  white  ware.  The  Bennington  pottery  previously 
referred  to  was  still  being  operated  by  Norton  and  Fenton  in  1839 
(Ref.  8,  p.  157),  and  in  1846  this  firm  began  the  manufacture  of 
yellow,  white,  and  Rockingham  ware  (Ref.  8,  p.  165).  It  was  in 
this  year  and  at  this  plant  that  the  first  Parian  ware  in  the  United 
States  was  made  (Ref.  4,  xxi,  p.  653).  The  assumption  is  that  the 
Moncton  kaolin  was  used  for  these  wares.  In  1847  Lyrnan  and 
Fenton  established  a  pottery  at  Bennington,  and  this  continued 
until  1860,  being  the  first  American  factory  to  make  figures  of 
men  and  animals  of  soft  paste  (Ref.  12,  p.  404).  In  the  first 
report  of  the  Geology  of  Vermont,  1845  (Ref.  n,  pp.  52-53),  is  an 
account  of  Mr.  Fenton's  experiments  in  using  feldspar  in  his 
wares,  and  of  some  of  his  improvements  in  kiln  design  for  which 
he  would  take  out  no  patents.  He  had  just  erected  a  large  plant 
and  had  already  turned  out  $20,000  worth  of  pottery. 

In  the  same  article  (Ref.  n,  p.  53)  kaolin  is  noted  as  occurring 
at  East  Dorset,  Rutland,  South  Wallingford,  Chittenden,  Bran- 
don and  Moncton,  the  clay  at  the  latter  being  derived  from  graphic 
granite,  but  no  mention  is  made  of  its  use.  During  the  year  1843 
40  tons  of  kaolin  were  taken  from  the  Moncton  beds  and  sold  in 
Burlington  at  $0.40  per  ton  (Ref.  n,  p.  54).  In  Adams'  Second 
Report  (Ref.  13,  p.  229  and  p.  250)  the  Moncton  clay  is  described 
and  called  "pipe  clay,"  since  it  is  a  bedded  deposit  and  not 
directly  due  to  the  decomposition  of  feldspar. 

Data  concerning  any  clay  industry  aside  from  the  potteries  are 


VERMONT. 


227 


extremely  hard  to  obtain.  Buell  (Ref.  4,  xxvi,  p.  106)  states 
that  the  brickmaking  industry  began  in  1840.  In  1845  brick  and 
earthenware  were  being  manufactured  in  Chester  (Ref.  n,  p.  80), 
and  some  inlaid  tiles  were  made  at  the  United  States  Pottery, 
Bennington,  by  the  wet-mud  process  in  1853  (Re^-  8>  P-  344)-  A 
firm  was  operating  a  stoneware  and  Rockingham  ware  pottery 
in  Burlington  in  1854  (Ref.  8,  p.  458).  By  the  year  1861  the  clay 
industry  was  quite  well  developed.  Fire  brick  were  being  made 
at  Bennington,  Brandon,  and  Moncton,  enameled  ware  and  iron- 
stone china  at  Bennington,  and  paper  clay  was  being  prepared 
and  sold  by  the  Brandon  Iron  and  Car  Wheel  Company,  Brandon 
(Ref.  14,  803).  By  this  time  (1861),  as  Hitchcock  says,  it  is  "use- 
less to  enumerate  towns  where  brick  are  made,  they  are  so 
numerous  "  (Ref.  14,  p.  804).  The  United  States  Census  for  1860, 
however,  reports  but  three  brickyards,  one  fire-brick  concern,  one 
paper-clay  factory,  and  six  potteries. 

In  spite  of  Vermont's  activity  in  the  pottery  line  during  earlier 
years,  it  does  not  at  the  present  time  produce  much  else  than 
brick. 


VALUE   OF   CLAY  PRODUCTS   OF   VERMONT  FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common  brick. 

Miscellaneous.1 

Total. 

1804. 

$  Q2.ZZ2 

S"?,SOO 

$98,052 

1895  
1896.  . 

97,212 

78,920 

35,332 
4,354 

132,544 
83,274 

i897  
1808 

53,485 
^6,08 

3Q6 

53,485 
56,974 

*  y 
1800 

O2,3Q<C 

30,130 

131,52s 

1900  

IQOI  .  . 

102,699 
61,554 

18,342 
16,000 

121,041 

77,554 

I9O2 

60,886 

18,000 

78,886 

I9°3  
I  QO4 

88,801 
78,237 

25,200 
21,916 

114,001 
100,153 

1905  
1906 

86,467 

8*,7« 

26,500 
26,613 

112,967 
112,368 

IOO7 

83,200 

26,300 

109,500 

Made  up  chiefly  of  paving  brick,  drain  tile,  and  stove  lining. 


228  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

VIRGINIA. 

Hariol  (Ref.  52),  in  his  report  on  Virginia  in  1585,  mentions  the 
occurrence  of  brick  clays,  but  of  course  little  use  was  made  of  them 
so  early. 

Brickmaking  has  been  carried  on  in  Virginia  practically  since 
the  first  settlers  landed.  When  Sir  Thomas  Dale  arrived  in 
Virginia  in  1611  he  immediately  announced  that  brick  should  be 
made,  and  soon  kilns  were  erected  at  Henrico  (Ref.  51,  p.  135, 
and  Ref.  155,  p.  38).  From  then  to  1617  English  papers  con- 
tained advertisements  for  brickmakers  to  come  over  to  the  colo- 
nies (Ref.  51,  p.  135),  and  in  1612  the  first  stories  of  many  of  the 
houses  were  built  of  brick  (Ref.  i,  i,  p.  220).  By  1622  Virginia 
was  exporting  brick  to  the  Bermudas,  which  is  by  far  the  earliest 
record  we  have  of  the  exportation  of  brick  from  the  United  States 
(Ref.  51,  p.  137). 

A  stimulus  to  brick  manufacture  occurred  in  1641,  when  every 
one  who  should  build  a  brick  house  24  feet  long  and  16  feet 
broad,  with  a  cellar,  was  given  a  tract  of  land  (Ref.  155,  p.  57). 
Jamestown  by  1676  had  12  all-brick  houses,  as  well  as  many 
brick  chimneys  to  wooden  buildings.  Seven  years  later,  or  in 
1663,  brick  were  also  employed  for  the  construction  of  a  fort 
(Ref.  155,  p.  78). 

Although  there  seems  to  be  good  evidence  of  the  establish- 
ment of  a  local  brick  industry,  J.  W.  Palmer,  writing  in  the 
Century  Magazine  (December,  1894),  speaks  of  the  buildings 
constructed  of  bricks  brought  over  from  England.  While  his 
remarks  refer  mainly  to  Maryland,  Dr.  L.  G.  Tyler  of  William 
and  Mary  College  has  strongly  disputed  this  statement  (Century 
Magazine,  February,  1896),  saying  that  in  spite  of  tradition  there 
is  not  a  case  in  the  annals  of  importation  of  bricks  brought  from 
England.  Moreover,  it  was  easier  to  import  brickmakers  than 
brick. 

Writing  further,  Dr.  Tyler  says: 

Now  it  seems  that  brick  was  made  use  of  almost  contemporaneously  with 
the  first  settlement.  To  quote  the  Rev.  Alexander  Whitaker,  who  wrote,  in 
1612,  of  Virginia:  "  The  higher  ground  is  much  like  the  moulds  of  France, 
clay  and  sand  being  proportionately  mixed  together  at  the  top;  but  if  we  dig 


VIRGINIA.  229 

any  depth  (as  we  have  done  for  our  bricks}  we  find  it  to  be  red  clay,  full  of  glisten- 
ing spangles."  (Brown's  "  Genesis  of  the  United  States,"  Vol.  II,  p.  584.) 
Again,  in  the  "  New  Life  of  Virginia,"  published  by  authority  of  the  Council 
of  Virginia  at  London,  in  1612,  there  is  this  statement:  "  You  shall  know  that 
our  colonie  consisteth  of  seven  hundred  men  at  least,  of  sundrie  arts  and  pro- 
fessions. .  .  .  The  Colonie  is  removed  up  the  river  fourscore  miles  fur- 
ther beyond  Jamestown,  to  a  place  of  higher  ground,  strong  and  defencible. 
.  .  .  Being  thus  invited,  here  they  pitch;  the  spade  men  fell  to  digging,  the 
brick  men  burnt  their  bricks,  the  Company  cut  down  wood,  the  carpenters  fell 
to  squaring  out,  the  sawyers  to  sawing,  the  souldiers  to  fortifying,  and  every 
man  to  somewhat." 

The  first  brick  houses  in  America  made  by  Englishmen  were  built  at  James- 
town; and  in  August,  1637,  Alexander  Stoner,  who  calls  himself  "  brickmaker,'' 
took  out  a  patent  for  an  acre  of  land  in  Jamestown  Island,  "  near  the  brick 
kiln."  That  the  soil  on  the  Island  was  prime  for  making  brick  was  shown  by 
the  letter  of  the  council  in  1667,  who,  when  the  king  required  the  fort  at  Old 
Point  to  be  repaired,  argued  in  favor  of  that  at  Jamestown,  "  which  hath  great 
comodity  of  Brick  Turfe  or  mudd  to  fortifye  with  all."  (Sainsbury  MSS.) 
The  fort  at  Jamestown,  like  all  the  rest,  was  to  be  homework,  since  in  1673  there 
is  a  complaint  on  record  that  the  contractors,  Mr  William  Drummond  and 
Major  Theophilus  Hone,  had  "made  the  brick,"  but  had  not  erected  the  fort. 
(General  Court  MSS.)  And  in  the  York  County  records  there  is  a  suit  in 
1679  "  about  a  house  for  the  safeguard  of  the  bricks  made  upon  Col.  Baldry's 
land  for  building  Fort  James  at  Tyndall's  Point "  (now  Gloucester  Point). 

In  1649  there  was  printed  a  little  tract  entitled  "  The  Description  of  Vir- 
ginia" (published  in  Force's  "  Tracts"),  wherein  it  is  stated  that  "the  people 
in  Virginia  have  lime  in  abundance  made  for  their  houses,  store  of  Brick  made, 
and  House  and  Chimnies  built  of  Brick  and  some  wood  high  and  fair,  covered 
with  Shingell  for  Tyles;  yet  they  have  none  that  made  them  (tiles),  wanting 
workmen;  in  that  trade  the  Brickmakers  have  not  the  art  to  do  it,  it  shrinketh." 
Cypress  shingles  are  still  preferred  in  Virginia  to  clay  tile  for  roofs  of  dwellings. 
In  the  act  of  1662  providing  for  brick  houses  in  Jamestown,  not  only  are  "  brick- 
makers  "  mentioned,  but  the  prices  for  "  moulding  and  burning  bricks." 
(Hening's  Statutes.)  And  in  the  York  County  records,  in  1692,  John  Kingston, 
"  brickmaker,"  is  allowed  £7  against  the  estate  of  Robert  Booth  "  for  makeing 
and  burning  Bricks."  In  the  inventories  of  dead  men's  personal  property  there 
are  several  mentions  of  "  brick  moulds  "  necessary  in  making  the  brick. 

The  three  great  public  buildings  of  the  colony  during  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury were  the  college  of  William  and  Mary,  the  capital,  and  the  palace.  I 
have  the  manuscript  accounts  of  the  expenses  entering  into  the  erection  of  the 
first,  but  among  them  I  cannot  find  any  evidence  that  the  brick  was  imported. 
I  infer,  however,  from  the  items  for  "  brick  moulds  "  that  the  brick  was  made 
on  the  spot.  The  committee  appointed  to  superintend  the  building  of  the 
capitol  was  invested  with  power  to  buy  certain  materials  in  England;  if  brick 


230  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

had  been  one,  it  would  certainly  have  been  mentioned,  contributing,  as  it  did, 
the  largest  element  in  the  structure.  The  first  capitol  building  was  burned 
down,  however,  fifty  years  later,  and  a  great  contest  arose  as  to  its  future  loca- 
tion. Some  were  for  abandoning  Williamsburg  altogether.  Finally  it  was 
decided  to  rebuild  at  the  old  place,  and  in  John  Blair's  diary  we  read:  "  Nov.  15 
(1751).  —  Fair.  Skelton  fired  the  last  kiln  for  the  Capitol."  The  same  fact 
is  noted  concerning  the  other  buildings. 

In  addition  I  may  say  that  I  have  carefully  examined  the  files  of  the  Virginia 
"  Gazette  "  for  three  years,  from  1 736  to  1 739,  recording  the  ships  entered  in 
the  James,  York,  Rappahannock,  and  Potomac  rivers;  but  there  is  not  a  single 
cargo  of  brick  reported  in  all  that  time,  except  one  of  100,000  brick  from  New 
England,  which  came,  doubtless,  in  response  to  some  pressing  demand. 

How,  then,  did  the  idea  of  houses  made  of  imported  brick  become  so  firmly 
fixed  in  the  popular  fancy  ?  I  conceive  that  the  impression  arose  from  mistaking 
the  meaning  of  "  English  brick."  Houses  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  were,  it  is 
true,  made  of  "  English  brick,"  but  this  did  not  mean  imported  brick.  The 
statute  for  building  up  Jamestown  in  1662  called  for  "  statute  brick,"  which 
meant  brick  made  according  to  the  English  statute.  In  the  early  days  of  the 
colony,  previous  to  the  passage  of  the  navigation  law,  there  was  a  large  trade 
with  Holland,  and  a  great  many  Dutchmen  came  to  Virginia,  where  they 
became  useful  citizens.  I  find,  in  the  Virginia  records,  mention  made  of 
"  Dutch  brick,"  meaning  brick  made  after  the  Dutch  fashion  —  a  large  order 
of  brick,  such  as,  I  am  informed,  one  sees  in  the  walls  of  houses  in  Charleston, 
S.C.  Sometimes,  it  seems,  the  colonists  preferred  Dutch  brick,  and  the  reason 
for  the  distinction  between  the  two  kinds  was  obvious  to  them.  When  in  the 
course  of  time  the  circumstances  of  society  had  changed,  the  phrase  "  English 
brick  "  came  to  be  understood  as  "  brick  imported  from  England." 

Potteries  were  never  very  abundant  in  the  Southern  States,  but 
a  few  small  ones  for  making  earthenware  were  probably  in  oper- 
ation in  the  seventeenth  century,  as  there  were  potters  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1649  (Re^  T>  J>  P-  31)-  By  J682  many  of  the  small 
plantations  throughout  the  colonies  had  their  own  brickyards 
manufacturing  brick  for  their  own  use.1  Although  no  doubt 
many  small  yards  were  in  operation  during  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, no  mention  can  be  found  of  any  clay-working  activity.  It 
is  probable,  however,  that  after  the  establishment  of  small  local 
yards  for  brickmaking  and  for  coarse  earthenware,  no  progress 
was  made  until  after  the  war  of  1861.  From  1850  to  1853  a 

1  The  starting  of  a  brickyard  to  make  brick  for  some  one  building  a  factory 
or  other  like  structure,  is  still  a  common  custom  in  many  of  the  Southern  States. 


VIRGINIA.  231 

pottery  was  operated  above  Wilson's  Landing  on  the  James 
River.  It  was  moved  in  1853  to  Philadelphia  (Ref.  8,  p.  177). 
Then  again  in  1860  the  census  shows  that  there  were  55  brick- 
yards and  15  potteries,  but  all  were,  no  doubt,  of  minor  impor- 
tance, and  their  exact  location  is  not  given.  In  1875  a  stoneware 
pottery  was  established  in  Wise  County  and  ran  until  1881 
(Ref.  8,  p.  177). 

Smoking-pipes  have  been  made  by  the  Akron  Smoking  Pipe 
Company  at  Pamplin  City  since  about  1888.  Local  clays  of 
residual  character  are  used.  The  Adamant  Porcelain  Company 
has  been  engaged  in  manufacture  of  electrical  porcelain  at  Broad- 
way since  1903,  and  at  Harrisonburg  since  1904.  The  factories 
were  older  plants  that  had  been  remodeled.  No  Virginia  clays 
are  used. 

Richmond  and  Alexandria  counties  are  the  two  important  brick- 
making  centers  at  the  present  day,  some  of  the  yards  having  been 
in  operation  for  thirty-five  or  forty  years,  but  the  product  consists 
mainly  of  common  brick.  Pressed  brick  have  been  made  for  ten 
or  fifteen  years  at  Powhatan  near  Richmond,  but  the  clay  is  brought 
from  North  Carolina.  There  has  been  a  scattered  development 
of  brickyards  in  the  residual  clay  belt  of  the  Piedmont  region,  and 
the  Carboniferous  clays  of  southwestern  Virginia  have  been  ex- 
ploited to  a  limited  extent. 

Strong  hopes  were  entertained  that  the  kaolin  deposits  of  Oak 
Level,  Henry  County,  which  were  first  operated  in  1900,  would 
develop  into  an  important  resource,  but  after  running  for  a  few 
years  they  are  now  idle.  The  output  of  clay  products  in  Virginia 
since  1894  is  given  below. 


232 


CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 


VALUE   OF   CLAY  PRODUCTS   OF   VIRGINIA   FROM    1894   TO    1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Orna- 
mental 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Miscel- 
laneous.1 

Pottery. 

Grand 
total. 

1894 

1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1QO2 

$779,285 
560,316 
604,161 
574,269 
586,170 
765,598 
934,l85 
1,139,894 
1,  18?,  262 

(a) 
$204,078 
195,046 
153,422 
225,652 
242,137 

275,847 
267,028 
344,1  3Q 

$76,474 
39,919 
24,283 
29,000 

21,591 
16,117 
17,921 
20,429 

$10,705 
4,980 
2,918 
1,  800 
7,830 
5,160 
3,285 
3,978 
4  24O 

$71,129 

74,243 
42,678 
128,692 

34,6i4 
64,052 

71,147 
3,971 
40  101 

$10,440 
7,2OO 
14,026 
9,720 
2,910 
4,047 

•2   QQI 

$937,593 
883,536 
879,526 

894,383 
889,883 

,093,784 
,305,195 
,439,347 

?77  833 

1903 
1904 

!9°5 
1906 

1907 

1,245,861 
1,292,558 
1,572,442 
1,536,312 

1,285,374 

303,431 
344,891 

352,297 
392,130 
290,411 

27,330 
28,576 
20,363 

"8,903" 

4,75° 
5,673 

4,5°° 
4,805 
6,250 

69,288 
37,030 
44,976 
32,831 
20,397 

22,686 
27,664 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

,673,346 
,736,392 
,994,578 
,966,078 
,6n,335 

(a)  Included  under  "  Miscellaneous." 

1  Mostly  vitrified  brick,  sewer  pipe,  fire  brick,  and  electrical  porcelain. 


WASHINGTON. 

In  1870  there  were  five  establishments  in  what  was  then  Wash- 
ington Territory,  turning  out  845,000  brick  (Ref.  115),  and  in  1880 
but  two  are  reported,  turning  out  600,000.  In  1888,  however,  a 
large  quantity  of  brick  was  made  in  North  Yakima,  Seattle,  and 
Tacoma,  four  new  plants  having  been  established  in  Seattle  in  that 
year  and  two  in  Tacoma  (Ref.  118). 

Seattle  is  the  main  producing  district  even  at  the  present  day, 
the  building  brick,  fire  brick,  and  sewer  pipe  industry  there  being 
based  in  part  on  Tertiary  shales  worked  at  Kummer  and  Taylor. 
Red  earthenware  was  produced  as  early  as  1900,  but  the  type  of 
clay  and  the  source  of  same  are  not  given.  Glacial  and  residual 
clays  have  been  used  for  several  years  at  scattered  localities. 

In  1907  the  State  produced  common,  front,  and  vitrified  brick, 
sewer  pipe,  drain  tile,  red  earthenware  and  stoneware. 


WASHINGTON.  233 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  WASHINGTON  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


.    Year. 

Common  brick. 

Vitrified  brick. 

Front  brick. 

Sewer  pipe. 

1804 

$1^3,2^0 

$17,600 

$209,000 

1895  
1896  
1897  

84,305 
55,758 
86,607 

32,965 
31,500 
20,250 

$19,100 
8,390 
10,063 

85,700 
47,000 
46,500 

1898 

148,881 

14,777 

13,200 

43,300 

1899  
1900  
1901  

405,678 
404,687 
477,960 

14,260 
18,950 
139,162 

3!,79o 
31,840 
147,881 

76,694 
119,809 
118,584 

1902  
1903  
1904  
1905  
1906.  '..... 

1907  

577,407 

557,147 
665,878 

566,385 
708,968 
846,971 

74,329 
67,314 
149,559 
143,702 
156,476 
(a) 

5i,77i 
65,755 
81,142 
86,388 
122,770 
127,245 

118,462 

I7i,i33 
215,282 
242,245 
313,880 
482,870 

Year. 

Fire  brick. 

Miscellaneous.1 

Pottery. 

Grand  total. 

1804 

$24,400 

$111,310 

$?it;,!;6o 

180? 

12   ?OO 

•7Q  87? 

26^  44? 

1896 

8  300 

$1,180 

161  528 

1807 

21  800 

0,400 

100,720 

1898 

23,2sO 

7,^80 

2^0,088 

1899  
7900  
1901  .  . 

21,173 
22,988 
24,542 

28,332 

17,755 

19,169 

13,350 
9,430 
17,500 

591,277 
625,459 
944,  798 

1902  .... 

IQO3 

l8,662 
I3.O32 

51,246 
36,884 

13,354 
16,100 

905,231 
928,261; 

1904  
1905  
1906  
IQO7 

22,445 

24,699 
46,525 

43,040 

44,613 

70,513 
109,705 

390,213 

22,000 

41,100 

41,560 

30,695; 

1,200,919 
1,175,032 
1,499,884 
1,921,034 

(a)  Included  under  "  Miscellaneous." 

1  Includes  scattered  production  of  ornamental    brick,  drain    tile,    architectural 
terra  cotta,  fireproofing,  hollow  brick  and  tile. 


234  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  early  "Virginia"  was  much  more 
extensive  than  its  present  area,  and  some  of  the  early  history  given 
under  Virginia  would  as  properly  belong  to  West  Virginia  and 
other  nearby  States.  West  Virginia  separated  from  the  mother 
State  in  1863. 

Probably  the  first  pottery  to  be  established  west  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountains  was  started  at  Morgan  town  some  time  before  1785  by 
"Master  Foulk."  Some  years  later  this  became  the  property  of 
John  Thompson,  who  was  an  apprentice  of  Foulk's.  The  ware 
made  was  a  porous  terra  cotta  with  a  yellow  lead  glaze,  but  in  the 
early  forties  Albany  slip  was  used.  At  the  death  of  G.  Thomp- 
son (son  of  John  Thompson)  in  1890,  the  plant  was  closed  (Ref. 

53>  P-  J57)- 

New  Cumberland,  now  the  largest  brick-manufacturing  center 
in  the  State,  was  established  in  1839,  but  nine  years  before  that,  or 
in  1830,  the  Kittanning  fire  clays  were  mined  at  the  mouth  of 
Holbert's  Run  and  shipped  to  brickyards  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.  (Ref. 
53,  p.  209).  Two  years  later  the  first  brick  plant  was  erected,  and 
in  the  following  twelve  years  five  yards  were  established  in  the  town, 
and  the  production  in  1837  was  200,000  brick  (Ref.  53,  p.  209). 

In  1834  a  brickyard  was  put  in  operation  one  mile  and  a  half 
below  New  Cumberland  by  Thomas  Freeman.  It  is  now  the 
Claymont  plant  of  the  Porter  Company  and  uses  Kittanning  clays. 
Three  years  later  Porter  and  Beall  built  a  plant  below  New  Cum- 
berland and  shipped  brick  by  water  to  Wheeling  and  other  points 
on  the  Ohio.  The  plant  belongs  now  to  the  Standish  Brick  Com- 
pany (Ref.  53,  p.  211).  The  industry  was  still  further  advanced 
in  1844  by  the  establishment  of  the  Aetna  Brick  Plant  of  the  Mack 
Company  and  the  starting  of  what  is  at  present  the  Sligo 
Sewer-Pipe  Company  as  a  brick  plant.  When  the  latter  plant 
began  the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipe  is  not  stated.  Both  use  Kit- 
tanning  clays  (Ref.  53,  p.  211).  Near  Holbert's  Run  in  New  Cum- 
berland can  also  be  seen  the  ruins  of  the  former  kilns  of  the  Kerr 
and  Mahan  yard  built  by  James  Freeman  in  1845  (Ref.  53,  p.  211). 
The  American  Sewer-Pipe  Company  is  now  in  possession  of  a  plant 


WEST  VIRGINIA.  235 

below  New  Cumberland  near  the  site  of  the  old  Black-Horse  Tav- 
ern and  known  as  the  Black-Horse  Works.  This  was  started  in 
1844  by  J.  and  W.  Porter  (Ref.  53,  p.  212). 

The  Clifton  sewer-pipe  plant  was  established  in  1844  by  McCoy 
and  Shawl,  the  Crescent  brick  plant  in  1856  (Ref.  53,  p.  21),  and 
the  Union  brick  plant  in  1868,  all  using  Kittanning  clays. 

One  of  the  earliest  potteries,  which  is  still  in  operation,  is  the 
Donahue  pottery  near  Parkersburg.  It  was  built  in  1866,  and  has 
been  under  the  present  ownership  since  1874.  The  ware  made  is 
stoneware,  and  the  material  used  is  surface  clay  (Ref.  53,  p.  158). 
Two  years  later,  in  1868,  at  Parkersburg,  the  Copen  brick  works 
was  established,  using  the  alluvial  river  clay  and  making  common 
red  brick. 

In  the  Charleston  region  there  have  been  a  number  of  brick 
plants  in  operation  at  various  times,  many  of  which  have  been 
unsuccessful  on  account  of  poor  business  management  rather  than 
on  account  of  poor  quality  clays,  as  there  is  a  large  area  of  the 
Conemaugh  clays  of  fine  quality.  It  is  said  (Ref.  53,  p.  225)  that 
the  first  street  paved  with  brick  in  the  United  States  was  one  block 
of  Summers  Street  in  Charleston  which  was  paved  in  1872  and 
is  still  in  use.  These  brick,  which  were  made  in  Charleston,  were 
not  regular  paving  brick,  but  simply  hard-burned  building  brick 
(Ref.  134,  p.  451).  For  a  number  of  years  after  that  Charleston 
brick  were  shipped  into  Ohio,  and  the  first  paved  streets  in  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  in  the  early  eighties,  were  laid  with  them  (Ref.  53, 
p.  225).  With  the  development  of  the  regular  paving-brick  indus- 
try its  importance  in  Charleston  diminished,  and  now  no  paving 
brick  are  made  there  (Ref.  53,  p.  225). 

Probably  the  earliest  use  of  gas  as  a  fuel  in  kiln-burning  began 
about  this  time  when  in  1876  it  was  first  used  at  the  Clifton  plant, 
New  Cumberland,  the  first  gas  well  in  the  section  having  been 
struck  in  1862  (Ref.  53,  p.  209).  In  1876  the  Holt  brickyard  was 
established  at  Philippi,  Barbour  County,  and  uses  the  river 
alluvial  clay  (Ref.  53,  p.  272).  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  brick 
plants  using  river  clay  that  is  still  in  existence. 

The  development  of  the  high-grade  pottery  industry  around 
Wheeling  makes  an  interesting  item  in  the  ceramic  history  of  West 


236  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

Virginia.  There  the  first  white  ware  made  in  the  State  was  pro- 
duced by  the  Wheeling  Pottery  Company  in  1879,  whose  factory 
has  been  in  operation  to  the  beginning  of  the  year  1908.  In  1888 
the  La  Belle  Pottery  started,  but  was  absorbed  in  1889  by  the 
Wheeling  Pottery  Company.  Both  plants  had  been  turning  out 
general  ware  products,  but  are  soon  to  be  closed  indefinitely.1 

A  year  later  (1900)  the  newly  organized  Riverside  Pottery 
Company  purchased  the  then  idle  plant  of  the  Ohio  Valley  China 
Company,  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  sanitary  ware.  This 
plant  was  built  about  1890  by  the  West  Virginia  China  Company, 
for  making  vitrified  hotel  wares,  but  failed  after  five  years,  the 
plant  being  then  taken  over  by  the  Ohio  Valley  China  Company, 
for  making  true  porcelain.  Unfortunately,  after  five  years  it  also 
discontinued. 

About  1898  the  Vance  Faience  Company  (later  the  Avon  Faience 
Company)  organized  and  purchased  the  then  idle  plant  of  the 
Tiltonville  Sanitary  Company  for  making  high-grade  faience  ware. 
This  was  continued  until  1903  when  there  occurred  a  consolida- 
tion of  the  original  Wheeling  Pottery  Company,  the  La  Belle 
Department,  the  Riverside  Pottery  Company,  and  the  Avon 
Faience  Company,  all  under  the  name  of  the  Wheeling  Potteries 
Company.  In  1906  the  Avon  Department  began  the  manufac- 
ture of  fire-clay  bathtubs  and  lavatories,  a  growing  and  important 
industry  in  this  country.  The  fire-clay  goods  are  made  from 
local  clays,  but  the  white  ware  is  chiefly  from  English  clays,  with 
some  American  kaolins. 

A  fourth  pottery  for  white- ware  manufacture  in  Wheeling  was 
the  Warwick  Pottery  Company  established  in  1887  and  using  clays 
shipped  from  outside  sources  (Ref.  53,  p.  165). 

In  the  year  1880  the  West  Virginia  Pottery  Company  built  a 
pottery  at  Bridgeport,  Harrison  County,  and  it  is  still  in  existence, 
being  one  of  two  common-ware  potteries  in  the  State.  The  clay 
used  is  located  near  the  works  and  is  a  surface  material  (Ref.  53, 
p.  161). 

Before  the  end  of  this  decade,  in  1888,  the  Neale-Morrow  Brick 
Company  was  established  at  Charleston,  using  an  alluvial  sandy 
clay  (Ref.  53,  p.  262). 

1  Private  communication. 


WEST  VIRGINIA.  237 

The  only  other  place  outside  of  New  Cumberland  using  the 
Kittanning  clays  is  the  Hammond  Fire-Brick  Company  at  Ham- 
mond in  Marion  County.  It  also  holds  the  distinction  of  being 
one  of  the  earliest  fire-brick  works  in  the  State.  It  has  been  in 
operation  for  twenty  or  thirty  years,  and  under  the  present  owner- 
ship since  1899  (Ref.  53,  p.  220). 

Two  firms  using  Conemaugh  shale  were  established  in  1899, 
the  Morgantown  Brick  Company  at  Morgantown,  and  the  first 
roofing-tile  plant  in  the  State,  the  Ohio  Clay  Shingle  Company,  at 
Huntington.  On  the  site  of  the  roofing-tile  plant  a  brickyard, 
the  Huntington  Paving  and  Pressed-Brick  Company,  had  been 
in  operation  since  1891,  using  alluvial  clays. 

From  1890  to  the  present  time  the  most  notable  development 
in  the  industry  has  been  the  utilization  of  other  clay  and  shale  beds 
not  previously  worked.  Instances  of  this  are  the  use  of  the  residual 
clay  overlying  Silurian  limestone  for  the  making  cf  red  brick  at 
Charlestown,  in  Jefferson  County,  and  at  Shepherdstown  and 
Martinsburg  in  Berkeley  County  (Ref.  53),  while  the  Hamilton 
shale  has  been  used  by  a  brickyard  established  at  Elkins  in 
Randolph  County  (Ref.  53,  p.  203). 

Several  new  fire-brick  works  have  also  been  established.  The 
Piedmont  Brick  and  Coal  Company,  recently  started,  uses  Mt. 
Savage  fire  clay  and  makes  fire  brick,  paving  brick,  and  common 
brick  (Ref.  53,  p.  206).  The  Conemaugh  series  of  shales  and 
clays  is  utilized  in  the  Thornton  Brick  Plant  at  Thornton,  Taylor 
County,  which  was  established  1904  (Ref.  53,  p.  223),  and  was 
used  in  1902-1904  by  the  Kanawha  and  New  River  Brick  Com- 
pany at  Charleston,  Kanawha  County  (Ref.  53). 

During  the  same  period,  1890-1905,  the  Monongahela  series  of 
shales  came  into  use  in  Mason,  Harrison,  and  Marshall  counties 
for  brick  manufacture,  and  the  Dunkard  was  utilized  by  the  United 
States  Roofing-Tile  Company  established  in  Parkersburg  in  1903 
(Ref.  53,  p.  256),  while  the  river  clays  were  utilized  more  and  more 
throughout  the  State,  local  yards  springing  up  in  all  counties. 

The  white-ware  industry,  which  is  practically  coextensive  with 
the  great  East  Liverpool  center,  was  also  greatly  extended  by  the 
establishment  of  Taylor,  Smith  &  Taylor's  Pottery  at  Chester 


238  CLAY-WORKING   INDUSTRY. 

in  1890  and  that  of  the  E.  M.  Knowles  China  Company  in  the  same 
place  in  1900  (Ref.  53,  p.  165),  and  the  starting  of  smaller  china 
manufactories  at  Newell,  Hancock  County,  Clarksburg,  Harrison 
County,  Huntington,  Cabell  County,  Cameron,  Marshall  County, 
and  Mannington,  Marion  County. 

An  interesting  and  important  development  in  the  clay-working 
industries  in  this  State  was  the  establishment  of  the  large  pottery 
of  the  Homer  Laughlin  China  Company  at  Newell.  This  plant 
began  operation  in  1907.  It  has  thirty  ware  kilns  and  twenty-four 
muffle  kilns,  and  is  probably  the  largest  new  plant  ever  built  in  this 
country. 

In  1907  West  Virginia  ranked  tenth  in  the  production  of  all  clay 
products  and  third  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  this  being  mostly 
due  to  the  manufacture  of  sanitary  ware. 


VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA  FROM  1894  TO 

1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick  . 

Vitrified 
paving 
brick. 

Fire 

brick  . 

Miscel- 
laneous.1 

Pottery2 

Grand  total. 

1894.... 

$227,032 

$63,964 

$500 

$379,510 

$673,006 

1895.... 

208,337 

449,388 

4,000 

664,725 

$3,000 

892,777 

1896.  .  .  . 

164,831 

177,856 

1,500 

144,850 

410,407 

899,444 

l897.... 

164,177 

289,886 

28,696 

112,975 

5I9,520 

I,H5,254 

1898.  ..  . 

157,425 

290,266 

5^55 

127,511 

518,218 

1,098,575 

1899.... 

269,656 

415,089 

54,400 

127,084 

585,31° 

1,451,539 

1900.  .  . 

708,861 

474,880 

149,257 

44,926 

638,841 

2,016,765 

1901.  .  .  . 

348,452 

555,389 

102,300 

81,967 

858,642 

1,946,480 

1902.  .  .  . 

527,661 

578,777 

23,633 

222,009 

,166,464 

2,518,544 

1903  

576,404 

576,258 

70,802 

86,596 

,248,500 

2,558,560 

1904  

469,501 

470,339 

11,814 

57,690 

,065,205 

2,074,549 

1905.  ..  . 

476,630 

263,449 

26,868 

56,043 

,195,805 

2,018,795 

1906.  .  .  . 

469,527 

578,164 

59,757 

87,309 

,588,555 

2,783,312 

1907  

384,007 

952,060 

34,43s 

110,750 

2,159,132 

3,640,387 

1  Includes  front  and  ornamental  brick,  drain  tile,  and  especially  sewer  pipe. 

2  Mainly  white-granite  ware  and  semi-porcelain  as  well  as  sanitary  ware. 


WISCONSIN. 


WISCONSIN. 


239 


The  brick  industry  began  in  Milwaukee  probably  about  1842, 
since  the  first  brick  house,  the  Hull  house,  was  erected  in  the  city 
in  that  year  and  was  built  of  local  brick  (Ref.  4,  xxvm,  p.  183). 
In  1843  tnree  nrms  are  reported  as  beginning  to  make  brick  there, 
J.  Messinger  starting  a  yard  on  Chestnut  Street  (Ref.  81,  p.  164),  a 
man  named  Sivyer  making  fire  brick  (Ref.  8 1,  p.  164),  and  another 
of  the  name  of  Burnham  establishing  a  horsepower  and  hand- 
molding  yard  (Ref.  4,  xxvm,  p.  183).  If  it  is  true  that  fire  brick 
were  made  there,  they  must  have  been  made  from  clays  mined  in 
other  States,  as  no  fire-clay  deposits  exist  in  that  area.  In  the  six- 
ties new  yards  were  opened  in  many  places,  including  Kewaskum, 
Fort  Atkinson,  Depere  and  Greenbay  (Ref.  82).  Soon  after,  yards 
were  started  in  Kenosha  (1872),  Menomonie  (1875),  and  Hika 
(1876)  (Ref.  82).  By  the  year  1877  the  famous  cream-colored 
brick  of  Milwaukee  and  vicinity  were  being  made  extensively  in 
Milwaukee,  Ozaukee,  Manitowoc,  Kewaunee,  Appleton,  Neenah, 
Menasha,  Clifton,  Watertown  and  Waterloo,  while  tiles  and 
pottery  were  manufactured  at  Whitewater  (Ref.  83).  In  1888  the 
Pauline  pottery  of  Chicago  moved  to  Edgerton  (Ref.  8,  p.  332)  and 
began  the  production  of  art  pottery  largely  from  local  clays,  con- 
tinuing this  up  to  at  least  the  year  1905. 

At  the  present  time,  common  brickyards  are  established  at  many 
points  in  the  State  (Ref.  128),  making  their  product  from  lake, 
glacial,  and  residual  clays.  Pressed  brick  are  also  produced  at 
several  points,  notably  at  Milwaukee  and  Menomonie.  Common 
earthenware  and  drain  tile  are  also  produced  from,  in  general,  the 
same  type  of  raw  materials.  The  State  is,  and  always  has  been, 
dependent  on  other  States  for  its  fire  brick,  sewer  pipe,  paving 
brick,  and  many  pressed  brick.  Indeed,  large  quantities  of 
common  brick  have  to  be  shipped  into  the  State  from  Chicago, 
and  come  into  successful  competition  with  those  made  at  Milwau- 
kee and  other  points.  It  was  hoped  at  one  time  that  the  State 
would  become  an  important  producer  of  white  paper  clays,  and  a 
deposit  was  actively  worked  for  a  time  near  Hersey,  St.  Croix 
County,  but  the  plant  has  been  abandoned  for  several  years. 


240 


CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRY. 


Slip  clays  have  also  been    shipped  in  small  quantities  from  the 
Platteville  district  of  southwestern  Wisconsin. 

The  value  of  clay  products  made  in  Wisconsin  from  1894  to  1907 
is  given  below.     Common  brick  is  the  chief  item  of  the  table. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  WISCONSIN  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Common 
brick. 

Front 
brick. 

Drain 
tile. 

Miscel- 
laneous.1 

Pottery.2 

Grand  total. 

1894...  . 

$1,099,102 

$85,150 

$71,124 

$1,255,376 

l89S.... 

782,552 

$I23,5°S 

32,3U 

5,825 

944,196 

1896.  .  .  . 

662,617 

48,671 

27,797 

37,4io 

$12,500 

788,995 

1807 

64.O  ?Q2 

48,670 

27,7^0 

7,270 

724,282 

j.  uy  i  .   .  .   . 
1898. 

V*TW,  o  y 
64  c  200 

T-^,  w/  w 
6i,co6 

/  ,  /  o 
10,4^7 

/  ,    / 
151,044 

877,306 

l899.... 

W4O,  -^v^y 
1,073,101 

\j±  ,  ^y  \j 
60,213 

V,TO  / 
23,334 

641,919 

13,145 

,811,712 

I9OO.   .  .   . 

963,461 

84,601 

14,995 

9,122 

14,000 

,086,179 

1901.   .  .   . 

I,I5I»838 

54,379 

22,727 

8JIO 

9,900 

,247,554 

I9O2.   .  .   . 

9I9,883 

7°>3°3 

17,763 

7,924 

10,785 

,026,658 

1903.   ..   . 

i,i93,36o 

62,857 

34,556 

4,237 

12,386 

,307,396 

1904  

1,230,620 

86,688 

54,831 

107,530 

H,325 

,390,994 

1905.... 

1,260,066 

49,275 

57,576 

2,748 

12,45° 

,382,115 

1906.   .  .   . 

1,109,386 

52,038 

5J,!43 

2,605 

12,170 

,227,342 

1907  

1,019,522 

43,387 

49,832 

6,246 

8,832 

,127,819 

1  Includes  a  scattering    of    vitrified  brick,  ornamental    brick,  sewer  pipe  and 
hollow  brick. 

2  Mainly  earthenware. 

WYOMING. 

The  development  of  brick  clays  is  recorded  in  1880  (Ref.  116), 
but  no  doubt  small  yards  were  in  operation  even  before  that.  The 
clay-working  industry  has  not  expanded  to  any  great  degree,  more 
because  of  the  small  local  demand  due  to  the  absence  of  large 
towns  or  cities  than  the  lack  of  raw  materials. 

A  peculiar  type  of  clay,  known  as  bentonite  and  used  in  soap  and 
paper  manufacture,  has  attracted  some  attention.  It  is  mined  in 
small  quantities. 

VALUE  OF  CLAY  PRODUCTS  OF  WYOMING  FROM  1894  TO  1907. 


Year. 

Value. 

Year. 

Value. 

1804... 

$6,850 

1901  

$28,9^0 

l8cK 

8  <2Z 

IQO2 

22  150 

1896 

0,6^0 

IQO3 

22,663 

1807 

•}  ,ceo 

IQO4 

^,84? 

1898 

3,821; 

IOOS  .  . 

34,  E^  6 

1800. 

8,450 

IOO6.  . 

74,321 

IOOO... 

2,  ISO 

IQ07.  . 

88,340 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


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87.  Indiana  Geological  Survey,  2d  Annual  Report.     1870. 

88.  Indiana  Geological  Survey,  i2th  Annual  Report.     1882. 

89.  Illinois  Geological  Survey.     I.     1866. 

90.  Illinois  Geological  Survey.     III.     1868. 

91.  Illinois  Geological  Survey.     IV.     1870. 

92.  Illinois  Geological  Survey.     V.     1873. 

93.  Illinois  Geological  Survey.     VI.     1875. 

94.  Minnesota  Geological  Survey  1872-82.     Pt.  I.     1884. 

95.  Minnesota  Geological  Survey  1872-82.     Pt.  II.     1888. 

96.  Arkansas  Geological  Survey.     1891. 

97.  Iowa  Geological  Survey.     1892-5. 

98.  Iowa  Geological  Survey.     1858. 

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100.  Mississippi  Geological  Survey.     I.     1854. 

101.  Mississippi  Geological  Survey.     1857. 

102.  Mississippi  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  2.     1902. 

103.  Missouri  Geological  Survey.     1874. 

104.  BANCROFT,  H.  H.     History  of  California.     I.     1884. 

105.  BANCROFT,  H.  H.     History  of  California.     VII.     1890. 

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107.  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  Bull.  38. 

108.  BANCROFT,  H.  H.    History  of  Utah.     1890. 

109.  Mineral  Resources  of  Kansas.     1893. 
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112.  Mineral  Resources  of  Kansas.     1900-1. 

113.  Mineral  Resources  of  Kansas.     1906. 

114.  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  315.     1907. 

115.  United  States  Census.     1870. 

116.  United  States  Census.     1880. 

117.  Mineral  Resources  United  States  Geological  Survey.     1887. 

118.  Mineral  Resources  United  States  Geological  Survey.     1888. 

119.  Dakota  School  of  Mines.     1888. 


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121.  GARDNER,  J.  H.    Bull.  6,   Kentucky  Geological  Survey. 

122.  FOERSTE,  A.     Bull.  6,  Kentucky  Geological  Survey. 

123.  SPENCER,  J.  W.     Paleozoic  Group  of  N.  W.  Georgia.     1893. 

124.  VEATCH,  O.     Kaolins  and  Fire  Clays  of  Central  Georgia,  United  States 

Geological  Survey,  Bull.  315,  303. 

125.  RIES,  H.     The  Clays  of  Florida,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  iyth 

Annual  Report,  Pt.  Ill,  p.  871.     1898. 

126.  Transactions  of  the  Civil  Engineering  Society,  Vol.  25. 

127.  Michigan  Geological  Survey,  Vol.  8,  Pt.  I. 

128.  Wisconsin  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  15. 

129.  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  Final  Report,  Vol.  VI. 

130.  Appendix  to  the  Annual  Report  Pennsylvania   State  College,  1898-99. 

Pt.  II. 

131.  Appendix   to   the  Annual   Report   Pennsylvania   State    College,  1899- 

1900.     Pt.  III. 

132.  Appendix  to  the  Annual  Report  Pennsylvania  State  College,  1898-99. 

Pt.  I. 

133.  Indiana  Geological  Survey,  29th  Annual  Report.     1904. 

134.  WHEELER,  H.  A.     Missouri  Geological  Survey,  XI.     1896. 

135.  ORTON,  E.,  and  ORTON,  Jr.,  E.    Ohio  Geological  Survey,  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  I. 

1893. 

136.  CRIDER,  A.  F.     Bull.  285,  United  States  Geological  Survey.     1906. 

137.  Transactions  American  Ceramic  Society. 

138.  GEER,  W.     Terra  Cotta  in  Architecture.     1894. 

139.  RIES,  H.     Clay,  Its  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses,  New  York.     1906. 

140.  ORTON,  Jr.,  E.     Ohio  Geological  Survey,  Economic  Geology,  V.     1884. 

141.  DAVIS,  C.  T.     Bricks,  Tiles  and  Terra  Cotta,  Philadelphia.     1889. 

142.  WHEELER,  H.  A.    Vitrified  Paving  Brick,  Indianapolis. 

143.  HAMILTON,  P.  J.     Colonial  Mobile.     1897. 

144.  Alabama  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  6.     1900. 

145.  Alabama  Geological  Survey,  Report  on  Valley  Region,  II.     1897. 

146.  SELLARDS,  E.  H.     Florida    Geological   Survey,    First    Annual    Report. 

1908. 

147.  BECK,  L.  C.     New  York  Geological  Survey,  Report  for  1837. 

148.  New  York  Geological  Survey,  Report  for  1838. 

149.  Natural  History  of  New  York,  Part  IV.,  ist  Dist.     1843. 

150.  Report  of  Director  of  New  York  State  Museum  for  1905,  p.  30. 

151.  MITCHELL.     Medical  Repository,  IV. 

152.  ROGERS,  H.  D.     Fourth    Annual    Report,    Geological    Survey,    Penn- 

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153.  BRANNER,  J.  C.     The   Clays   of  Arkansas,  United  States  Geological 

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245 


154.  Glass  and  Pottery  World.     New  York. 

155.  TYLER,  L.  G.     The  Cradle  of  the  Republic. 

156.  Brush  and  Pencil.     Chicago. 

157.  WILLIAMS,  H.  Z.,  and  BROTHER.     History  of  Washington  County,  Ohio. 

1881. 

158.  WILLIAMS  BROTHERS.     History  of  Ross  and  Highland  Counties,  Ohio. 

1880. 

159.  MACK,  H.     History  of  Columbiana  County,  Ohio.     Philadelphia.     1879. 

160.  HOWE,  H.     Historical  Collections  of  Ohio,  3  vols.     1891. 

161.  ATWATER,  C.     History  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  ist  ed.,  Cincinnati.     1838. 

162.  TAYLOR,  J.  W.    History  of  Ohio.     1854. 

163.  CARPENTER,  W.  H.    History  of  Ohio.     1854. 

164.  CUTLER,  M.     Ohio  in  1788. 

165.  WHITTELSEY,  C.     Early  Cleveland  (1808  to  1886). 

166.  HILL,  N.  N.     History  of  Coshocton  County,  Ohio.     1881. 

167.  LEE,  A.  E.     History  of  City  of  Columbus,  Ohio.     2  vols.     1892. 

1 68.  History  of  Lower  Scioto  Valley.     1884. 

169.  ROBERTSON,  C.     History  of  Morgan  County,  Ohio.     1886. 

170.  HOWELL  and  TENNEY.     History  of  Albany  County,  N.Y.,  Pt.  I.     1886. 

171.  ROWE,  J.  P.     Some  Economic  Geology  of  Montana,  University  of  Mon- 

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172.  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Bureau  of  Census,  Bulletin  62. 

1907. 


INDEX. 


A.   Hall  and  Sons,   136. 

Aberdeen,  S.  Dak.,  219. 

Abercrombie,  N.   Dak.,  161. 

Abrasive  wheels,  clays  for,  145. 

Acme  Sanitary  Pottery  Company,  143. 

Adamant   Porcelain  Company,  53,   231. 

Adkins,  Tex.,  222. 

Adobe  brick,   California,  69. 

Adobe  clay,   147;  Arizona,  66. 

Aetna,    W.    Va.,    234. 

Agner  and  Gaston  Pottery,   187. 

Aiken,  S.  C.,  218. 

Akron,  O.,  28,  29,  31,  33,  34,  48,  50,  53, 

91,  163,  165,  166,  168,  170,  171,  180, 

182,  183. 

Akron  Roofing  Tile  Company,  28,  169. 
Akron  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  34. 
Akron  shale.    See  Sharon  shale. 
Akron  Smoking  Pipe  Company,  53,  192, 

231. 

Akron  Vitrified  Brick  Company,  165. 
Alabama:   history  of,   64;   referred  to,  48; 

statistics   of  production,   66. 
Alameda,  Cal.,  71. 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  46,  58,  116,  149,  150,  151, 

!53»  154,  155,  157- 
Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  151. 
Albany  slip,  47.   156,  234. 
Albion,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Alexandria,  Minn.,  117;  Pa.,  214;  Va.,  18. 
Alexandria  County,  Va.,  231. 
Alfred  Center,   N.  Y.,   28,    153. 
Alfred  Station,  N.  Y.,  153. 
Alfred  University,  school  of  ceramics,  7. 
Allegheny  County,  Pa.,  208. 
Allegheny  measures,  166. 
Allegheny   Mountains,    first   pottery  west 

of,  234. 

Allegheny  series  shales,  206. 
Allen  town,  Pa.,  198,  199,  200. 
Alstead,  N.  H.,  131. 
Alta,  Cal.,  69. 
Alton,  111.,  83,  125. 
Alum  clay,  59,  145. 
Amador  County,  Cal.,  71. 
Amalgamated  Copper  Company,  128. 
Amanda  Furnace,   Ky.,  41. 
Amanda,  Ky.,  98. 


American  Ceramic  Works,  86. 

American  China  Manufactory,  203. 

American  Encaustic  Tile  Company,  29, 
30. 

American  Fire  Brick  Company,   211. 

American    Kaolin    Company,    58. 

American  Porcelain  Company,  214,  215. 

American  Porcelain  Works,  142. 

American  Pottery  Company,  140. 

American  Pottery  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 140. 

American  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  33,  170, 
171,  172,  234. 

American  Terra  Cotta  Company,  52,  82, 
85- 

Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Company,  128. 

Anaconda,  Mont.,  128. 

Anderson,  Ind.,  92;  Pa.,  30;  W.  Va.,  31, 
169. 

Anderson  Porcelain  Company,  53,  187, 192. 

Anderson  Pressed  Brick  Company,  82. 

Andover,  Mass.,  109. 

Angola,  N:  Y.,  33,  153. 

Anna,  111.,  84. 

Annapolis,  Md.,  88,   105. 

Antiphlogistine,  clay  for,  205. 

Appleton,  Wis.,  239. 

Arab,  Ala.,  65. 

Architectural  faience,  24;  Connecticut,  75; 
Massachusetts,  112;  Ohio,  181. 

Architectural  Terra  Cotta.  See  Terra 
Cotta. 

Arizona:  history  of,  66;  referred  to,  147; 
statistics  of  production,  67. 

Arkansas  Brick  and  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 68. 

Arkansas:  history  of,  67;  referred  to,  37, 
48;  statistics  of  production,  69. 

Armington,  Mont.,  128. 

Armory,  Miss.,  119. 

Armstrong  and  Conklin,   200. 

Armstrong  County,  Pa.,  210,  211,  212. 

Arsenal  Pottery,  142. 

Art  pottery,  7,  50,  75,  85,  102,  no,  112; 
Ohio,  183,  190,  192. 

Artistic  Porcelain  Company,   143. 

Ashland,  Ky.,  41,  98,  99. 

Ashland  Fire  Brick  Company,  41,  98,  100. 

Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  173. 


247 


248 


INDEX. 


Assanpink,  N.  J.,  133. 

Astbury,  J.,  141. 

Atcheson,  H.  R.,  88. 

Atchison,  Kans.,  96. 

Atchison  County,  Mo.,  126. 

Athens,   N.  Y.,   154,   155;  O.,   174;  Tex., 

41,  222. 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  24,  80. 

Atlantic  Terra  Cotta  Company,   25,   136. 
Audrain  County,  Mo.,   124. 
Audrain  Manufacturing  and  Coal  Mining 

Company,  124. 
Aultman,  O.,  167. 
Aurelian  ware,  190. 
Autauga  County,  Ala.,  64. 
Avalon  ware,  106. 
Avon  Faience  Company,  236. 
Ayer-McCarel  Clay  Company  91. 
Aztec,  N.  M.,  147. 

B. 

Baird,  C.  C.,  35. 

Baker,  I.  O.,  82. 

Baldwin  County,  Ga.,  80. 

Baldwin,  Minn.,  116. 

Ball  clay,  168;  English,  59,  60,  61,  220; 
first  domestic  supply,  59;  Florida,  60, 
79,  206;  Kentucky,  60;  mentioned, 
57;  Missouri,  61,  123,  124;  New  Jer- 
sey, 60;  production  of,  62;  Tennessee, 
60,  220,  221. 

Baltimore  Brick  Company,  12,  107. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  15,  16,  28,  32,  46,  48, 
50,  105,  106,  107. 

Baltimore  Retort  and  Fire  Brick  Company, 
32,  106. 

Baltimore  Terra  Cotta  Company,  28. 

Bangor,  Me.,   103. 

Barber,  E.  A.,  75,  120,  139,  140,  156,  218. 

Barber,  O.,  32. 

Barberton,  O.,  34,  371. 

Barbour  County,  W.  Va.,  235. 

Barking,  Pa.,  207. 

Barnard,  W.,  142. 

Barnes,  S.,  and  Company,  39,  207. 

Barrington,  N.  H.,  131. 

Bartholds,  Mo.,  124. 

Basic  Brick  Company,  212. 

Bath,  N.  H.,  131;  S.  C.,  40,  218. 

Bath-tubs,  144,  215,  236. 

Bay  City,  Mich.,  114. 

Bay  State  Company,  109. 

Beatrice,  Neb.,  33,  129. 

Beattie,  T.,  96. 

Beaver  Clay  Manufacturing  Company, 
206. 

Beaver  Falls  Art  Tile  Company,  30,  206. 

Beaver  Falls,  Minn.,  117;  Pa.,  30,  50, 
206,  207,  214,  215. 


Beaver  Valley,   Pa.,   47. 

Beaver  Valley  Pottery  Company,  215. 

Beck,  A.  M  ,  90. 

Becker  County,  Minn.,  117. 

Bedford,  Ala.,  64. 

Bedford,  O.,  166. 

Bedford  shale,  166. 

Beech  Creek,  Pa.,  42,  213. 

Beerbauer,  L.  B.,  and  Company,  140. 

Beesville,  Mo.,  121. 

Beidler,  A.  W.,  26. 

Bell  City,  Ky.,  99. 

Bell  Pottery  Company,  192. 

Bellfont  Furnace,  Ky.,  98. 

Bellaire,  O.,  29,  44,  169. 

Belleek  ware,  mentioned,  52;  New  Jersey, 

i43- 

Bellmark  Pottery  Company,  142. 
Belmont,  Mass.,  112. 
Belt,  Mont.,  128. 
Bendersville,  Pa.,  30,  200. 
Benezette,  Pa.,  209. 
Bennett,  Edwin,  47,  106,  184,  214. 
Bennett  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  34. 
Bennett's  Pottery,  Baltimore,  48. 
Bennettville,  S.  C.,   217. 
Bennighof,  Uhl  and  Company,  90. 
Bennington,   Vt.,    29,    59,    109,    218,    226, 

227. 

Bentonite,   240. 
Bergen  County,  N.  J.,  140. 
Berkeley  County,  W.  Va.,  237. 
Berks  County,  Pa.,   204. 
Berkshire  County,  Mass.,  109. 
Bermuda,  bricks  exported  to,  228. 
Bernard  Tile  Company,  169. 
Berry  and  Son,  40. 
Berry,  J.  E.,  139. 
Berry,  W.  H.,  139. 
Bessemer,  Ala.,  65. 
Bessemer  Limestone  Company,   173. 
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  28,  199. 
Beverly,  Mass.,  109. 
Bexar  County,  Tex.,  222. 
Bibbville,  Ala.,  65. 
Bibliography,  241. 

Bickford,  Merrill  and  Morrison,  213. 
Big  Kelly  Pit,  124. 
Billings,  Mo.,   126. 
Biloxi,  Miss.,  102,  118,  119,, 
Binns,  C.  F.,  7. 
Bird  Brothers,  67. 
Bird-in-Hand,  Pa.,  203. 
Birmingham,  Ala.,  65. 
Birmingham,  Pa.,  184. 
Bisque  ware,  red,  no. 
Black  Lick,  Pa.,  208,  209. 
Black  Rock,  N.  Y.,  33. 
Blackmer   and   Post,    33;    early   factories 

of,  126. 


OP  THE 
UNIVERSITY 


OF 


INDEX. 


249 


Blackmer,  L.  R.,  125,  126. 
Blatchford-Meeds  Brick  Company,  207. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.,  88,  89,  90. 
Block  House  Run.,  Pa.,  215. 
Bloomingdale,  Ind.,  88,  89. 
Bloomington,  111.,  36,  82;  brick  pavement 

in,  83. 

Bloor,  Ott  and  Booth,  142. 
Bloor,  Ott  and  Brewer,  142. 
Bloor,  Wm.,  49;  first  maker  of  white  ware, 

1 86. 

Blount  County,  Ala.,  65. 
BlQuntville,  Tenn.,  219. 
Blue  Ball,  Pa.,  209. 
Blue  Earth  County,  116. 
Blue   Ridge    Enameled    Brick   Company, 

200. 

Boaz,  Ky.,  98. 
Bochs  Pottery,  156. 
Bolivar  fire  clay,   39,   208;    discovery  of, 

207. 

Bolivar,  Pa.,  206,  207,  208,  210. 
Bellinger  County,  Mo.,  59,  121,  123. 
Bone   china,    53,    201;    New    York,    156, 

157. 

Bonnin  and  Morris,   201. 

Bonnin  China  Works,  57. 

Bonnin  Potter}*,  76. 

Boonsboro,  la.,  94. 

Boonville  Pottery,  120. 

Bponville  potteries,  125. 

Boston   Fireproofing   Company,    no. 

Boston,  Mass.,  22,  52,  57,  108,  109,  no, 
138,  145,  157. 

Boston  Pottery,  109. 

Boulder,  Colo.,  73. 

Bow  potteries,  England,  North  Carolina 
clay  shipped  to,  160. 

Bowman  and  Sackett,  32. 

Bowman  and  Son,  O.  O.,  144. 

Bradford,  Pa.,  24,  206. 

Brady's    Run,    Pa.,    206,    207. 

Brady's  Run  Fire  Clay  Company,   207. 

Brainerd,   Minn.,    117. 

Brandon,  Miss.,  118. 

Brandon,  Vt.,  226,  227. 

Brandon  Iron  and  Car  Wheel  Company, 
227. 

Brandywine  Summit  Kaolin  Company,  58. 

Branner,  J.  C.,  67. 

Brazil,  Ind.,  18,  34,  35,  37,  85,  89,  90,  91. 

Breasley  and  Company,  142. 

Brewer,  Me.,  103. 

Brick,  common:  Arizona,  66;  Arkansas, 
68;  California,  69,  71;  Colorado,  73, 
74;  Connecticut,  75;  Delaware,  76, 
77;  Florida,  78,  79;  Georgia,  80; 
Illinois,  81;  Indiana,  88,  90,  92; 
Iowa,  94,  95;  Kansas,  96,  97;  Ken- 
tucky, 100,  101;  Louisiana,  102; 


Maine,  103;  Maryland,  105,  106,  107; 
Massachusetts,  108,  109;  Michigan, 
112,  115;  Minnesota,  115,  117;  Missis- 
sippi, 119;  Montana,  128;  Nebraska, 
129;  Nevada,  130;  New  Jersey,  133, 
J355  -New  Mexico,  147;  New  York, 
148,  149;  North  Carolina,  160;  North 
Dakota,  161,  162;  Ohio,  163;  Oregon, 
195;  Pennsylvania,  196,  205;  Rhode 
Island,  217;  South  Carolina,  217; 
South  Dakota,  219;  Tennessee,  220; 
Texas,  222;  Utah,  225;  Vermont, 
227;  Virginia,  228,  231;  Washington, 
232;  West  Virginia,  234,  235,  237; 
Wisconsin,  239;  Wyoming,  240. 
Brick,  dry  pressed.  See  Dry-pressed  brick. 

early  use  of  in  Virginia,  229. 

enameled.     See  Enameled  Brick. 

English.     See  English  brick. 

exportation  of,  56,  199,  228. 

fire.     See  Firebrick,  74. 

front,  Connecticut,   76;  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, 78;  Minnesota,  118;  Oregon, 

I95- 
importations  of,  55,  108,  148,  229;  from 

England,  133;  from  Holland,  205. 
importations  int-j  Maryland,  105. 
Michigan,  contract  for,  113. 
ornamental,    California,   71;    Colorado, 
74;  Connecticut,  76;  District  of  Colum- 
bia,   78;    Georgia,    80;    Maine,    104; 
Massachusetts,    no. 
paving,    California,    71.       See     Paving 

brick,  74. 

pressed,  144;  Arkansas,  68;  California, 
70;  history  of,  16;  Indiana,  90;  Kan- 
sas, 96,  97;  Massachusetts,  no; 
Minnesota,  117;  Montana,  128;  Ne- 
braska, 129;  New  Jersey,  133,  135; 
New  York,  152;  North  Dakota,  162; 
Ohio,  165,  166;  Pennsylvania,  199, 
200,  204,  206,  214;  Texas,  222,  223; 
Utah,  225;  Virginia,  231. 
silica.  See  Silica  brick. 

Brick  districts  of  the  United  States,  im- 
portant ones,  15. 

Brick  machines.    12;  early  ones  in   Phil- 
adelphia, 198. 

Brick  makers,  importation  of,  228. 

Brick  molding  contest,  164,  198. 

Brickton,  Minn.,  118. 

Bricks,  size  of,  regulated  by  law,  108. 

Bridgeport,  W.  Va.,  236. 

Bridgewater,  Mass.,   112. 

Brightwood,  111.,  90. 

Broadway,  Va.,  53,  231. 

Brockman  Pottery,  121. 

Brookfield,  Mass.,  112. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,   50,   53,   153,   155,   158. 

Brookville   clay,    166,    182,    209. 


INDEX. 


Broughton,  P.  B.,  and  Company,  206. 

Bromley,  W.,  180. 

Brown's  clay  pit,  122. 

Brunt  and  Thompson,  186. 

Brunt,    G.  F.,    Porcelain    Company,    186, 

192. 

Brunt,  Henry,  and  Sons,  186. 
Brunt,  Jr.,  Wm.,  and  Company,  186. 
Brunt,  Wm.,  Pottery,  186. 
Brunt   Porcelain   Company,   G.  F.,   53. 
Brunt,  Sr.,  Wm.,  186. 
Bryant,  John,  151. 
Buckeye  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  172. 
Bucks  County,  Pa.,  202. 
Bucksville,  Pa.,  202. 
Buffalo,    N.  Y.,   33,    151,    152,    153,    157. 
Buffalo   Lead   Mine,    123. 
Burgess,    J.  W.,   kaolin   deposit,    77. 
Burlington,    N.  J.,    47,    139;    N.  D.,    162; 

Vt.,  226. 

Burnham  Brick  Works,  239. 
Burns  Fire  Brick  Company,  213. 
Burroughs  and  Mountford,  142. 
Burton,  C.  M.,  112. 
Bush  and  Son,  220. 
Butte,  Mont,  128. 

Butte  Sewer  Pipe  and  Tile  Company,  128. 
Buttons,  porcelain,   156. 
Buttons,   pottery,  Connecticut,   75. 


C. 


Cabell  County,  W.  Va.,  238. 

Cable,  A.,  220. 

Cadiz,  O.,  164. 

Cairo,  N.  Y.,  152. 

Caldwell,  Mo.,  120. 

Caledonia,  Minn.,  117. 

Calhoun,  Mo.,  123,  125. 

Calhoun  County,  111.,  84. 

California:  history  of,  69;  referred  to,  n, 
1 8,  24,  32,  33,  48,  58;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 72. 

California  Pottery  and  Terra  Cotta  Com- 
pany, 70. 

California  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  71. 

Galloway  County,  Mo.,  47,  98,  120. 

Calumet  Fire  Clay  Company,  33. 

Cambria  County,  Pa.,  208,  210,  211. 

Cambria  Fire  Brick  Company,  211. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,   108,   109,   112. 

Cambridge  Art  Tile  Works,  30. 

Cambridge  Tile  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 98. 

Cambro-Ordovician  shales,  200. 

Camden,  N.  J.,  14. 

Cameron,  W.  Va.,  238. 

Camp,  H.  B.,  35,  168. 

Camp  and  Thompson,  34. 

Canada,  exportation  of  fire  brick  to,  128. 


Canal  Dover,  O.,  40,  41,   170,  178,  179. 

Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  152. 

Canfield's  Corners,  O.,  180. 

Cannelton,  Ind.,  32,  89. 

Canon  City,  Colo.,  41,  42. 

Canterbury,  N.  Y.,  156. 

Canton,  O.,  173. 

Canton  and  Malvern  Fire   Brick  Paving 

Company,  171. 
Canton  shale,  172. 
Cantril,   la.,   94. 
Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  109. 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  Mo.,  59, 122,  123. 
Carbon  Cliff,  111.,  84. 
Carbondale,  Cal.,  70. 
Carboniferous,  42. 

clays,  28,  29,  40,  41,  82,  83,  85,  86,  89, 

97,  98,  107,  114,  163,  169,  171,  179, 

182,    186,    192,    206,    215,    222,    231; 

Alabama,  65. 
shales,    38,    82,    91,    173;    first    use    in 

Indiana,  90. 
Carlyle,  George,  31. 
Carlyle  Paving  Brick  Company,  173. 
Carondelet,  Mo.,   125. 
Carroll  County,  O.,  167,  173,  177;  Tenn., 

220. 

Carrolton,   O.,   173. 

Carrolton   Pottery   Company,    183. 

Carter  County,  Ky.,  99,  100. 

Cartersville,  Ga.,  80. 

Cartlidge  and  Ridgeway,  156. 

Cartwright  Brothers,   186. 

Carver  County,  Minn.,  116. 

Cascade  County,  Mont.,  128. 

Castine,   Me.,   103. 

Catskill,  N.  Y.,  152. 

Celadon  Roofing  Tile  Company,  29,  169. 

Cement,  white,  clay,  Pennsylvania,  205. 

Center  County,  Pa.,  211. 

Central  New  York  Pottery,  155. 

Ceramic  Art  Company,  142. 

Chambers  Brothers  Company.   14. 

Chambers,  Jr.,  Cyrus,  15. 

Chanute,  Kans.,  97. 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  217,  230;  W.  Va.,  36, 

235,  236,  237. 

Charlestown,  Mass.,  32,  109. 
Chaska,  Minn.,  116. 
Chattahoochee  Brick  Company,  80. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  65. 
Chelsea,  Mass.,  29,  no. 
Chelsea  Keramic  Art  Company,  52,   no. 
Chelsea  (U.  S.)  Pottery  Company,  no. 
Cheltenham,  Mo.,  125. 
Cherokee  Ford,  S.  C.,  217. 
Cherryvale,    Kans.,   97. 
Chester,  Pa.,  43,  212;  Vt.,  227;  W.  Va.,237- 
Chester  County,  Minn.,  117;  Pa.,  57,  202, 

203,  204. 


INDEX. 


Chicago,  111.,  10,  14,  22,  24,  37,  52,  86, 

124,    125,    239;   brick   pavements  in, 

83;  first  yards  at,  81. 
Chicago  Heights,  111.,  28. 
Chicago  River,  111.,  82. 
Chicago  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  91. 
Chicago  Terra  Cotta  Company,  82. 
Chillicothe,   O.,   165. 
China,  120;  importation  of,  55;  New  York, 

156;   Ohio,    183;   Pennsylvania,    201. 
China  clay,  168;  Delaware,  58;  Georgia, 

60;     mentioned,    61;     Missouri,     59; 

Pennsylvania,    58;    South    Carolina, 

59.      See   Kaolin. 
Chittenden,  Vt.,  226. 
Christian  County,  Mo.,  126. 
Christy,  Sr.,  W.  T.,  121. 
Christy  Fire  Clay  Company,  40. 
Christy  Fire  Clay  Mine,  120. 
Cincinnati,  O.,  10,  14,  16,  41,  48,  50,   59, 

89,  98,  121,  163,  164,  176,  180,  181, 

182,  183. 

Cincinnati  Pottery  Company,   122. 
Cincinnati  Roofing  Tile  Company,  169. 
City  Hall  Park,  N.  Y.,  brick  yard  on  site 

of,  149. 

City  Pottery  Works,  141. 
Clarion  Clay,  206. 
Clarion  County,  Pa.,  39,  207,  208. 
Clark,    Geo.,    123. 
Clark,   Nathan,    154. 
Clafk,  W.  B.,  105. 
Clark  and  Fox,  154. 
Clarke,  J.  M.,  202. 
Clarke  Pottery,  71. 
Clarkeville,  N.  M.,  147. 
Clarksburg,  W.  Va.,  238. 
Clay,  importation  of,  63;  porcelain,  Con- 
necticut, 75;  production  of,  62. 
Clay  ballast,  95,  97,  126. 
Clay  City,  Ind.,  88. 
Clay  County,  Ind.,  88,  91;  Minn.,  117. 
Clay    mining    industry:    history    of,     56; 

Indiana,    92;     Missouri,    127;     New 

Jersey,   144,   145;  Tennessee,   221. 
Clayville,  N.  J.,  138. 
Clay  working  industry,  history  by  states, 

64. 

Clear  Creek,  O.,  164. 
Clear  Creek  County,  Colo.,   73. 
Clearfield,  Pa.,  42,  211. 
Clearfield  County,  Pa.,  200,  208,  209,  210. 
Clearfield  Fire  Brick  Company,  211. 
Clermont,  la.,  94. 

Cleveland,  O.,  14,  15,  165,  166,  169,  178. 
Cleveland  Fire  Brick  Company,  176. 
Clifton,  Wis.,  239. 
Clinton,  Ind.,  91;  Mo.,   125. 
Clinton  clays,   200. 
Clinton   County,   Pa.,   39,    212,    213. 


Clinton    County    Fire    Brick    Company, 

211,  213. 

Coal  dust,  first  use  of,  in  bricks,  150. 
Coal  measures,  65,  181;  clays  of,  48,  88, 

120,  125,  168,  200;  shales  of,  37,  65, 

96. 

Coaldale,  Ala.,  65. 
Coeymans,  N.  Y.,  150. 
Coffeyville,  Kans.,  97. 
Coffin,  Thos.,  43. 
Coffin  and  Company,  124. 
Coffin  Mine,  122. 
Cohoes,  N.  Y.,  150. 
Coke  Oven  Hollow,  Ind.,  88. 
Colchester,   111.,  85. 
Coldwater,  Mich.,  114. 
Collinsville,  111.,  18. 
Collinwood,  O.,  173. 
Colonial    Sign    and    Insulator    Company, 

53,  183,  192. 
Colorado:  history  of,  73;  referred  to,   n, 

18,  41,  42,  52;  statistics  of  production, 

74- 

Colorado  City,  Colo.,  73. 
Colorado  Springs,  Colo.,  52. 
Columbia,  III.,  86;  Pa.,  199. 
Columbia  County,   Ark.,   68;   O.,   167. 
Columbia   Encaustic  Tile   Company,    30, 

92. 

Columbia  Fire  Brick  Company,  178. 
Columbiana  County,  O.,  50,  175,  177,  182, 

188. 
Columbus,  Kans.,  97;  Ky.,  99;  O.,  26,  32, 

34,  37,  165,  166,   169,  170,   171. 
Columbus   Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Com- 
pany, 165,  176. 

Columbus  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  34. 
Common  brick,  mentioned,  6;  Michigan, 

114;    New    Hampshire,    131. 
Common  brick  industry,  history  of,  9. 
Conduit  industry,  history  of,  35. 
Conduits,  Indiana,   90,   91;   New  Jersey, 

138;  Ohio,  166,  167. 
Conemaugh  clays,   235,  237. 
Conemaugh  shale,  206. 
Conneaut,  O.,  173. 
Connecticut:  history   of,  74;   referred   to, 

9,   39,   48,    52,    60,    133;   statistics  of 

production,  76. 

Connecticut  Geological  Survey,  75. 
Connecticut    River   Valley,    clay    district 

of,  75- 

Connellsville,  Pa.,  40,  208. 
Connor,  P.,  33. 
Conrade,  John,  168. 
Cook,  G.  H.,  138,  145. 
Cook  County,  111.,  81. 
Cook  County  district,  111.,  15. 
Cook  Pottery,  142. 
Cook  Pottery  Company,  143. 


252 


INDEX. 


Cooking  utensils,  184,  190,  192. 

Cooper  County,  Mo.,  120. 

Copen  Brick  Works,  235. 

Corning,  N.  Y.,  24,  153. 

Corning  Terra  Cotta  Company,   24. 

Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  154. 

Cornwalleys,  S.,  105. 

Coshocton,  O.,  183. 

Covington,  Ky.,  30,  98. 

Cowanshannoc,  Pa.,   212. 

Coxe,  Daniel,  139. 

Coxon  and  Thompson,  142. 

Crackle  ware,  made  in  Massachusetts, 
no. 

Cranch,  R.,  108. 

Crary,  Sr.,  J.,  78,  118,  164. 

Crawford  County,  Mo.,  122,  124. 

Crawfordsville,  111.,  91. 

C.  C.  ware,  50,  52,  53,  60,  120,  123,  140; 
Maryland,  107;  New  Jersey,  141, 
143;  Ohio,  183,  185,  186,  187. 

Crescent  Pottery,  142. 

Cretaceous  clays,  49,  60,  80,  84,  85,,  94, 
95,  99,  128,  129,  135,  136,  138,  139, 
140,  144,  147,  153,  161,  200,  220, 
222;  Alabama,  65;  Colorado,  73. 

Cribbs,  Daniel,  64;  Peter,  64. 

Crolius,  J.,   154. 

Crolius  Pottery,  154. 

Crooksville,  O.,  183,  184. 

Crown  Fire  Clay  Company,  170. 

Crown  Fire  Brick  Company,  178. 

Crown  Pottery  Company,  90. 

Croxall  and  Bros.,  Thos.,  186. 

Croxall  and  Cartwright,  184. 

Croxall  Pottery,  186. 

Crucibles,  clay  for,  Montana,   128. 

Crum  Lyne,  Pa.,  24. 

Cuba,  bricks  exported  to,  199. 

Cumberland,  Md.,  37,   107. 

Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  204. 

Curtis'   Pottery,   Philadelphia,  201. 

Cushman,  Paul,  154,  155. 

Cuyahoga  County,  O.,  173. 

Cuyahoga  Falls,  O.,  34,  35,  168,   182. 


D. 

Dakota  clays,  42,  73,  129. 
Dakota  County,  Minn.,  117. 
Dakota    Land    and    Improvement    Com- 
pany, 162. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  228. 
Dale  and  Davis,  142. 
Dallas,  Tex.,  222. 
Dallas  County,  Ark.,  48,  67. 
Dana,  Capt.  Wm.,  163. 
Danville,  111.,  82,  83;  Iowa,  94. 
Darent  Station,  Pa.,  209. 
Darlington,   Pa.,   206. 


Davey,  Wm.,  introduced  clay  ballast,  126. 

Davies  Fire  Brick  Works,  139. 

Dayton,  Minn.,  115. 

Decator,  111.,  36,  83. 

Deckman,  C.  J.,  172. 

Dedham,  Mass.,  52. 

Dee,  W.  C.,  Clay  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 91. 

Deepwater,  Mo.,  126. 

De  Graff,  Minn.,  117. 

de  Hulter,  Johan,  151. 

De  Kalb  County,  Ala.,  64. 

Delaware:  history  of,  76;  referred  to,  48, 
57,  58,  60,  6 1,  105,  201;  statistics  of 
production,  77. 

Delaware,  O.,  167. 

Delaware  County,  O.,  167. 

Delaware  Pottery,  The,  142. 

Delft  ware,   153. 

Denton,  Tex.,  222. 

Denver,  Colo.,  41,  73. 

Depere,  Wis.,  239. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  15,  112,  113,  114,  117. 

Devonian  clays,   100. 

Devonian  shales,  28,  37,  107,  152,  153, 
163,  166,  173,  206. 

Dewitt  Park,  O.,  18. 

Diamond  Fire  Clay  Company,  34,  172. 

Diamond  Porcelain  Company,  143. 

Dickey  Sewer  Pipe  Works,  126. 

Dickinson,  N.  Dak.,  161,  162. 

Dickinson  Pressed  and  Fire  Brick  Com- 
pany, 162. 

Dinas  brick,  210. 

District  of  Columbia:  history  of,  77;  re- 
ferred to,  48;  statistics  of  production, 
78. 

Dixon-Woods  Company,  44. 

Dodge  City,  Minn.,  115. 

Donahue  Pottery,  235. 

Donnybrook,  N.  Dak.,  162. 

Door  knobs,  182,  186,  187,  207;  Con- 
necticut, 75. 

Douds,  la.,  94. 

Dover,  O.,  176. 

Dover  Fire  Brick  Company,   178. 

Drain  tile:  Colorado,  74;  Connecticut,  76; 
Delaware,  77;  District  of  Columbia, 
78;  Georgia,  80;  Illinois,  86;  Iowa, 
95;  Kansas,  97;  Louisiana,  102; 
Maine,  104;  mentioned,  66;  Michigan, 
115;  Minnesota,  115,  117,  118;  Ne- 
braska, 129;  Oregon,  195;  South 
Carolina,  217;  Washington,  232; 
Wisconsin,  239. 

Drake,   111.,  85. 

Drayton,  N.  Dak.,  161. 

Dresden  Pottery,  187. 

Dry-press  machine,  198. 

Dry-press  process,  14,  15,  16. 


INDEX. 


253 


Dry-pressed  brick,   78,   81,   82,    91,    106, 

118,  147,  152,  162,  164,  165,  200. 
Drying,  artificial,  introduction  of,  15. 
Dubuque,  la.,  n,  94. 

Duncan  MacKenzie's  Sons  Company,  143. 
Dundee,   111.,   81;   N.  Y.,   155. 
Dunkard  clays,  237. 
Dunston,  Hannah,  108. 
Durango,  Colo.,  73. 

Durango   Pressed- Brick   Company,    73. 
Durant,  Miss.,  119. 
Dutch  brick,  230. 
Dutton,  referred  to,  160. 


E. 

Eads  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  paving  brick  on, 
122. 

Eagle  Ford  formation,  222. 

Eagle  Pottery,  142. 

Eagle  Pottery  Company,  85. 

Eagle  Spring,  O.,  179. 

Earthenware:  Arkansas,  68;  California, 
46,  69,  71;  Connecticut,  46,  74;  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  78;  importation  of, 
55;  Iowa,  95;  Louisiana,  101,  102; 
Maine,  104;  Massachusetts,  no; 
mentioned,  45;  Michigan,  114,  115; 
Minnesota,  118;  New  Jersey,  140; 
New -York,  154,  155;  Ohio,  46,  179, 
180,  182,  183,  184,  190,  192;  Penn- 
sylvania, 201,  202,  214;  Tennessee, 
219;  Vermont,  226;  Virginia,  230; 
Washington,  232;  Wisconsin,  239. 

East  Akron,  O.,  169. 

East  Alton,  111.,  86. 

East  Chicago,  111.,  43. 

East  Dorset,  Vt,  226. 

East  End  China  Company,  187. 

East  Kingston,  N.  H.,  131. 

East  Liverpool,  O.,  33,  47,  48,  49,  50,  58, 
59,  96,  121,  124,  156,  163,  171,  179, 
180,  182,  188,  192,  204,  207,  237; 
pottery  industry  at,  184. 

East  Montezuma,  Ind.,   91. 

East  Palestine,   O.,   167,   183,   188. 

East  Portsmouth,  O.,  41,  179. 

East  Trenton  Pottery  Company,  142. 

Economy  Pottery  Company,  142. 

Edgar,  C.  S.,  60,  78. 

Edgar,  Fla.,  79. 

Edgar  Plastic  Kaolin  Company,  78,  79. 

Edgefield,  S.  C.,  217. 

Edgerton,   Wis.,    239. 

Edgewood,  Ala.,  65. 

Edwards,  J.,  32. 

Edwards  County,  Tex.,  223. 

Egge  and  Monnemacher,  198. 

Eifort,  Sebastian,  99. 

Eisenhardt,  L.  G.,  12. 


Eisenhardt,  R.  G.,  152. 
Eldora,  la.,  26,  94,  117. 
Eldorado,  Ark.,  68. 

Electrical  porcelain:  clays  for,  145;  In- 
diana, 92;  New  Jersey,  143,  144; 
New  York,  157,  158;  Ohio,  186,  187, 
192;  South  Carolina,  218;  Virginia, 
231.  See  Porcelain. 

Electrical  Porcelain  and  Manufacturing 
Company,  143. 

Electrical  Porcelain  Company,  53. 

Elite  Pottery  Company,  143. 

Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  140. 

Elk  County,  Pa.,  210. 

Elkhorn,  Neb.,  129. 

Elkins,  W.  Va.,  237. 

Ellenville,  N.  Y.,  155,  156. 

Ellicott,  N.  Y.,  155. 

Elliott  County,  Ky.,  99. 

Elliottsville,    O.,   32,   33,    169,    171. 

Elmendorf,  Tex.,  222. 

Elmira  Shale  Brick  Company,  152. 

Elterich  Art  Tile  Works,  137. 

Elverson,   Thos.,   Pottery,   214. 

Embly,  133. 

Emme,   D.   H.,  fire  clay  mines  of,    208. 

Empire,  O.,  33,  171,  175. 

Empire  Clay  Mining  Company,  156. 

Empire  Fire  Clay  Company,  33. 

Empire  Pottery,  142. 

Enameled  brick:  history  of,  19;  California, 
70;  Maryland,  107;  New  Jersey,  135; 
Pennsylvania,  200;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 19. 

Enameled  ware,  use  of  Missouri  clays  in, 
123. 

Encaustic  tile,  29.     See  also  Floor  tile. 

England,  no,  140;  bricks  imported  from, 
10;  Florida  clay  sent  to,  78;  Georgia 
clay  used  in,  79;  potters  sent  from, 
88;  referred  to,  30,  105,  137,  187. 

English  clay,  236. 

English  brick,  10,  105,  133,  228,  230. 

Enterprise,  Ky.,  100;  Pa.,  215. 

Enterprise  Pottery  Company,   142. 

Eocean  ware,  190. 

Eola,  111.,  86. 

Epping,  N.  H.,  131. 

Equitable  Pottery,  142. 

Erath  County,  Tex.,  222. 

Escambia  Bay,  Fla.,  78. 

Etruria  Pottery,  142. 

Evansville,  Ind.,  90,  91,  92,  165. 

Evansville   Pressed   Brick   Company,    91. 

Evens  and  Howard,  40,  120,  126. 

Evens  and  Howard  Fire  Brick  Company, 
32,  125- 

Ewart,  J.  C.,  168. 

Excelsior  Clay  Works,  91. 

Excelsior  Terra  Cotta  Company,  136. 


254 


INDEX. 


Exeter,  N.  H.,  131. 

Exportation    of    bricks,   10.     See    Bricks, 

common. 
Exports,  clay  products,  131. 

F. 

Faience,  architectural,  112;  Connecticut, 
75;  Chelsea,  no.  See  Architectural 
faience. 

Fairfield,  O.,  164. 

Fairport,  la.,  94;  N.  Y.,  151. 

Fallston,  Pa.,  214. 

Fallston  Fire  Clay  Company,  206. 

Fargo,    N.  Dak.,   161. 

Farmington,    Minn.,    117;    N.  M.,    147. 

Farney,    Murray    and    Company,    174. 

Farnham  and  Hopkins,  103. 

Farrandsville,  Pa.,  209,  211,  212,  213, 
214. 

Farrar,    Caleb,    226. 

Fayette  County,  Pa.,  208,  212. 

Fayette  Manufacturing  Company,  211. 

Fayettville,  S.  C.,  217. 

Federal  Clay  Product  Company,  178. 

Federal  Refractories  Company,  214. 

Feldspar,  early  source  of,  202;  mentioned, 
58. 

Fell,  G.  E.,  133. 

Fell  and  Roberts,  133. 

Fell  and  Throp,  142. 

Fenton  and  Clark,  84. 

Fergus  Falls,  Minn.,  117. 

Ferriferous  limestone  clay,  182. 

Fidelity  Pottery  Company,  143. 

Fieldon,  111.,  84. 

Figart,  Pa.,  42,  211. 

Filters,  no. 

Findlay,  O.,  18,  44,  53,  192. 

Findlay  Clay-Pot  Company,  44. 

Findlay  Hydraulic  Pressed  Brick  Company, 
165. 

Fire  brick,  22,  144;  Alabama,  65;  Arkan- 
sas, 68;  Colorado,  73,  74;  Connecticut, 
75;  Delaware,  76,  77;  first  production 
of,  40;  Florida,  78;  Georgia,  80; 
Illinois,  83,  86;  importation  of,  55, 
1 06;  improvements  in  manufacture 
of,  42;  Indiana,  88,  89;  Iowa,  95; 
Kentucky,  100;  Louisiana,  102; 
Maryland,  106,  107;  mentioned,  6, 
57,  65,  66,  80,  89;  Michigan,  115; 
Minnesota,  117;  Mississippi,  119; 
Missouri,  120,  121,  124;  Montana, 
128;  Nebraska,  129;  New  Jersey, 
138;  New  Jersey,  first  factory  in,  139; 
New  York,  153;  North  Dakota,  162; 
Ohio,  170,  174;  Ohio,  superseded 
sandstone,  174;  Oregon,  195;  Penn- 
sylvania, 199,  203,  207;  South  Carolina, 
218;  South  Dakota,  219;  Tennessee, 


220;  Texas,  222,  223;  Utah,  225; 
Vermont,  227;  Washington,  232; 
West  Virginia,  237;  Wisconsin,  239. 

Fire  brick  industry,  history  of,  38. 

Fire  brick  industry,  Ohio,  depression  in 
nineties,  176;  extent  in  1893,  177; 
important  districts,  179. 

Fire  clays,  41;  Alabama,  65;  Colorado, 
73;  for  paving  bricks,  36;  Illinois, 
drift  mines  in,  84;  Kentucky,  98,  99; 
Maryland,  106;  Missouri,  120,  121, 
122,  125;  Montana,  128;  New  Jersey, 
135;  New  Mexico,  147;  New  York, 
153;  North  Carolina,  160;  production 
of ,  62 ;  South  Carolina,  217;  Tennessee, 
219,  220,  221;  use  in  sewer  pipe,  3; 
Utah,  225. 

Fire  mortar,  76. 

Fire  Proof  Brick  Company,  220. 

Fireproofing,  California,  70;  Colorado, 
74;  Connecticut,  76;  District  of  Col- 
umbia, 78;  history  of,  25;  Illinois,  86; 
Indiana;  27,  92;  introduction  in  New 
Jersey,  26;  Kansas,  97;  Maine,  104; 
mentioned,  66;  Michigan,  115;  New 
Jersey,  136;  Ohio,  166,  167;  Penn- 
sylvania, 207;  statistics  of  production, 
27;  Texas,  222. 

Fish  Lake,  Minn.,  117. 

Fisher,  Peter,  135. 

Fisher  and  Company,  J.,  155. 

Fisher  and  McClain,  179. 

Fisher  Veneer  Tiling  Company,    168. 

Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  150. 

Flemington,    N.  J.,   46,   135,    140. 

Flint  clay,  39;  Missouri,  122,  124;  Ohio, 
I75>  I775  Pennsylvania,  207,  210, 
213. 

Flint  clay  district,  Kentucky,  99. 

Floor  tile,  development  of,  29;  New  Jersey, 
137;  New  Jersey,  source  of  materials, 
137;  Ohio,  167,  190;  Pennsylvania, 
198,  199,  200,  206;  Vermont,  29,  227. 

Flora  Vista,  N.  M.,  147. 

Florida:  history  of,  78;  referred  to,  16,  30, 
39»  57>  60,  98,  101,  137,  187,  206, 
215;  statistics  of  production,  79. 

Florida  Clay  Company,  79. 

Flower  pots,    no,   116. 

Floyd  County,  Ind.,  91. 

Flue  linings,   111.,  86;   Pennsylvania,   207. 

Flushing,  Mich.,  114. 

Forbes  and  Company,  64. 

Forsyth  County,  N.  C.,  160. 

Fort  Atkinson,  Wis.,  239. 

Fort  Caswell,  N.  C.,  160. 

Fort  Dodge,  la.,  117. 

Fort  Jefferson,  Fla.,  78. 

Fort  Orange,  N.  Y.,  148. 

Fort  Payne,  Ala.,  65. 


INDEX. 


255 


Fort  Payne  chert,  residual  clay  from,  64. 

Fort  Scott,  Kans.,  96. 

Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  37,  67,  68. 

Fountain  County,  Ind.,  91. 

Fox  and  Hagg,  204. 

Franklin  County,  Mo.,  123,  124;  O.,  166. 

Fredericks,    Monroe   and    Company,    39, 

211,  212,  213. 
Fredericktown,  Md.,  105. 
Freedom,  Pa.,  209. 
Freemans,  Pa.,  206. 
Freeman,  Thos.,  brick  yard  of,  234. 
Freeman  Fire  Clay  Company,  32,  33. 
Freemans,  O.,  32,   169,  171. 
Freeport  clays,   173,   207. 
French  China  Company,  187,  188. 
Freytag,  D.,  202. 
Frostburg,  Md.,  106. 
Fruitland,   N.  M.,    147. 
Fuller  Brick  and  Slate  Company,  200. 
Fuller's  earth,    145. 
Fulper's  pottery,  140. 
Fulton,  Mo.,  124. 
Fulton  Fire  Brick  and  Mining  Company, 

124. 
Fultonham,  O.,  174. 


G. 


Gainesville,  Mo.,  123. 

Galesburg,  111.,  36,  83. 

Galesburg  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Com- 
pany, 83. 

Galesburg  Brick  and  Tile  Company,  83. 

Galesborough,  S.  C.,  217. 

Gallup,  N.  M.,  147. 

Galveston,  Tex.,  222. 

Gas  retorts,  40;  N.  Y.,  153. 

Gaston  County,  N.  C.,  160. 

Gates,  W.  D.,  81,  82. 

Geijsbeek  Pottery  Company,  74. 

General  Electric  Company,  53,  158. 

Geneseo,  Kans.,  96. 

Georgia:  history  of,  79;  referred  to,  24,  30, 
33.  48,  57.  6°.  l87»  I92»  2l85  statistics 
of  production,  So. 

Germantown,  Mass.,  108;  O.,  168;  Pa., 
196. 

Gilbert,  111.,  81. 

Gibson,  Henry,  32. 

Gill,  J.  S.,  44- 

Gill  Clay-Pot  Company,  44. 

Gilman,  first  producer  of  fireproofing,  26. 

Gilmore,  Tenn.,  220. 

Glacial  clays,  114;  for  paving  brick,  36. 

Gladding,  McBean  and  Company,  33,  70. 

Glasgow  Pottery,  141. 

Glass,  John,  brickworks,  205;  fire  clay 
mines,  207. 


Glass  pot  clay,  76;  English,  43;  German, 
43,  124,  176;  Germany,  44;  Missouri, 
43,  44,  120,  122,  124,  176;  Ohio,  177; 
Pennsylvania,  209. 

Glass  pot  manufacture,  history  of,  43,  1 24. 

Glass  pots,  124;  mentioned,  57;  Ohio,  176. 

Glassir  and  Son,  123. 

Glen  Allen,  Mo.,  121. 

Glen  Carbon,  111.,  83. 

Glen  Loch,  Pa.,  204. 

Glencoe,  Mo.,  125. 

Glens  Falls,  N.  Y.,  151,  153. 

Glenwood,  Mass.,  112;  Minn.,  117. 

Gloucester,  O.,  172. 

Glover,  James,  39;  fire  clay  mines  of,  207. 

Goetz  Paving- Brick  Company,  91. 

Golden,  Colo.,  17,  41,  42,  73,  74. 

Golden  Eagle,  111.,  84. 

Golden  Pressed-Brick  Company,  73. 

Golding  and  Sons,  77. 

Golding  and  Sons  Company,  58. 

Gonic,  N.  H.,  131. 

Goodrich,  G.,  32. 

Goodwin  Pottery,  185. 

Gossett,  A.,  179. 

Goucher,  McAdoo  and  Company,  34. 

Graff,  J.,  factory  of,  207. 

Grafton,  N.  Dak.,  161. 

Graham,  H.,  58. 

Graham  Kaolin  Company,  58. 

Graham  Pottery  Works,  50. 

Grahn,  K.  B.,  99. 

Grand  Chain,  111..  98. 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  161. 

Grand  Island,  Neb.,  129. 

Grand  Junction,  Tenn.,  220. 

Grand  Ledge,  Mich.,  34. 

Graneros,  Colo.,  73. 

Granite,  graphic,  clay  from,  75. 

Grant  County,  Minn.,  117. 

Grassy  Point,  N.  Y.,  150. 

Gratiot  Station,  Mo.,  124. 

Graves  County,  Tenn.,  220. 

Great  Valley  region,  Pa.,  brick  industry, 
199;  white  clays  from,  204. 

Great  Western  Fire  Clay  Company,  34. 

Green,  James,  120. 

Green  County,  111.,  85. 

Greenbay,  Wis.,  239. 

Greenpoint,  L.  I.,  48,  155. 

Green  point  Pottery,  156. 

Greenport,  N.  Y.,  155. 

Greensboro,  Pa.,  215. 

Greentown,  O.,  167. 

Greenup  County,  Ky.,  99. 

Greenwood  China  Company,  142. 

Greenwood  Pottery  Company,  142. 

Gregg's  Station,  111.,  81. 

Greusel,  John,  114. 

Griffith,  B.,  88. 


256 


INDEX. 


Griffin,  111.,  86. 

Grim,  Peter,  133. 

Grout,  F.  F.,  1 1 8. 

Grueby  Faience  Company,  52,  no. 

Grueby  Pottery  Company,  24. 

Guilford  County,  Minn.,  117. 

H. 

Hackensack  district,  N.  J.t  15,  135. 

Half  Moon,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Hall,  Alfred,  22. 

Hall,  R.H.,  113. 

Hall,  A.,  and  Sons,  22. 

Hall,  A.,  Terra  Cotta  Company,  24. 

Hall  brick  machine,  113    150,  217. 

Hall  China  Company,  187. 

Hall  press,  114. 

Hall  Terra  Cotta  Works,  136. 

Hallem,  David,  116. 

Hallowell,  Me.,  103. 

Halloysite,  mentioned,  65. 

Hamburg,  Pa.,  200. 

Hamilton,  O.,  30,  168. 

Hamilton  County,  O.,  50,  182. 

Hamilton  shale,  237. 

Hamilton  Tile  and  Pottery  Company,  168. 

Hammond,  W.  Va.,  41,  237. 

Hammond  Fire-Brick  Company,  237. 

Hancock,  F.,  109. 

Hancock,  John,  184. 

Hancock  County,  W.  Va.,  238. 

Hancock's  Pottery,  98,  184. 

Hanging  Rock  district,  O.,  175. 

Hannibal,  Mo.,  126. 

Harbison,  S.  P.,  210. 

Harbison  and  Walker,  17,  209. 

Harbison-Walker  Refractories  Company, 
42,  100,  178;  history  of,  209;  incor- 
poration of,  211. 

Harker,  Benjamin,  184. 

Harker,  George,  186. 

Harker  Pottery  Company,  187. 

Harmarville,  Pa.,  207. 

Harriff,  H.,  178. 

Harris  Kaolin  Company,  160. 

Harris  Manufacturing  Company,  30,  137. 

Harrisburg  Clay  Company,  204. 

Harrison  County,  W.  Va.,  236,  237,  238. 

Harrisonburg,  Va.,  53,  231. 

Hart  Brewer  Pottery  Company,  142. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  46,  52,  53,  74;  Miss.,  118. 

Hartford  Faience  Company,  52,  53,  75. 

Harvey,  Isaac  A.,  206. 

Hattersly's  Pottery,  141. 

Haverhill,  Mass.,  108. 

Haverstraw,  N.  Y.,  149,  150. 

Haws,  W.  H.,  Fire  Brick  Company,  211. 

Haydenville,  O.,  167. 

Haynes,  D.  F.,  and  Son,  106. 


Hays  Station,  Pa.,  43,  211. 

Hebron,  Ind.,  92;  N.  Dak.,  162. 

Helena,  Mont.,  128. 

Hempstead  County,  Ark.,  68. 

Henderson,  David,  140. 

Henderson,  Minn.,  117;  Tex.,  222. 

Hennepin  County,  Minn.,  117. 

Henrico,  Va.,  228. 

Henry  County,  Mo.,  120,  123,  125;  Tenn., 
220;  Va.,  231. 

Herbertsville,  N.  J.,  140. 

Hersey,  Wis.,  239. 

Hershaw,  S.  C.,  217. 

Hews,  A.,  108. 

Hews,  A.,  and  Company,  20,  109. 

Heylyn,  E.,  160. 

Hice,  R.  R.,  17. 

Hickman,  Ky.,  99;  Tenn.,  220. 

High  Hill,  Mo.,  122. 

Highland  County,  O.,  164,  179. 

Hika,  Wis.,  239. 

Hill,  D.  E.,  31,  32. 

Hill,  Foster  and  Company,  31,   180. 

Hill  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  34. 

Hillsborough,  O.,  179. 

Himer,  Joseph,  133. 

Hine,  Anna,  75. 

Hine,   L.,   75. 

Hinsdale,  111.,  81. 

Hitchins,  A.  E.,  99. 

Hitchins,  E.  S.,  99. 

Hitchins,  O.,  99. 

Hobart,  Ind.,  27,  92. 

Hoblitzell,  J.  J.,  99. 

Hockessin,  Del.,  58,  76. 

Hocking  County,  O.,  166,  167,  177,  182. 

Hocking  Valley,  O.,  166. 

Holbert's  Run,  W.  Va.,  234. 

Holden,  E.  E.,  178. 

Holden,  M.,  175. 

Hollow  brick,  Colorado,  74;  Connecticut, 
76;  Georgia,  80;  Illinois,  86;  In- 
diana, 89;  Maine,  104;  mentioned, 
66;  Michigan,  115;  Minnesota,  118; 
New  Jersey,  136;  Ohio,  166,  167; 
Utah,  225. 

Hollow  block,  26;  Indiana,  90,  Ohio,  167; 
statistics  of  production,  27. 

Hollow  Rock,  Tenn.,  220. 

Hollow  ware,  California,  70,  71;  history 
of,  25. 

Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  41,  119. 

Holman,  C.,  and  Bros.,  94. 

Holmes  County,  O.,  175. 

Holt  Brick  Works,  235. 

Homer  Laughlin  Company,  187. 

Hookset,  N.  H.,  131. 

Hope,  Ark.,  68. 

Hope  Station,  Pa.,  209. 

Hopkins,  Minn.,  116. 


INDEX. 


257 


Hopkins  County,  Tex.,  222. 

Hoppe,    I.,    57,    204;     kaolin    mines    of, 

203. 

Hornell,  N.  Y.,  152. 
Horseheads,  N.  Y.,  12,  151,  152. 
Horseheads  Brick  Company,  152. 
Howe,  R.,  120. 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  150,  151. 
Hudson  River  shales,  137,  200. 
Hudson  River  Valley,  N.  Y.,  10,  149,  150, 

151,  152- 

Hudson  Porcelain  Company,  143. 
Hudson  Valley  district,  15. 
Huggins  and  Company,  123. 
Hughes,  J.  B.,  tile  patents  of,  168. 
Hunter's  Run,  Pa.,  204. 
Huntingdon,  Pa.,  34,  211. 
Huntingdon  County,  Pa.,  214. 
Huntington,    N.  Y.,    151,     155;    W.  Va., 

237,  238. 
Huntington    Paving    and    Pressed    Brick 

Company,   237. 
Huron,   Ind.,   89. 
Hiister,  early  tile  made  by,  28. 
Huster's  Tile  Works,  197. 
Hydraulic  brick-press,  14. 
Hydraulic  pressed  brick,  92. 
Hydraulic    Pressed- Brick    Company,    18, 

98,    136. 

Hyndman,  Pa.,  209. 
Hyzer  and  Llewellen,  29,  199. 


I. 

Idaho,   statistics  of  production,    130. 

Ideal  Pottery,  142. 

Iliff,  R.,   179. 

Illinois:  common  brick,  81;  fire  brick,  83; 
history  of,  81;  paving  brick,  82; 
pottery,  84;  referred  to,  10,  14,  17, 
22,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  33,  36,  37,  38, 
40,  48,  52,  98,  99,  121,  124,  125,  170; 
statistics,  87;  terra  cotta,  82. 

Illinois  Brick  Company,  12,  81. 

Illinois  Geological  Survey,  81,  84. 

Illinois  Steel  Company,  99. 

Illinois  Terra  Cotta  Lumber  Company, 
86. 

Ilpendam,  A.  J.,  151. 

Imperial   Porcelain   Company,    142. 

Imperial  Porcelain  Works,  53. 

Importations   of  brick.   See  Brick. 

Independence,  O.,  165,  166. 

Indiana:  history  of,  88;  referred  to,  10,  n, 
17,  24,  27,  32,  33,  35,  37,  38,  41,  44, 
47,  48,  49,  52,  59,  82,  85,  165,  170; 
statistics  of  production,  93. 

Indiana  Paving-Brick  and  Block  Com- 
pany, 91. 

Indianaite,  59,  89;  uses  of,  89. 


Indianapolis,  Ind.,   10,  24,  30,  88,  90. 

Indianapolis  Terra-Cotta  Company,  24, 
90. 

International  Kaolin  Company,  79. 

International  Pottery  Company,   142. 

lola,  Kans.,  97. 

lone  clays,  70. 

Ionia,  Mich.,  114. 

Iowa:  history  of,  94;  referred  to,  n,  26, 
2y,  47,  48,  117;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 95. 

Iowa  City,  la.,  n,  94. 

Iowa  Geological  Survey,  94. 

Iowa  State  College,  school  of  ceramics,  7. 

Iron  Mountain,  Mo.,   120. 

Ironstone  china,  140;  Vt.,  227. 

Iron  ton  Fire- Brick  Company,   100. 

Irvine  formation,   clays  of,    100. 

Isaac  Davis  Pottery,  142. 

luka,  Miss.,  102. 


J. 

Jackson,   Le  Roy,   94. 

Jackson,  Mich.,  32,  34,  114;  Minn.,  117; 
Miss.,  119;  Mo.,  122;  Tenn.,  220. 

Jackson  County,  Mo.,  59;  N.  C.,  160;  O., 
176,  177. 

Jackson  Fire  Clay,  Sewer  Pipe  and  Tile 
Company,  34. 

Jackson  Purchase  area,  Ky.,  98,  99. 

Jacksonville,  Fla.,  79. 

Jaffrey,  N.  H.,  46,  131- 

Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak.,  161;  Va.,  228, 
229. 

Jamieson,  George,  122. 

Jap-Birdinal  ware,  190. 

Jarden  Brick  Company,  198. 

Jasper  County,  Ind.,  90. 

Jefferson  County,  Ark.,  68;  Mo.,  59,  124; 
O.,  166,  170,  177;  W.  Va.,  237. 

Jegglin  clay  pit,  125. 

Jerome,  Ariz.,  147. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  139. 

Jersey  City  Pottery  Company,  140. 

Jersey  Porcelain  and  Earthenware  Com- 
pany, 140. 

Jewett,  N.  M.,  147. 

Jewettville,  N.  Y.,  152. 

John,  Augustine,  103. 

John  Francy's  Sons  Company,  34. 

John  Lyth  and  Sons,  33. 

Johnson,  Sylvanus,  94. 

Johnson  County,  Mo.,  125,  126. 

Johnston,  Pa.,  209,  212. 

Joliet,  111.,  99. 

Jonesville,  Minn.,  117. 

Jugtown,  Ala.,  65. 

Junction  City,  Kans.,  96. 


INDEX. 


K. 
Kanawha  and  New  River  Brick  Company, 

237- 

Kanawha  County,  W.  Va.,  237. 
Kansas:  history  of,  96;  referred  to,  33,  37, 

38,    48,    50;   statistics  of  production, 

97- 
Kansas  City,  Kans.,  96,  97;  Mo.,  15, 1 8,  33, 

125,  126. 

Kansas  City  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  125, 126. 
Kansas  City  Terra  Cotta    Lumber    Com- 
pany, 125. 

Kaolin,  54,  57.  58»  X4°,  206,  236;  Ala- 
bama, 65;  Connecticut,  60,  75;  Dela- 
ware, 76,  215;  first  washing  of,  77; 
Florida,  78;  Georgia,  79;  importa- 
tion of,  63;  Missouri,  120,  121,  122, 
123;  North  Carolina,  59,  79,  160; 
Pennsylvania,  200,  201,  203,  205,  215; 
production  of,  62;  South  Carolina, 
217,  218;  Texas,  223;  Vermont,  226; 
Virginia,  231;  washing  of,  58. 

Kaskasia,  Pa.,  205. 

Kasson,  Minn.,  115. 

Kearns,  Anthony,  184. 

Keasbey,  N.  J.,  137,  139. 

Keene,  N.  H.,  131. 

Kelly  flint  clay  pit,  122. 

Kemp,  Thos.,  174,  178. 

Kendalls  Pottery,  180. 

Kenmare,  N.  Dak.,  162. 

Kennedy,  Kling  and  Company,  34. 

Kenosha,  Wis.,  239. 

Kent  County,  Del.,  76. 

Kentucky:  history  of,  98;  referred  to,  30, 
41,  42,  47,  48,  50,  57,  60,  85,  176,  177, 
187,  220;  statistics  of  production,  101. 

Kentucky  Fire- Brick  Company,  100. 

Keosauqua,  la.,  94. 

Kerr  and  Mahan,  234. 

Ketcham,  W.  O.,  24;  terra-cotta  works  of, 
201. 

Kewaunee,  Wis.,  239. 

Kewaskum,  Wis.,  239. 

Keystone  Junction,  Pa.,  209. 

Keystone  Pottery  Company,  142,  206,  215. 

Kier  Brothers,  40,  208. 

Kingsiand,  Ark.,  68. 

Kingston,  Minn.,  117. 

Kitchen  utensils,  182. 

Kittanning,   Pa.,  206,  210,  215. 

Kittanning  clay,  41,  173,  177,  182,  183, 
209,  214,  234,  235,  237. 

Knobnoster,  Mo.,  125,  126. 

Knobstone  shales,  39,  90. 

Knowles,  I.  W.,  184. 

Knowles,  E.  M.,  China  Company,  238. 

Knowles,  Taylor  and  Anderson  Com- 
pany, 33. 


Knowles,  Taylor  and  Knowles  Company, 

49,  186. 

Knowlson,  R.,  and  Son,  205. 
Knox  dolomite,  residual  clay  from,  64. 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  220. 
Koch,  J.  J.,  14- 
Kokomo,  Ind.,  92. 
Kountz  Brothers  Company,  207. 
Kummer,  Wash.,  232. 
Kunz,  G.  F.,  157. 


L. 

La  Belle  Pottery,  236. 

Lacey,  I.,  58. 

Laclede  Fire-Brick  Company,  40, 120, 126. 

Laclede  Fire-Clay  Company,  123. 

Lake  Calumet,  clay  in,  86. 

Lake  County,  Fla.,  79;  Ind.,  92. 

Lakeman,  Mo.,  123. 

Lamar,  Tex.,  222. 

Lamar  County,  Ala.,  64. 

Lambertville,  N.  J.,  135. 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  201. 

Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  203. 

Langenbeck,  K.,  184,  188. 

Laramie  clays,  162. 

Laramie  coal,  clay  with,  73. 

Laredo,  Tex.,  222. 

LaSalle,  111.,  82,  121. 

LaSalle  County,  111.,  84. 

La  Salle  Pressed-Brick  Company,  82. 

La  Sueur,  Minn.,  116. 

Las  Vegas,  N.  M.,  147. 

Laughlin,  Homer,  188. 

Laughlin,  Homer,  China  Company,  238. 

Laughlin  Brothers  Pottery,  187. 

Lava  ware,  no. 

Lawrence,  Kans.,  97. 

Lawrence  County,  Ind.,  59,  89;  O.,  182. 

Lawrenceville,  N.  J.,  133. 

Layton,  Pa.,  43,  206,  209,  212. 

Layton  Fire-Clay  Company,  209. 

Leali  Pressed  and  Fire-Brick  Company,  68. 

Leasburg,  Mo.,  122. 

Leavenworth,  Kans.,  96. 

Lebanon,  Pa.,  199. 

Lee,  Mass.,  109. 

Lee,  O.,  179. 

Lee  County,  Ark.,  68. 

Leeds  Junction,  Me.,  103. 

Letonia,  O.,  176. 

Lewis  County,  Ky.,  41,  98. 

Lewis  Pottery  Company,  98. 

Lima,  O.,  169. 

Lincoln,  Cal.,  33,  70,  71;  111.,  83;  Neb., 

129. 

Lincoln  County,  N.  C.,  160. 
Lincolnton,  N.  C.,  160. 
Lines,  E.  F.,  83,  84,  85. 


INDEX. 


259 


Linton  and  Rittenhouse,  32,  106. 

Lisbon,  O.,  34,  171. 

Litchfield,  Minn.,  117. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  68. 

Liverpool  ware,  206. 

Lloyd  County,  Tex.,  222. 

Lock  Haven,  Pa.,  212,  213,  214. 

Lock  Haven  Fire  Brick  Company,   213. 

Locke  Insulator  Company,  53. 

Lockville,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Logan,  O.,  174,  176,  177. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  45,  151,  153,  156. 

Long  Island  City,  N.  Y.,  24,  152. 

Lonhuda  ware,  190. 

Loogootee,  Ind.,  88. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  70,  71. 

Los     Angeles    Pressed- Brick     Company, 

70. 
Louisiana:  history  of,  101;  referred  to,  52, 

1 1 8;  statistics  of  production,   102. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  16,  47,  98,  100. 
Louisville  Fire- Brick  Company,  100. 
Louwelsa  ware,  190. 
Low  Art  Tile  Company,  29,   no. 
Lowell  Pottery,  84. 
Lower  Barren  Measures,  173;  clays,  182, 

205. 
Lower    Carboniferous.      See    Subcarbon- 

iferous. 

Lower  Coal  Measures,  166. 
Lower  Freeport  days,  165,  177,  206. 
Lower   Kittanning   clays,    171,    172,   173, 

X75»   I77»   *82,   206,   207;  fire,  39. 
Lower  Mercer  clay,  166,  173,  176,  182. 
Ludowici,   Ga.,   29. 
Ludowici-Celadon  Company,  169. 
Ludowici  Company,  28. 
Ludowici  Roofing  Tile  Company,  29,  169. 
Ludowici  tile,  86, 
Lutesville,  Mo.,   121. 
Lyman  and  Fenton,  226. 
Lynnville,  Ky.,  99. 
Lyons,  N.  Y.,  151,  155. 
Lyons  Stoneware  Company,  155. 


M. 

McAvoy  Vitrified-Brick  Company,  200. 

McClave,  J.  M.,  31,  39,  106,  169,  174, 
1 80. 

McClintock,  Geo.,  122. 

McClure  Coke  Company,  209. 

McCoy  and  Shawl,  235. 

McCoy  Pottery  Company,  184. 

McCulley,  John,  141. 

McDonough  County,  111.,  85. 

McDume,  Angus,   151. 

McElfresh  Clay  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 34. 

McFadden,  J.,  31. 


McHenry,  111.,  81. 

McKean  County,  Pa.,  206. 

McKenzie,  Tenn.,  220. 

Mackensie  and  Brothers  Potter}7,  214. 

Mackey,  Fredericks  and  Company,   212. 

Mackey,  Graff  us  and  Scott,  212. 

McLeod  County,  Minn.,  117. 

McMahon,  Porter  and  Company,  34. 

Macomb,  111.,  33,  85,  86. 

Macomb  Pottery  Company,  85. 

Macomb  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  86. 

McRoy  Clay  Works,  35,  91. 

Maddock,  John,  and  Sons,  143. 

Maddock  Pottery  Company,  142. 

Maddock,  Thos.,  and  Sons  Company, 
141,  142. 

Madison  County,  Tenn.,  220. 

Magnesia  brick,  212. 

Magnolia,  Ark.,  68;  O.,  167. 

Maine:  history  of,  103;  referred  to,  9,  32, 
48,  no,  112;  statistics  of  production, 
104. 

Majolica,  106,  131,  192;  Indiana,  90; 
mentioned,  50;  New  York,  156;  Penn- 
sylvania, 204. 

Maiden,  Mass.,  108;  New  York,  153. 

Malvern,   O.,   34,   171,   172. 

Malvern  Clay  Company,  172. 

Mandan,   N.  Dak.,   161. 

Mandel,  I.,   59. 

Mandel-Sant  Company,  120. 

Mandel  clay  pits,  124. 

Manheim,  Pa.,  203. 

Manitowoc,  Wis.,  239. 

Mankato,  Minn.,   117. 

Manley  and  Cartwright  Company,  186. 

Mannington,  W.  Va.,  238. 

Manorville,  Pa.,  41,  210,  211,  212. 

Mansfield,  Ark.,  68. 

Marblehead,  Mass.,  52. 

Marblehead  Pottery,  112, 

Marbles,  playing,  183. 

Marianna,  Ark.,  68. 

Marietta,  O.,  163. 

Marion,  Pa.,  209. 

Marion  County,  W.  Va.,  41,  237,  238. 

Marshall,  A.,  58,  76. 

Marshall,  Miss.,  118. 

Marshall  County,  Ala.,  65;  W.  Va.,  237, 
238- 

Marshallville,  N.  J.,  136. 

Martin,  H.,  14. 

Martin  County,  Ind.,  59,  88. 

Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  237. 

Maryland:  history  of,  105;  referred  to, 
28,  32,  37,  39,  42,  48,  57,  174,  202, 
207;  terra-cotta  clay  from,  201. 

Man-land  and  New  York  Coal  and  Iron 
Company,  106. 

Mason  County,  W.  Va.,  237. 


260 


INDEX. 


Massachusetts:  history  of,  108;  referred  to, 
9,  10,  22,  32,  45.  48,  52,  57,  138, 
207;  statistics  of  production,  in. 

Massillon,  O.,  174. 

Masters,  Thomas,  197. 

Mathieson   and  Hegeler,   121. 

Matte  glaze  ware,  131,  181. 

Maurer,  Henry,  136. 

Maurer,  N.  J.,  40,  139. 

Maurer  and  Son,  40,  136,  137,  138,  139. 

May,  Judge  J.,  112. 

Mayer  Bros.,  50. 

Mayer   Pottery  Company,   215. 

Mayfield,  Ky.,  60. 

Mayo,  N.  Dak.,  162. 

Maywood,  N.  J.  137. 

Ma^urie,   J.   J.,  34. 

Mead,  Dr.  H.,  155. 

Meagher,  F.,  109. 

Mear,  Frederick,  184. 

Mecca,  Ind.,  91. 

Medina  shales,  166. 

Memphis,  Tenn.,   14. 

Menasha,  Wis.,  239. 

Mendon,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Menlo  Park,   N.  j.,   30. 

Menlo  Park  Ceramic  Company,  30. 

Menomonie,  Wis.,  18,  239. 

Mercer  Pottery,  142. 

Merrill,  C.  J.,  32. 

Merrill  and  Ewart,  28,  169. 

Mertztown,  Pa.,  204. 

Mesozoic  clays,  106. 

Messinger,  J.,  brickyard,  239. 

Metropolitan  Paving-Brick  Company,  172. 

Metuchen,  N.  J.,  52. 

Mexico,  Mo.,  124. 

Mexico  Fire-Brick  Company,  124. 
Miami  County,  O.,  166. 
Michigan:  history  of,  112;  referred  to,  10, 
32,    34,    38;   statistics  of  production, 

"5- 

Michigan  Bar,  Cal.,  32,  48,  70. 
Middle  Kittanning  clay,  177. 
Middle  Kittanning  shale,  165. 
Middleboro,  Mass.,  112. 
Middlebury,  O.,  180;  Vt.,  226. 
Middleport,  O.,  173. 
Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  135,  139. 
Midvale,  O.,  170. 
Milledgeville,  Ga.,  80,  218. 
Miller,  A.,  tile  works  of,  29. 
Miller,  David,  178. 
Miller  Brick  Company,  206. 
Miller  kaolin  pit,  122. 
Miller's  Pottery,  Philadelphia,  201. 
Millhall,  Pa.,  211,  213. 
Millington,  R.,  141. 
Millville,  N.  J.,  135. 
Milton,  O.,  1 80. 


Milwaukee,  Wis.,  15,  239. 

Mineral  City,  O.,  44. 

Mineral  Point,  O.,  175, 176, 177, 178. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  17,  116,  117. 

Minnesota:  history  of,  115;  referred  to,  10, 

48,  49;  statistics  of  production,  118. 
Minnesota  Geological  Survey,  116. 
Minor  Fire-Brick  Company,  175. 
Minot,  N.  Dak.,  161. 

Mississippi:  history  of,  118;  referred  to,  16, 
1 8,  41,  48,  101 ;  statistics  of  production, 
119. 

Mississippi  Glass  Company,  124. 

Mississippian  clays,  86. 

Missouri:  clay  mining  industry,  127;  his- 
tory of,  120;  referred  to,  n,  17,  24,  25, 
32,  33.  36>  37.  38>  4°,  4i,  43.  48,  50, 
57,  59,  61,  97,  170;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 127. 

Missouri  Fire-Brick  Company,  124. 

Mitchell  Clay  Company,  121. 

Moberly,  Mo.,  126. 

Mobile,  Ala.,  64. 

Mogadore,  O.,  53,  181,  182,  183,  192. 

Momence,  111.,  19,  82. 

Monaca,  Pa.,  207,  209. 

Moncton,  Vt.,  46,  131,  226,  227. 

Monmouth,  III,  85,  86. 

Monmouth  Brick  and  Tile  Company,  86. 

Monongahela  series,  clays  of,  237. 

Monroe  County,  Mich.,  113. 

Montana:  history  of,  128;  referred  to,  42; 
statistics  of  production,  1 29. 

Montello,  Pa.,  38,  199. 

Montello  Clay  and  Brick  Company,  199. 

Montevideo,  Minn.,  117. 

Montezuma,  Ind.,  28,  89,  92. 

Montgomery  County,  Ind.,  91;  Mo.,  122; 
Pa.,  28,  197,  202. 

Monserrat,  Mo.,  126. 

Monument,  Pa.,  211. 

Monument  Pottery  Company,  143. 

Moorestown,  N.  J.,  136. 

Moravians,  roofing  tile  made  by,  197. 

Morgan  County,  Mo.,  123. 

Morgantown,  W.  Va.,  234,  237. 

Morgantown  Brick  Company,  237. 

Morris,  111.,  81. 

Morris  and  Wilmore  Company,  143. 

Morrison,  Colo.,  73. 

Morrison  and  Carr,  156. 

Morrisville,  Pa.,  30. 

Mosaic  tile,  168. 

Mosaic  Tiling  Company,  30,  167. 

Moses,  James,  142. 

Moses,  John,  53,  141. 

Mound  City,  111.,  84. 

Mt.  Holly,  Pa.,  200. 

Mt.  Holly  Brick  and  Clay  Company,  200. 

Mt.  Holly  Springs,  Pa.,  59,  204. 


INDEX. 


261 


Mt.  Holly  Springs  Brick  and  Clay  Com- 
pany, 204. 

Mt.  Morris,  N.  Y.,  155. 

Mt.  Savage,  Md.,  19,  39,  106,  107,  207. 

Mt.  Savage  brick,  175;  early  use  in  Ohio, 
174. 

Mt.  Savage  clay,  237. 

Mt.  Union,  Pa.,  43. 

Moxahala,  O.,  177. 

Muncie,  Ind.,  44. 

Munn,  David,  150. 

Muskingum  County,  O.,  166,  181. 

Myers-Hartford  Clay  Company,  34. 


Narbonne,  Isabella,  64. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  165,  220. 

Nashville  Art-Pottery  Company,  220. 

Natchez,  Miss.,  118. 

National  China  Company,  187. 

National  Fire- Brick  Company,  174,  178. 

National  Fireproofing  Company,  27,  137, 
167,  207. 

National  Porcelain  Company,  143. 

National  Roofing  Tile  Company,  169. 

National  Sewer-Pipe  Company,  34. 

Neale-Morrow  Brick  Company,  236. 

Nebraska:  history  of,  129;  referred  to, 
n,  48;  statistics  of  production,  130. 

Neenah,  Wis.,  239. 

Nelson ville,  O.,  172. 

Nelsonville  Brick  Company,  172. 

Neodesha,  Kans.,  97. 

Nevada:  history  of,  130;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 130. 

New  Albany,  Ind.,  91. 

New  Brighton,  Pa.,  33,  49,  205,  206,  207, 
208,  209,  214. 

New  Castle,  Del.,  57,  76;  Me.,  103. 

New  Castle  County,  Del.,  58,  202. 

New  Cumberland,  W.  Va.,  10,  34",  234,  235, 
237- 

New  England  Brick  Company,  12, 109, 112, 

I31- 

New  Engand  Pottery,  109. 

New  England  Terra  Cotta  Company,  no. 

New  Galilee,  Pa.,  206. 

New  Garden,  Pa.,  57. 

New  Geneva  Pottery,  215. 

New  Hampshire:  common  brick,  131, 
history  of ,  1 3 1  ;.pottery ,  131;  referred  to ; 
10,  46,  48,  57,  103,  112,  163;  statistics 
of  production,  132. 

New  Jersey:  history  of,  133;  referred  to, 
10,  14,  25,  26,  32,  33,  35,  39,  40,  41, 
45,  46,  48,  5°,  52.  54,  57,  58,  60,  75, 
77,  80,  103,  105,  no,  152,  153,  154, 
J55>  J56,  158,  167,  170,  175,  182,  186, 


200,  202,  203,  204,  207,  212;  statistics 
of  production,  146. 

New  Jersey  clay  mining  industry,  144. 

New  Jersey  clays,  uses  of,  144. 

New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  138. 

New  Jersey  Pottery,  142. 

New  Jersey  Terra-Cotta  Works,  136. 

New  Kensington,  Pa.,  44.      • 

New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  151. 

New  Lexington,  O.,  53,  169,  192. 

New  Lexington  High  Voltage  Porcelain 
Company,  53,  192. 

New  London,  Minn.,  117. 

New  Mexico:  history  of,  147;  clays  for  con- 
verter linings,  147;  referred  to,  41; 
statistics  of  production,  148. 

New  Milford,  Conn.,   75. 

New  Orleans,  La.,  39,  52,  78,  101,  102, 
118. 

New  Philadelphia,   O.,   29,    169,   180. 

New  Salem,  N.  Dak.,  162. 

New  Ulm,  Minn.,   117. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  105,  148,  149,  151,  155, 
156,  157,  158;  early  brick  buildings 
in,  148. 

New  York:  history  of,  148;  referred  to, 
9,  10,  12,  25,  28,  31,  33,  37,  40,  41, 
45,  48,  49,  50,  52,  57,  58,  103,  112, 
116,  136,  144,  220;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 159. 

New  York  Architectural  Terra-Cotta 
Company,  24,  152,  200. 

Newberry,  J.  S.,   175. 

Newburg,  N.  Y.,  150;  O.,  31,  169. 

Newburgh  Brick  and  Clay  Company,  173. 

Newcomb   Art   Pottery,    52. 

Newcomb  Pottery,  102. 

Newell,  W.  Va.,  238. 

Newell  Pottery,  187. 

Newport,  Del.,  57;  O.,  180;  R.  I.,  217. 

Newport  Pressed-Brick  and  Stone  Com- 
pany, 100. 

Nichols,  Mrs.,  M.  L.,  181. 

Norman  brick,  18. 

North  and  Fen  ton,  226. 

North  Baltimore, -O.,  165. 

North  Baltimore  Pressed-Brick  Company, 
165- 

North  Cambridge,  Mass.,  109. 

North  Carolina:  history  of,  160;  referred 
to,  9,  30,  48,  57,  59,  6°,  137,  l87, 
215,  231;  statistics  of  production,  161. 

North  Dakota:  history  of,  161;  referred  to, 
n ;  statistics  of  production,  162. 

North  Hampton,  Mass.,   108. 

North  Penfield,  N.  Y.,  151. 

North  Riverside,  la.,  95. 

North  Springfield,  O.,  181. 

North  Yernon,  111.,  90. 

North  Vernon  Tile  Company,  90. 


262 


INDEX. 


North  Yakima,  Wash.,  232. 
Northeastern  Terra-Cotta  Company,   24, 

206. 
Northwestern  Terra-Cotta  Company,  24, 

82. 

Norton,  J.  P.,  104. 
Norton  and  Fenton,  226. 
Norton  Brothers,  226. 
Norwalk,  Conn.,  46,  74,  75. 
Norwich,  Conn.,  74,  75. 

O. 

Oak  Hill,  O.,  176,  177;  Pa.,  215. 

Oak  Level,  Va.,   231. 

Oakahumpka,   Fla.,    79. 

Oakland,  Cal.,  70. 

Oakland  Pressed-Brick  Company,  165. 

Ogden,  Joseph,  184. 

O'Hara  Glass  Company,  43. 

Ohio:  history  of,  163;  referred  to,  10,  n, 
14,  17,  26,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  32,  33,  34, 
35.  36>  37.  38»  39.  4°,  41,  42,  43.  4-6, 
48,  49,  50,  52,  58,  61,  80,  89,  90,  91, 
99,  106,  121,  124,  138,  152,  156,  204, 
207,  220,  235;  statistics  of  production, 

193- 

Ohio  China  Company,  188. 
Ohio  Clay-Shingle  Company,  237. 
Ohio   Geological  Survey,    164,    169,    180, 

181,  188. 

Ohio  Pottery  Company,  192. 
Ohio  shale,  166. 

Ohio  State  University,  school  of  ceramics,  7. 
Ohio  stoneware,  markets  of,  183. 
Ohio  Tile  Company,  30,  168. 
Ohio  Valley  China  Company,  266. 
Ohio  Valley  district,  refractories  from,  176. 
Ohio  Valley  Fire-Clay  Company,  33. 
Ohio  Valley  Clay  Company,  44. 
Ohr,  George,  119. 
Old  Bridge,  N.  J.,  46,  137,  140. 
Old    Bridge    Enameled-Brick    and    Tile 

Company,  137. 
Olive  Hill,  Ky.,  41,  99,  100. 
Olive  Hill  Fire- Brick  Company,  41,  99. 
Oliver,  C.  K.,  64. 
Omaha,  Neb.,  18,  129. 
Onondaga  Pottery,  49,  157. 
Orange  County,  Cal.,  71. 
Orcutt's  Pottery,   156. 
Ordovician  shales,  100. 
Ore  Hill,  Pa.,  204. 
Oregon,  history  of,  195. 
Orr,  J.  W.,  70. 
Orton,  Jr.,  E.,  7,  37,  165,  167,  169,  171, 

173,  176,  182. 
Orton,  Sr.,  E.,  177,  183. 
Osage  City,    Kans.,   96. 
Oshawa,  Minn.,  116. 


Osnaburg,  O.,   167. 
Ostrander,  N.  J.,   139. 
Ott  and  Brown,  142. 
Ottawa,  111.,  29,  83,  86. 
Otter  Tail  County,  Minn.,  117. 
Owatonna,  Minn.,  117. 
Owen,  W.  B.,  92. 
Owen  County,  Ind.,  59,  89. 
Owens,  J.  B.,  Pottery,  190. 
Ox-blood  color,  Chinese,  no. 
Ozark  County,  Mo.,  123. 
Ozaukee,  Wis.,  239. 

P. 

Pace  Bros,  and  Sons  Pottery  Company, 
184. 

Pacific  Coast  Clay-Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 71. 

Paducah,  Ky.,  85,  98,  99,  100. 

Paleozoic  shales,  80. 

Palmer,  J.  C.,  108;  W.  W.,  228;  W.,  114. 

Pamplin  City,  Va.,  231. 

Panel,  O.,  178. 

Paper  clays:  Georgia,  80;  mentioned,  57, 
59;  Pennsylvania,  204;  production 
of,  62;  Vermont,  227;  Wisconsin,  239; 
Wyoming,  240. 

Pardee,   C.,  Works,   30. 

Pardee  Tile  Works,   137. 

Parian  ware,  106;  first  in  United  States, 
226;  Vermont,  226. 

Paris,  Tenn.,  220;  Tex.,  222. 

Park  Brothers,  207. 

Park  County,  Ind.,  88,  91. 

Park  Porcelain  Works,   30. 

Parkdale,  Colo.,   73. 

Parker,  L.,  121. 

Parker,  W.  H.,  Brick  Works,  198. 

Parker  Russel  Company,   40. 

Parker-Russel  Mining  and  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  121. 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  29,  235,  237. 

Parks,  G.  H.,  99. 

Parkville,   Pa.,    209. 

Parmelee,  C.  W.,  7. 

Pass  and  Seymour,  53,  158. 

Paston  Paving-Brick  Company,  91. 

Pauline  Pottery,  85,   239. 

Paving  brick:  Alabama,  65;  Arkansas,  67; 
Connecticut,  76;  District  of  Columbia, 
78;  first  street  laid,  235;  Georgia,  80; 
Illinois,  82;  Indiana,  90;  Iowa,  95; 
Kansas,  96,  97;  Kentucky,  100; 
Louisiana,  102;  Maryland,  107; 
Michigan,  114;  Missouri,  122;  Ne- 
braska, 129;  New  York,  152;  Ohio, 
172;  Pennsylvania,  199,  200,  206,  207; 
Tennessee,  221;  Texas,  222;  Wash- 
ington, 232;  West  Virginia,  237. 


INDEX. 


263 


Paving-brick  industry,  history  of,  36; 
Missouri,  126. 

Pea  Shore,  N.  J.,  14. 

Peebles  Paving-Brick  Company,  173. 

Pern,  Ind.,  92. 

Pendelton,  S.  C.,  217. 

Pendelton  and  Brother,  208. 

Penn,  Wm.,  196. 

Penn  Tile  Works,  30,  200. 

Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,  155. 

Pennington,  John,  clay  deposits  of,  203. 

Pennsylvania:  history  of,  195;  referred  to, 
9,  10,  17,  18,  25,  27,  28,  30,  33,  34,  37, 
38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  45,  47,  48,  49, 
50,  57,  59,  60,  61,  99,  106,  107,  121, 
122,  124,  133,  140,  144,  149,  152,  153, 
156,  170,  177,  184,  187,  192,  231,  234; 
statistics  of  production,  216. 

Pennsylvania  Clay  Company,  207. 

Pennsylvania  Fire-Brick  Company,  213. 

Pennsylvania  Salt  Company,  89. 

Pennsylvania  Sewer-Pipe  Company,  34. 

Pennsylvanian  clays,  86. 

Penrith,  W.  Va.,  34. 

Pensacola,  Fla.,  78. 

Peoria,  111.,  37,  48,  82,  84. 

Peoria  Pottery,  84. 

Perkiomen  Junction,  Pa.,  200. 

Perry,  Mo.,  123. 

Perry  County,  Ind.,  88;  O.,  177,  181,  182. 

Perry's  Pottery,  155. 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  14,  22,  24,  30,  36,  136, 
137,  138,  139,  140,  155- 

Perth  Amboy  brick,  175. 

Perth  Amboy  Terra-Cotta  Company,  18, 22, 
136. 

Peryear,  Tenn.,  220. 

Peters  and  Reed  Pottery  Company,  192. 

Petersburg,  N.  J.,  135. 

Phelps  County,  Mo.,  122,  124. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  17,  24,  29,  46,  50,  57, 
76,  121,  133,  1451  149.  I9°>  J98>  J99» 

2OO,  2OI,  2O2,  2O3,  231. 

Philadelphia,  old  brick  buildings  in,  196, 
197. 

Philadelphia  and  Boston  Face-Brick  Com- 
pany, no. 

Philadelphia  china,  foreign  competition 
with,  20 1. 

Philadelphia  City  Pottery,  204. 

Philadelphia  Clay  Company,  204. 

Philadelphia  County  district,  Pa.,  15. 

Philippi,  W.  Va.,  235. 

Phillipsburg,  Pa.,  42. 

Phillipsburg  Fire-Brick  Works,  211. 

Phoenix  Clay-Pot  Company,  44. 

Phcenixville  Pottery,  Kaolin  and  Fire 
Brick  Company,  203. 

Pickens,  S.  C.,  217. 

Piedmont  Brick  and  Coal  Company,  237. 


Pine  Bluff,  Ark.,  68. 

Pine  Grove  Furnace,  Pa.,  200. 

Pinson,  Tenn.,  220. 

Pioneer  Pottery  Company,  184. 

Pipes,  clay,  201,  203;  Virginia,  231;  smok- 
ing, 192;  Vermont,  226. 

Piscataqua,  Me.,  10,  103. 

Piscataway,  N.  J.,  137. 

Pittsburg,  Kans.,  33,  96,  97;  Pa.,  18,  27,  30, 
39,  40,  42,  43,  47,  99,  106,  122,  124, 
137,  205,  207,  208,  209,  210,  214,  234. 

Pittsburg  Clay  Company,  215. 

Pittsburg  Clay-Manufacturing  Company, 
33,  214- 

Pittsburg  Clay-Pot  Company,  44. 

Pittsburg  Encaustic-Tile  Company,  30, 
206. 

Pittsburg  Terra-Cotta  Lumber  Company, 
207. 

Pittsford,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Platte  Canon,  Colo.,  73. 

Platteville,  WTis.,  240. 

Pleistocene  clays,  75,  88,  92,  114,  133,  152, 
200,  222. 

Plymouth,  Mass.,  108. 

Pohl,  Joseph,  116. 

Pomona,  N.  C.,  160. 

Pompeiian  brick,  17. 

Pope-Gosser  China  Company,  183. 

Porcelain,  109;  California,  70;  electrical, 
mentioned,  52;  hard,  Pennsylvania, 
204;  hard,  mentioned,  53;  hard,  New 
York,  157;  mentioned,  7,  89;  Penn- 
sylvania, 202;  Vermont,  226. 

Porcelain  hardware,  156. 

Porcelain  clay,  117. 

Port  Marion,  Pa.,  215. 

Port  Murray,  N.  J.,  137. 

Port  Richmond  Pottery,  204. 

Portage  County,  O.,  183. 

Porter,  Ind.,  18,  92. 

Porter,  J.  and  W.,  235. 

Porter  and  Beall,  234. 

Porter  and  Frazer  Pottery,  N.  Y.,  156. 

Porter  Brick  Company,  234. 

Porter  County,  Ind.,  92. 

Porter's  Station,  Tenn.,  219. 

Portland,  Me.,  32,  48,  103. 

Portland  Stoneware  Company,  32,  48, 
103. 

Portsmouth,  O.,  41,  99,  173,  176,  179. 

Portsmouth  and  Kentucky  Fire-Brick 
Company,  179. 

Post,  James,  123. 

Potteries,  early  New  Jersey  ones,  139. 

Potters  Hill,  N.  Y.  City,  154. 

Potterstown,  Ky.,  99,  100. 

Pottery.  See  Art  pottery,  Belleek,  C.  C. 
ware,  Earthenware,  Faience,  Ironstone 
china,  Majolica,  Parian,  Porcelain, 


264 


INDEX. 


Rockingham  ware,  Stoneware,  White 
earthenware,  White  granite  ware, 
Yellow  ware. 

Alabama,  64,  65;  Arkansas,  67,  68; 
California,  46,  69,  70;  Colorado,  73; 
Connecticut,  46;  Delaware,  76,  77; 
early  exportations,  139;  exportations 
of,  56;  first  west  of  Allegheny  Mts., 
46,  234;  Georgia,  80;  glazed,  Connec- 
ticut, 75;  Illinois,  82,  84;  Indiana,  88, 
89,  90;  Iowa,  94,  Kansas,  96;  Ken- 
tucky, 98,  99,  100;  manufacture,  im- 
provements in,  54;  Maryland,  46,  106; 
Massachusetts,  108,  109,  no;  Mich- 
igan, 114;  Minnesota,  116,  117; 
Mississippi,  118,  119;  Missouri,  121; 
Missouri,  failure  of  high  grade  wares, 
123;  New  Jersey,  139;  New  York,  153; 
North  Carolina,  160;  Ohio,  179; 
Oregon,  195;  Pennsylvania,  47,  201, 
214;  South  Carolina,  217,  218;  Tennes- 
see, 219,  220;  Texas,  222;  Utah,  225; 
Vermont,  46,  226;  Virginia,  230,  231; 
West  Virginia,  46,  235;  Wisconsin,  239. 

Pottery  clay:  Missouri,  120;  Pennsylvania, 
197. 

Pottery  decoration,    transfer   system,  first 
use  of,  140. 

Pottery  industry:    history    of,    45;    early, 
around  New  York  City,  154. 

Pottsville  formation,  flint  clays  in,  99. 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  151,  155,  156. 

Powhatan,  Virginia,  231. 

Pranglen,  James,  Brick  Works,  199. 

Pressed  brick,  mentioned,  6,  57. 

Pressed-brick  clay,  mentioned,  59. 

Pressed-brick  industry,  decline  of,  in  Tren- 
ton, 135. 

Preston,  W.  D.,  64. 

Princeton,  Minn.,  117. 

Prospect,  Me.,  103. 

Prospect  Hill  Pottery,  142. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  217. 

Providential  Tile  Works,  30,  137. 

Pryorsburg,   Tenn.,   220. 

Pueblo,  Colo.,  41,  73. 

Pulaski,  Pa.,  209. 

Purington,  D.  V.,  81,  83. 

Purington  Paving- Brick  Company,  83. 

Putnam,   G.   P.,   136. 

Putnam  County,  Fla.,  79. 

Putnam  Hill  clay,   166,   167,   173,   192. 

Q. 

Quakertown  clay,  183. 
Quakertown  coal  under  clay,  182. 
Queen  City  Brick  and  Tile  Company,  107. 
Queens  Run,   Pa.,  39,  41,   209;  first  fire 
brick  works  at,   212. 


Queens  Run  Fire- Brick  Company,  213. 
Queensware,  10,  179. 
Quincy,  111.,  81;  Mass.,  108. 


R. 

Raisin  River,  Mich.,  113. 

Rails  County,  Mo.,  123. 

Ramsay,  A.,  107. 

Randolph  County,  Ala.,  65;  W.  Va.,  237. 

Ransbottom  Stoneware  Company,  184. 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.,  219. 

Raritan  Hollow  and  Porous  Brick  Com- 
pany, 137. 

Reading,  Pa.,  198,   199,  200,   204. 

Red  Oak,  la.,  94. 

Red  Wing,  Minn.,  49,  116,  117,  118. 

Red  Wing  Stoneware  Company,  116. 

Reed  and  Harrison,  209. 

Reese  and  Sons,   174,   210,   211. 

Regina,   Mo.,   59,   124. 

Remmey,  John,  154. 

Remmey  and  Crolius,  154. 

Remmey  and  Son,  50. 

Remmey,   J.  C.,  and  Son  Pottery,   202. 

Renwick,  James,  20. 

Rapp  Roofing  Tile  Company,  169. 

Residual  clay,  200,  204,  231,  232,  237, 
239;  for  brick,  199;  Georgia,  80. 

Resolute  Porcelain  Company,   143. 

Retort,  Pa.,  41,  211. 

Rhode  Island:  history  of,  217;  referred 
to,  9,  76. 

Rhodes  and  Yates,  141. 

Richardton,  N.  Dak.,  162. 

Richmond,  Fla.,  79;  Va.,  15,  231. 

Richmond  County,  Va.,  231. 

Richmond  Kaolin  Company,  79. 

Ripley,  111.,  84. 

Riverside  County,  Cal.,  71. 

Riverside  Pottery  Company,  236. 

Robertson,  A.  W.,  no. 

Robertson  Art-Tile  Company,   30. 

Robineau,    Mrs.    A.    A.,    157. 

Robineau   Pottery,   52. 

Robins  and  Henderson,  220. 

Robins  and  Sons,   123. 

Robinson,    B.    W.,    170. 

Robinson,   John,    168. 

Robinson  Bros,  and  Company,   170. 

Robinson  Clay-Products  Company,  165, 
171,  178,  181. 

Rochester,  N.  H.,  131;  N.  Y.,  33,  151,  152, 
153,  155;  Pa.,  39,  206,  207,  208,  209, 
215. 

Rochester  Pottery  Company,  215. 

Rock,   Ky.,    100. 

Rock  House,  O.,  182. 

Rock  Island  County,  111.,  84. 

Rockford,  111.,  82. 


INDEX. 


265 


Rockingham  ware:  Delaware,  77;  Indiana, 
89;  Massachusetts,  109;  mentioned, 
48,  49,  50;  Missouri,  123;  New  Jersey, 
140,  141,  143;  Ohio,  180,  182,  183, 
184,  185;  Pennsylvania,  214;  Vermont, 
226,  227. 

Rockland  County,  N.  Y.,  149,  150. 

Rocky-Cliff  Coal  Mining  Company,   147. 

Rocky  Hill,  N.  J.,  136. 

Rodentown,  Ala.,  65. 

Rogers,  E.,  14. 

Rogers,  John,  157. 

Rogers,  Mrs.  J.,  157. 

Rogers  statuary,  157. 

Rolfe,  C.  W.,  7. 

Rolla,  Mo.,  122. 

Roman  brick,  17. 

Rome,  Ga.,  80;  N.  Y.,  152. 

Rondont,  N.  Y.,  150. 

Rood  County,  Minn.,  117. 

Roofing  tile:  California,  29,  70;  Colorado, 
73;  development  of,  28;  early  ones, 
138;  first  ones  made  in  Ohio,  168; 
Georgia,  29,  So;  Illinois,  29,  86; 
Indiana,  92;  interlocking,  28;  Kansas, 
97;  Kentucky,  100;  Maryland,  107; 
Michigan,  114;  Missouri,  121;  New 
Jersey,  138;  New  York,  153;  Ohio, 
29,  167,  192;  Pennsylvania,  197; 
shingle,  28;  Spanish,  28;  West  Virginia, 
29>  237- 

Rookwood  Pottery,  50,  181. 

Rookwood  Pottery  Company,  24. 

Rosenhayn,  N.  J.,  135. 

Roseville,  O.,  18,  50,  182,  183,  184,  188. 

Roseville  Pottery,  50,  190. 

Roseville  Pottery  Company,  52. 

Ross  County,   L.,   164. 

Rossi,  J.  A.,  26,  35,  138,  167. 

Round  Knob,  111.,  85,  98. 

Roundabout,   N.  J.,   135,   140. 

Rowan  County,  O.,  99. 

Royal   Fire-Clay   Company,    170. 

Royal  Sewer-Pipe  and  Fire- Brick  Com- 
pany, 170. 

Rozane  ware,  190. 

Rusk  County,  Tex.,  222. 

Russell,  James,  121. 

Rutgers    College,    school  of   ceramics,    7. 

Rutland,  Vt.,  226. 


S. 


Sabestacook  River,  Me.,  103. 
Sacramento,  CaL,  69. 
Sacramento  Transportation  Company,  70. 
Sagger   clays,    182;   mentioned,    57;   New 

Jersey,  144. 
Saggers,  144- 


Saginaw,  Mich.,  38,  114. 

St.  Clair  County,  Ala.,  65. 

St.  Cloud,  Minn.,   116. 

St.  Croix  County,  Wis.,  239. 

St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  126. 

St.   Louis,   Mo.,    15,    18,   32,   33,   36,   40, 

120,     121,     122,     124,     125,     126,     223. 

St.  Louis  Stamping  Works,   123. 

St.  Louis  Stoneware  Company,  125,  126. 

St.  Paul,  Minn.,  116,  117. 

St.  Tammany,  La.,  101. 

Salamander  Fire-Brick  Company,  124. 

Salamander  Works,  32,   139. 

Salem,  Mass.,  108;  O.,  164,  179,  188. 

Salem  China  Company,  188. 

Salina,  111.,  83;  Pa.,  40,  208. 

Salina  shales,  152. 

Salt,  James,  184. 

Salt  Lake  Pressed- Brick  Company,  225. 

San  Antonio,  Tex.,  222. 

San  Francisco,  CaL,  24,  33,  46,  69,  70. 

San  Juan  district,  N.  M.,  147. 

Sandy  Ridge,  Pa.,  209. 

Sanitary  Earthenware  Specialty  Com- 
pany, 143. 

Sanitary  ware:  first  made  in  the  United 
States,  141;  Indiana,  92;  Maryland, 
107;  mentioned,  52;  New  Jersey,  141, 
142,  143;  West  Virginia,  236. 

Santa  Barbara,  CaL,  69. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  147. 

Sargeants  Bluff,  la.,  47,  94,  95. 

Sargeants  Bluff  Pottery,  94. 

Saspamco,  Tex.,   33,   222. 

Sattler,  Geo.,   122. 

Savage  Fire-Brick  Company,   209. 

Savage   Mountain   fire   clay,    Pa.,    209. 

Savage  Mountain  Fire-Brick  Works,  106. 

Saylorsburg,  Pa.,  19,  200. 

Sayre,  James,  135. 

Sayre  and  Fisher,  40,  135,  139. 

Sayreville,  N.  J.,  10,  19,  40,  46,  135,  139, 
140. 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  53,  158. 

Schrieber  and  Company,  204. 

Scioto  Star  Works,  179. 

Sciotoville,  O.,  39,  173,  174,  175,  179. 

Sciotoville   clay,   99,    176. 

Sciotoville  Fire-Brick  Company,  174. 

Scootac  River,  Pa.,  213. 

Scott   Bros.,    215. 

Seattle,  Wash.,  128,  232. 

Sebastian    County,    Ark.,  68. 

Sebring,  O.,  188. 

Sebring  Pottery  Company,  187,  188, 

Sedalia,  Mo.,  126. 

Semi-porcelain,  53;  Ohio,  183,  184,  186, 
187,  188. 

Sevres  China  Company,  187,  188. 

Sewaren,  N.  J.,  137. 


266 


INDEX. 


Sewer  pipe,  144;  California,  70,  71;  Geor- 
gia, 80;  Illinois,  86;  Indiana,  89,  90; 
Iowa,  95;  Kansas,  97;  Kentucky,  100; 
Maine,  104;  Maryland,  106,  107; 
Massachusetts,  no;  mentioned,  6,  36, 
66;  Michigan,  114,  115;  Minnesota, 
118;  Missouri,  125;  Missouri,  failure 
of  first  ones  in,  125;  Nebraska,  129; 
New  York,  153;  North  Carolina,  160; 
Ohio,  169;  Pennsylvania,  207,  215; 
Tennessee,  221;  Texas,  222;  Utah, 
225;  Washington,  232;  West  Virginia, 
234- 

Sewer-pipe  industry,  history  of,  31. 

Sewer-pipe  machine,  early  use  of,  31. 

Sewer-pipe  press,  when  first  introduced, 
169. 

Seymour  and  Bosworth,  74. 

Seymour's  Pottery,  155. 

Shakopee,   Minn.,  116. 

Shale,  first  use  of,  n;  in  New  York,  152. 

Sharon,  Pa.,  34. 

Sharon  Clay-Manufacturing  Company,  34. 

Sharon  fire  clay,  209. 

Sharon  shale,  28,  168,  170,  171,  i8a. 

Shawnee,  O.,  166. 

Shelby,  Minn.,  116. 

Shelby  County,  Mo.,  123. 

Shepard,  E.  H.,  120. 

Shepherdstown,  W.  Va.,  237. 

Shepley  and  Smith,  155. 

Sherburne,  N.  Y.,  155. 

Shiprock,  N.  M.,  147. 

Shoals,  Ind.,  89. 

Sicardo,  190. 

Silica  brick,  43,  214;  Pennsylvania,  210, 
211. 

Silurian  clays,  100. 

Silver  Bow  County,  Mont.,  128. 

Simons  Brick  Company,  70. 

Simpson,  P.  L.,  165. 

Sing  Sing,   N.  Y.,  149. 

Sinks,  144. 

Sligo  Sewer-Pipe  Company,  234. 

Slip  clay,  mentioned,  58;  production  of, 
62;  New  York,  47,  156,  234;  Wis- 
consin, 240. 

Slip-decorated  ware,  202. 

Slip-glaze,  154. 

Smith,  A.  F.,  clay  mines,  214. 

Smith,  A.  F.,  Company,  205. 

Smith,  H.  A.,   123. 

Smith,   Thomas  C.,   156. 

Smith  and  Phillips  Porcelain  Company, 
1 88. 

Smith  and  Phillips  China  Company,  187. 

Socorro,   N.   M.,  41,   147. 

Socorro  Fire-Clay  Company,  147. 

Soft-mud  process,  14,  94;  mentioned,  161. 

Soisson  and  Company,  40,  208. 


Soldier,  Ky.,  100. 

Somerset  County,  Pa.,  209. 

Souter  Pottery,  74. 

South  Amboy,  N.  J.,  46,  136,  138,  140, 
203. 

South  Carolina:  history  of,  217;  referred 
to,  10,  40,  48,  57,  59,  98,  230;  statis- 
tics of  production,  218. 

South  Dakota:  history  of,  219;  referred  to, 
42;  statistics  of  production,  219. 

South  Kent,  Conn.,  75. 

South  Knox  Brick  Company,  220. 

South  Mountain,  Pa.,  59;  white  clays,  204. 

South  River,  N.  J.,  135,  137,  138,  139. 

South  Riverside,  Cal.,  71. 

South  Wallingford,  Vt.,  226. 

South  Webster,  O.,  41,  179. 

South  Zanesville  Sewer-Pipe  and  Brick 
Company,  172. 

Southern  Brick  and  Tile  Company,  220. 

Southern  Porcelain  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 218. 

Spa  Springs,  N.  J.,  137,  139. 

Spencer,   H.,   58;   kaolin  mines  of,  204. 

Spencer  County,  Ind.,  91. 

Spieler,  Henry,  186. 

Spring  Hill,  Ark.,  68. 

Springfield,  111.,  82;  Mo.,  126;  O.,  176, 
180,  183. 

Staatsburg,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Stafford,  Joseph,  83. 

Standard  China  Works,  143. 

Standard  Fire- Brick  Company,  73;  In- 
diana, 91. 

Standard  Terra-Cotta  Works,  136. 

Standard  Brick  Company,  234. 

Stanwix,  J.,  151., 

Star  Clay  Company,  204. 

Star  Encaustic-Tile  Company,  30,  206. 

Star  Fire-Brick  Works,  40,  208,  209. 

Star  Porcelain  Company,  53,  143. 

Stark  County,  O.,  166,  167,  175,  177,  183. 

Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  152,  153. 

States,  Adam,   75. 

Statistics,  United  States,  5. 

Statistics  of  imports,  55,  56. 

Statistics  of  production,  119;  Alabama,  66; 
Arizona,  67;  Arkansas,  69;  California, 
72;  clay,  62,  221;  Colorado,  74; 
common  brick,  16;  Connecticut,  76; 
Delaware,  77;  District  of  Columbia, 
78;  enameled  brick,  19;  fire  brick, 
45;  fireproofing,  27;  Florida,  79; 
front  brick,  18;  Georgia,  80;  hollow 
blocks,  28;  Idaho,  130;  Illinois,  87; 
Indiana,  93;  Iowa,  95;  Kansas,  97; 
Kentucky,  101;  Louisiana,  102; 
Maine,  104;  Massachusetts,  in; 
Michigan,  115;  Minnesota,  118; 
Missouri,  127;  Montana,  129;  Ne- 


INDEX. 


267 


braska,  130;  Nevada,  130;  New 
Hampshire,  132;  New  Jersey,  145, 
146;  New  Mexico,  148;  New  York, 
159;  North  Carolina,  161;  North 
Dakota,  162;  Ohio,  193;  ornamental 
brick,  19;  paving  brick,  38;  Penn- 
sylvania, 216;  pottery,  54;  sewer- pipe, 
35;  South  Carolina,  218;  South 
Dakota,  219;  Tennessee,  221;  terra 
cotta,  25;  Texas,  224;  Utah,  225; 
Vermont,  227;  Virginia,  232;  Wash- 
ington, 233;  West  Virginia,  238; 
Wisconsin,  240;  Wyoming,  240. 

Stearns  County,  Minn.,  116. 

Steiger  Terra-Cotta  and  Pottery  Works,  71. 

Stephens  and  Leach,  24,  200. 

Stephens,  Armstrong  and  Conklin,  24. 

Stephens,  Leach  and  Conklin,  24. 

Stephens,  Tarns  and  Company,  142. 

Steubenville,  O.,  37,  40,  44,  46,  174,  179, 
181. 

Steubenville  Pottery,  181. 

Stevens  County,  Minn.,  117. 

Stevens  Pottery,  Ga.,  33,  80. 

Stewart  County,  Tenn.,  220. 

Stiff-mud  brick,  162. 

Stiff-mud  process,  15,  94,  200;  introduction 
of,  14. 

Still  River,  Mass.,  112. 

Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  155. 
^Stockport,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Stoneware,  131,  144;  Arkansas,  68;  Cali- 
fornia, 70,  71;  chemical,  50,  202; 
Connecticut,  74,  75;  Illinois,  84,  85. 
86;  importation  of,  55;  Indiana,  89; 
Iowa,  95;  Kansas,  97;  Louisiana,  102; 
Maine,  103;  mentioned,  6,  48,  49,  50, 
57;  Mississippi,  119;  Missouri,  47, 
120,  123,  125;  New  Jersey,  46,  140; 
New  York,  46,  154,  155;  Ohio,  180, 
181,  182,  183,  190;  Pennsylvania,  202, 
214;  South  Carolina,  46,  217;  Tennes- 
see, 220;  Texas,  222;  Washington, 
232;  Vermont,  46,  226,  227;  Virginia, 
231. 

Stoneware  clay,  mentioned,  57;  New  York, 
156;  Ohio,  176,  182;  production  of, 
62;  Tennessee,  221. 

Stonington,  Conn.,  75. 

Storer,  Mrs.  Bellamy,  181. 

Stour bridge  clay,  43,  44,  75,  121. 

Stove  linings,  144;  California,  71;  Georgia, 
80;  Connecticut,  75,  Louisiana,  102; 
Maryland,  107;  mentioned,  57;  Ver- 
mont, 227. 

Stover,  E.  C.,  141,  143. 

Stowe,  C.  B.,  212. 

Stowe-Fuller  Company,  213. 

Strasburg,  O.,  41,  42,  174,  i?7»  J78. 

Streator,  111.,  83,  86. 


Streator  Paving-Brick  Company,  83. 
Stronach  Station,  Pa.,  211. 
Stuyvesant,  Governor,  148. 
Stuyvesant,  N.  Y.,  151. 
Sub-Carboniferous,  176. 
Sub-Carboniferous  clays,  59,  100,  166,  177, 

220. 

Sub-Carboniferous  shale,  173;  first  use  in 

Indiana,  90. 

Sulphur  Springs,  Tex.,  222. 
Summit,  Ala.,  65. 

Summit  County,  O.,  26,  167,  175,  182,  183. 
Sun  Porcelain  Company,  143. 
Sunrise,  Minn.,  115. 
Sussex  County,  111.,  76. 
Sutterville,  Cal.,  n,  69. 
Sword  brick  machine,  220. 
Sword  brick  press,  114. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  49,  52,  53,  152,  157,  158. 


Tacoma,  Wash.,  232. 

Taft  and  Company,  131. 

Taller  beds,  89. 

Tallmadge,  O.,  182. 

Tarns,  W.,  142. 

Tank  blocks,  manufacture  of,  43. 

Tanner  Brick-Manufacturing  Company, 
119. 

Tarkio,  Mo.,  126. 

Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  149. 

Taunton,  Mass.,  112. 

Taylor,  James,  133,  186. 

Taylor,  J.  N.,  186. 

Taylor,  Wash.,  232. 

Taylor  and  Speeler,  141. 

Taylor  County,  W.  Va.,  237. 

Taylor,  Smith  and  Taylor,  237. 

Teco  ware,  52,  85. 

Templeton,  Pa.,  212. 

Tennessee:  history  of,  219;  referred  to,  14, 
30,  48,  57,  60,  61,  165,  187,  192; 
statistics  of  production,  221. 

Tennessee  Geological  Survey,  219. 

Terlingua,  Tex.,  223. 

Terracotta:  see  architectural  faience;  144; 
California,  70,  71;  Colorado,  74;  first 
use  in  New  York  City,  20;  Georgia,  80; 
glazed,  24;  Illinois,  82;  improvements 
in  manufacture  of,  24;  Iowa,  95; 
Kansas,  97;  Louisiana,  102;  Maryland, 
107;  mentioned,  80,  89;  Minnesota, 
1 1 8;  Missouri,  125;  New  Jersey,  136; 
New  York,  152;  Ohio,  166;  Pacific 
coast,  24;  Pennsylvania,  200,  204,  206; 
polychrome,  25;  porous,  Massachu- 
setts, no;  statistics  of  production,  25; 
Washington,  233. 

Terra-cotta  heads,  204. 


268 


INDEX. 


Terra-cotta  industry,  development  of,  20. 
Terra-cotta  lumber,  26,  124;  Indiana,  92; 

Missouri,  125;  Pennsylvania,  207. 
Terra-cotta  utensils,  108. 
Terra-cotta  work,  early,  in  New  York  City, 

22. 

Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  91. 
Terre  Haute  Brick  and  Pipe  Company,  91. 
Tertiary  clays,  41,  68,  70,  71,  84,  85,  98,  99, 

100,  119,  162,  218,  219,  220,  222,  232. 
Texarkana,  Ark.,  68;  Tex.,  222. 
Texarkana  Brick  Company,  68. 
Texas:  history  of,  222;  referred  to,  33,  41, 

48,   58;  statistics  of  production,  224; 

western,  223. 

Texas  Geological  Survey,  223. 
Thomas,  R.,  and  Sons  Company,  53,  187, 

192. 

Thompson,  H.  M.,  and  Company,  32,  125. 
Thompson,  C.  C.,  Pottery,  187. 
Thompson,  G.,  234. 
Thompson,  John,  pottery  of,  234. 
Thornton,  W.  Va.,  237. 
Thornton  Brick  Company,  237. 
Thurber,  Tex.,  222. 
Tiie:  glazed,  California,  70;  importation  of, 

55- 

Tile  clay,  mentioned,  59. 
Tiltonville  Sanitary  Company,  236. 
Tionesta  clay,  177. 
Tippah  County,  Miss.,  118. 
Tompkinsville,  Ky.,  100. 
Toone,  Tenn.,  220. 
Topeka,Kans.,96. 
Toronto,  O.,  26,  31,   33,   34,  39,  166,  169, 

171. 

Toronto  Fire-Clay  Company,  34. 
Tottenville,-N.  Y.,  153. 
Transfer  printing,  156. 
Trent  Tile  Company,  30,  137. 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  10,  30,  48,  52,  53,  54,  57, 

58»  65>  77,  78»  J33»  J36>  *37>  J56.  l86» 
204;  chronology  of  potting  at,  141; 
first  pottery  at,  141;  importance  as 
a  potting  center,  140;  pressed-brick 
industry,  16. 

Trenton  China  Company,  141,  142. 

Trenton  Fire-Clay  and  Porcelain  Com- 
pany, 142. 

Trenton  Potteries  Company,  142,  144. 

Trenton  pottery  industry,  growth  of,  143. 

Trenton  Terra-Cotta  Company,  142. 

Triassic  shales,  38,  200. 

Trimble,  O.,  174. 

Troy,  Ind.,  88,  98;  N.  Y.,  46,  153,  155. 

Truesdale,  Mo.,  124. 

Trux  and  Parker,  58,  77. 

Tucker's  china  works,  202. 

Tulip  ware,  201. 

Turner,  Robert,  196. 


Turner's  Falls,  Mass.,  112. 
Tuscaloosa  County,  Ala.,  64,  65. 
Tuscaloosa  formation,  64. 
Tuscarawas,  O.,  177. 
Tuscarawas  County,  O.,  166,  175. 
Tygart  Valley  Iron  Company,  99. 
Tyler,  L.  G.,  228. 

U. 

Uhrichville,  O.,  34,  171. 

Uhrichville  Fire-Clay  Company,  34. 

Uhrichville  Sewer-Pipe  Company,  172. 

Union  City,  Mich.,  114. 

Union  County,  Ark.,  68. 

Union  Electrical-Porcelain  Company,  142, 

143- 

Union  Furnace,  O.,  165,  176,  177. 

Union  Mining  Company,  39,  106. 

Union  Porcelain  Works,  53,  157,  158. 

Union  Pottery  Company,  142. 

Union  township,  O.,  164. 

United  States  Clay-Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 34. 

United  States  Electrical-Porcelain  Com- 
pany, 53,  192. 

United  States  Encaustic-Tile  Works,  30, 
89,  90. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  testing 
laboratory,  7. 

United  States  Pottery,  227. 

United  States  Roofing-Tile  Company,  237. 

United  States  Stoneware  Company,  181. 

United  Verde-Copper  Company,  147. 

University  of  Illinois,  school  of  ceramics,  7. 

Upjohn,  Richard,  22. 

Upper  Alton,  111.,  84. 

Upper  Mercer  clay,  166. 

Upper  Mill,  Pa.,  200. 

Utah:  history  of,  225;  referred  to,  42,  48; 
statistics  of  production,  225. 

Utah  County,  Utah,  225. 

Utah  Fire-Clay  Company,  225. 

Utica,  111.,  183;  N.  Y.,  152,  153,  155. 


V. 

Valentine,  M.  D.,  and  Brother,  40,  139. 

Van  Briggle  Pottery,  52. 

Vance  Faience  Company,  266. 

Vance's  Station,  65. 

Vandalia,  Mo.,  124. 

Vanderburg  County,  Ind.,  91. 

Vanport,  Pa.,  206,  209,  214. 

Vanport  Brick  Company,   208. 

Van  T wilier,  Wouter,   148. 

Van  Wickle's  Pottery,  46,  140. 

Veedersburg,  Ind.,   91. 

Vellum  ware,  181. 

Velva,  N.  D.,  162. 


INDEX. 


269 


Vermilion  County,  Ind.,  gi. 

Vermont:  history  of,  226;  referred  to,  29, 
46,  48,  57,  59,  218;  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, 227. 

Vernon,  la.,  94. 

Verplanck's  Point,  N.  Y.,  149. 

Versailles,  Mo.,   123. 

Ver  Valen  brick  machine,  150. 

Vicksburg,  Miss.,  119. 

Victor,  N.  Y.,  53,  158,  220. 

Vigo  County,  Ind.,  91. 

Virginia:  history  of,  228;  referred  to,  9, 
45;  statistics  of  production,  232. 

Vodrey,  I.,  88. 

Vodrey  and  Brother,  186. 

Vodrey   Brothers,    1 86. 

Vodrey  Pottery  Company,  186. 

Volcano    Fire-Brick   Works,    208. 

Volckman  Potter}7,  52. 

Volney,  N.  Y.,   155. 

W. 

Wabasha  County,  Minn.,  117. 

Waco,  Tex.,  222. 

Wad  clays,  N.  J.,  144. 

Wagoner,  V.   B.,   156. 

Waldema  County,  Minn.,  117. 

\Vales,  Me.,   103. 

Walhalla,  N.  Dak.,   161. 

Walker,  N.  U.,  Clay  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 33. 

Walker,  Wm.,  209. 

Walkers,  O.,  33,  171. 

Wallpaper  clay,   145. 

Wall  tile:  development  of,  29;  Kentucky, 
98;  Massachusetts,  no;  mentioned, 
6;  New  Jersey,  137;  Ohio,  167; 
Pennsylvania,  198,  206. 

Wallaceton,  Pa.,  41,  211. 

Wallaceton   Fire-Brick   Company,    211. 

Walton  Company,  C.   B.,   143. 

Walworth  Corners,  N.  Y.,  151. 

Ward  County,  N.  D.,  162. 

Warren    County,    Mo.,    124;    N.  J.,    137. 

Warwick  Pottery  Company,  236. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  14,  15,  199;  history  of, 
232;  referred  to,  18,  128;  statistics  of 
production,  233. 

Washington  Clay  Company,  123. 

Washington  County-,  Mo.,  59,  120,  125; 
O.,  164- 

Wassail  Brick  Company,  172. 

Waterloo,  Wis.,   239. 

WTatertown,  Mass.,  108;  N.  Y.,  151;  Wis., 

23?- 

Waterville,  Me.,  104. 
Watkins,  Porter  and  Company,  174. 
Watson,  J.,  39,  139. 
Waverly,  O.,   165. 


Waynesburg,  O.,  167. 

Weaver  Clay  and  Coal  Company,  89. 

Webster,   Elijah,  factory  of,   206. 

Webster,  N.  C.,  160;  O.,  175. 

WTedgewood,  Josiah,  57,  78,  79,  217. 

Welch,  Gloninger  and  Company,  209 

Weller  Pottery,   50,  52. 

Weller,   S.  A.,   Pottery  Company,   190. 

Wells,  Joseph,  180. 

Wellsville,  O.,  32,  33,  166,  169,  180, 
183. 

W'ellsville  China  Company,  184. 

Wentz-Wagner  Company,  170,  178. 

West  Barnstable,  Mass.,  109. 

West  Boone,  la.,  94. 

West  Cornwall,  Conn.,  75. 

West  Decator,  Pa.,  209. 

West  End  Pottery  Company,  187. 

West  Grove,  Pa.,  203. 

West,  Hard  wick  and  Company,  186. 

West  Indies,   exports   to,    10,    131. 

West  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  30. 

West  Troy,  N.  Y.,  155,  156. 

West  Virginia:  history  of,  234;  referred  to, 
3Jt  34,  36>  38,  4i,  42,  49»  9°,  169, 
187;  statistics  of  production,  238. 

West  Virginia  China  Company,  236. 

West  Virginia  Pottery  Company,  236. 

Western  Stoneware  Company,  85. 

Western  Terra-Cotta  Company,   97. 

WTeston,  Mass.,   108. 

Wheatley  Pottery,  181. 

Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  36,  49,  235. 

Wheeling  Potteries  Company.  236. 

Wheeling  Pottery  Company,  49,  236. 

White  Church,  Pa.,  208. 

White  Clay  Creek,  Del.,  57,  76,  201. 

White  granite  ware,  120;  mentioned,  52, 
53;  New  Jersey,  141,  143;  New  York, 
157;  Ohio,  183,  184,  187,  188. 

White  ware,  182;  Colorado,  74;  failure  of, 
in  Indiana,  47;  Illinois,  84;  Indiana, 
92;  introduction  at  East  Liverpool, 
187;  Maryland,  106;  Massachusetts, 
109;  mentioned,  6,  48,  49,  50,  78,  88; 
New  Jersey,  140,  143;  New  York, 
157;  Ohio,  187;  Pennsylvania,  201; 
204,  214,  215;  Vermont,  226;  West 
Virginia,  236,  237. 

Whitehall,  111.,  85,  80. 

Whitewater,  Wis.,  239. 

Whitlock,  Tenn.,  98,  220. 

Whitmore,  Robinson  and  Company,  48, 
1 80. 

Whittemore  and  Fenton,   155. 

WTichita,  Kans.,  96. 

Wick  China  Company,  215. 

Wickliffe,  Ky.,  100;  O.,  173. 

Widemire  Fire-Brick  Works,    211. 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  198. 


270 


INDEX. 


Willetts    Manufacturing    Company,    141, 

142. 

Williams,   Capt.,   172. 
Williams,  I.  A.,  7. 

Williams,   John,  and  Company,  212. 
Williamsburg,    Va.,    230. 
Williamson,  Mass.,  109;  O.,  179. 
Williamsport,  Pa.,  213. 
Williston,  N.  Dak.,  161. 
Willow,  O.,  173. 
Willow  Station,  O.,  166. 
Wilmington,  Del.,  76,  105. 
Wilmington  Landing,  Ark.,  68. 
Wilson's   Landing,  Va.,   231. 
Wilton,  la.,  94;  N.  Dak.,  162. 
Winfell,  R.,  123. 

Winkle   Terra-Cotta   Company,    24,    125. 
Winslow  Junction,  N.  J.,   18,   136. 
Wisconsin:  history  of,  239;  referred  to,  10, 

48,  1 1 8;  statistics  of  production,  240. 
Wise  County,  Va.,  231. 
Wood,  James,  135,  149. 
Woodbridge,  N.  J.,  39,  40,  57,  137,  138, 

i39»    J45- 

Woodbury,  la.,  94. 
Woodland,  Pa.,  41,  209,  210. 
Woodland  Fire- Brick  Company,  210. 
Woodstock,  Ala.,  65;  111.,  81. 
Woodward,  Prof.,  102. 
Woodward,  Blakely  and  Company,  186. 
Worcester,  Mass.,  109. 
Wright  County,  Minn.,  115. 
Wrightstown,  Pa.,   202. 
Wrightstown  (Pa.)  Pottery,  202. 


Wyandot,  Kans.,  96. 
Wymp's  P.  O.,  Pa.,  208. 
Wynn,  W.  H.,  and  Company,  209. 
Wyoming:   history    of,    240;    statistics   of 
production,  240. 

Y. 

Yalaha,  Fla.,  79. 

Yellow  medicine,  Minn.,  116. 

Yellow  ware:  Delaware,  77;  Indiana,  88, 
89;  Maryland,  107;  Massachusetts, 
109;  mentioned,  48,  49,  50;  New  Jer- 
sey, 141,  143;  Ohio,  180,  182,  183, 
184,  185,  1 86,  187;  Pennsylvania, 
207,  214;  Vermont,  226. 

York,  Me.,  104;  Pa.,  199;  S.  C.,  217. 

Yorktown,   N.  J.,    135. 

Yorkville,   S.  C.,   217. 

Young's  Sons,  Wm.,  141. 

Youngstown,  O.,  173. 

Z. 

Zanesville,  O.,  17,  29,  30,  37,  47,  50,  52, 
163,  165,  166,  167,  172,  179,  180, 
183,  188. 

Zanesville  Art-Pottery  Company,  192. 

Zanesville  district,  O.,   190. 

Zanesville  Stoneware  Company,   190. 

Zinc-retort  clay,  121,  145. 

Zoar,  O.,  1 80. 

Zoarites,  manufacture  of  roofing  tile  by, 
168. 

Zumbota,  Minn.,  118. 


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7 


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8 


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9 


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10 


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11 


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12 


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Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power 12mo,  3  00 

Rope  Driving 12mo,  2  00 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers 12mo,  1   25 

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Hutton's  Gas  Engine 8vo,  5  00 

Jamison's  Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  00 

Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Gas  Engine 8vo,  4  00 

Machine  Design; 

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Kent's  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocket-Book 16mo,  mor.  5  00 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  00 

Kimball  and  Barr's  Machine  Design.      (In  Press.) 

Levin's  Gas  Engine.      (In  Press.) 8vo, 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop  Tools  and  Methods 8vo,  4  00 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.   (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean).  .8vo,  4  00 
MacCord's  Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  00 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  00 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  1  50 

MacFarland's  Standard  Reduction  Factors  for  Gases 8vo,  1  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Mehrtens's  Gas  Engine  Theory  and  Design Large  12mo,  2  50 

Oberg's  Handbook  of  Small  Tools Large  12mo.  3  00 

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Peele's  Compressed  Air  Plant  for  Mines 8vo,  3  00 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  00 

*  Porter's  Engineering  Reminiscences,  1855  to  1882 8vo,  3  00 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  00 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  00 

Richards's  Compressed  Air 12mo,  1  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  00 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  00 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo.  3  00 

Smith's  (O.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  00 

Sorel's  Carbureting  and  Combustion  in  Alcohol  Engines.     (Woodward  and 

Preston.) Large  12mo,  3  00 

Stone's  Practical  Testing  of  Gas  and  Gas  Meters 8vo,  3  50 

13 


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Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in  Machinery  and  Mill  Work.  .  .8vo,  3  00 

*  Tillson's  Complete  Automobile  Instructor 16mo,  1   50 

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21X5|  inches,  mor.  1  00 
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Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 


MATERIALS   OF   ENGINEERING. 

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Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

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Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.      (Henning.) 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  00 

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Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paint  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  00 

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Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  00 

Treatise  on    the    Resistance    of    Materials    and    an    Appendix    on    the 

Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  00 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  00 


STEAM-ENGINES    AND   BOILERS. 

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Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.      (Thurston.) 12mo,  1  50 

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Button's  Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  00 

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14 


Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  $1  50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  2  00 

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Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice 12mo,  2  50 

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Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  00 

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Thurston's  Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indi- 
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Handy  Tables 8vo,  1  50 

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Wehrenfennig's    Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-water.    (Patterson). 

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Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  00 

Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines.  .  .8vo,  4  00 


MECHANICS    PURE   AND    APPLIED. 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  00 

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Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  Colleges  and  Schools  .12mo,  1  50 
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Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo.  4  00 

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Sanborn's  Mechanics  Problems Large  12mo,  1  50 

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15 


SANITARY   SCIENCE. 

Association  of  State  and  National  Food  and  Dairy  Departments,  Hartford 

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*  Bashore's  Outlines  of  Practical  Sanitation 12mo,  1  25 

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Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses 12mo,  2  00 

Fuertes's  Water-filtration  Works 12mo,  2  50 

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Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  Inspections 12mo,  1  50 

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Hazen's  Clean  Water  and  How  to  Get  It Large  12mo,  1  50 

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Mason's  Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological) 12mo,  1  25 

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*  Merriman's  Elements  of  Sanitary  Enigneering 8vo,  2  00 

Ogden's  Sewer  Construction 8vo,  3  00 

Sewer  Design 12mo,  2  00 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8vo,  2  00 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
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*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation 12mo,  50 

Richards's  Cost  of  Cleanness 12mo,  00 

Cost  of  Food.      A  Study  in  Dietaries 12mo,  GO 

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*  Richards  and  Williams's  Dietary  Computer 8vo,  1  50 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
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*  Richey's     Plumbers',     Steam-fitters',    and     Tinners'     Edition     (Building 

Mechanics'  Ready  Reference  Series) 16mo,  mor.  1  50 

Rideal's  Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  4  00 

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Soper's  Air  and  Ventilation  of  Subways 12mo,  2  50 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  00 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  00 

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Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist.  .* 18mo,  1  00 

Gannett's  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  World 24mo.  75 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management 12mo,  2  50 

Hanausek's  The  Microscopy  of  Technical  Products.      (Winton) 8vo,  5  00 

18 


Jacobs's  Betterment    Briefs.     A    Collection    of    Published    Papers    on    Or- 
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Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures,  and  the  Administration  of  Workshops.. 8vo,  5  00 

Putnam's  Nautical  Charts 8vo,  2  OO 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  1824-1894. 

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Standage's  Decoration  of  Wood,  Glass,  Metal,  etc 12mo,  2  00 

Thome's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany.      (Bennett) 16mo,  2  25 

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Winslow's  Elements  of  Applied  Microscopy 12mo,  1  50 


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Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

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